[Clinical value of the implication of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome]

Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) is a respiratory support technique based on extra-pulmonary gas exchange, which can effectively remove carbon dioxide generated in-vivo, reducing the requirements of respiratory support from mechanical ventilation. With improvements in extracorporeal life support technologies and increasing clinical experience, ECCO2R has potential value in clinical application with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This review article discusses the principles of ECCO2R, its relevant indications for ARDS, clinical evidence, existing issues, and future directions, aiming to provide more references for the application in ARDS.

Measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters from the T2K experiment using 3.6×1021 protons on target

The T2K experiment presents new measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters using 19.7 ( 16.3 ) × 10 20 protons on target (POT) in (anti-)neutrino mode at the far detector (FD). Compared to the previous analysis, an additional 4.7 × 10 20 POT neutrino data was collected at the FD. Significant improvements were made to the analysis methodology, with the near-detector analysis introducing new selections and using more than double the data. Additionally, this is the first T2K oscillation analysis to use NA61/SHINE data on a replica of the T2K target to tune the neutrino flux model, and the neutrino interaction model was improved to include new nuclear effects and calculations. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses are presented, including results on sin 2 θ 13 and the impact of priors on the δ CP measurement. Both analyses prefer the normal mass ordering and upper octant of sin 2 θ 23 with a nearly maximally CP-violating phase. Assuming the normal ordering and using the constraint on sin 2 θ 13 from reactors, sin 2 θ 23 = 0 . 561 - 0.032 + 0.021 using Feldman-Cousins corrected intervals, and Δ m 32 2 = 2 . 494 - 0.058 + 0.041 × 10 - 3 eV 2 using constant Δ χ 2 intervals. The CP-violating phase is constrained to δ CP = - 1 . 97 - 0.70 + 0.97 using Feldman-Cousins corrected intervals, and δ CP = 0 , π is excluded at more than 90% confidence level. A Jarlskog invariant of zero is excluded at more than 2 σ credible level using a flat prior in δ CP , and just below 2 σ using a flat prior in sin δ CP . When the external constraint on sin 2 θ 13 is removed, sin 2 θ 13 = 28 . 0 - 6.5 + 2.8 × 10 - 3 , in agreement with measurements from reactor experiments. These results are consistent with previous T2K analyses.

[Analysis of the burden of disease attributable to high temperature exposure in China and globally from 1990 to 2019]

Objective: To analyze the burden of disease attributable to high temperature exposure in China and globally from 1990 to 2019, and to study the current burden of disease in relevant populations. Methods: In October 2021, based on data from the global burden of disease 2019 (GBD 2019) study, population attributable fraction (PAF), number of deaths, mortality, disability-adjusted life year (DALY) and DALY rate of Chinese and global populations with different ages and genders in 1990 and 2019 were extracted and analyzed. The rate of change was calculated, the mortality rate was normalized by the age structure of the world standard population, and the causes of disease burden caused by high temperature exposure of Chinese residents were analyzed. Results: In 2019, compared with 1990, the PAF of Chinese and global population decreased by 43.98% and 12.41% respectively, the number of deaths increased by 29.55% and 49.40% respectively, the crude mortality rate increased by 7.81% and 3.30% respectively, the DALY decreased by 48.12% and 14.41% respectively, and the DALY rate decreased by 56.82% and 40.82% respectively. The mortality rate of the ≥70 age group was higher than that of other groups. The disease burden indicators such as PAF, standardized mortality and DALY attributable to high temperature exposure in men were higher than those in women. In 2019, the main cause of DALY affected by high temperature exposure in Chinese population was ischemic heart disease (84400 person-years), and the main cause of death was ischemic heart disease (4900 cases). Conclusion: The burden of diseases attributable to high temperature exposure is still serious in China and the world at large. Targeted interventions should be formulated for men, the elderly and people with occupational exposure, and a sound surveillance system should be established to reduce the burden of diseases caused by high temperature exposure.

MRI parameters for predicting the effect of ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound in the ablation of uterine fibroids

AIM

To study the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in predicting the efficacy of ultrasonic ablation of fibroids.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 91 patients were divided into groups based on non-perfused volume (NPV) ratio and blood supply type. The preoperative MRI parameters were measured and analysed. A correlation analysis between the MRI parameters and the NPV ratio was performed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyse and determine the cut-off value of MRI parameters to predict the ablation rate of fibroids.

RESULTS

The uterine fibroids group with an NPV ratio <80% and the group with an NPV ratio of ≥80% had significant differences in signal intensity (SI) at MRI T2-weighted imaging (WI), fibroid-to-rectus abdominis SI ratio (SIR) at T2WI, and blood supply type (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in fibroid volume, T2WI signal uniformity, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. The ADC value and SI and SIR at MRI T2WI in the group with poor blood supply were lower than those in the group with a rich blood supply (p<0.05). SI at MRI T2WI correlated negatively with the NPV ratio. The cut-off values for SI and SIR at MRI T2WI of fibroids whose NPV ratio exceeds 80% were 220.58 and 1.315, respectively.

CONCLUSION

SI at MRI T2WI and blood supply type could be predictors of the efficacy of ablation. Ultrasonic ablation of fibroids with MRI T2WI hyperintensity and a rich blood supply had poor efficacy.

[The characteristics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its associated factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its associated factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 385 RA patients [including 72 (18.7%) male and 313 (81.3%) female] who received abdominal sonographic examination from August 2015 to May 2021 at Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital. There were 28 RA patients at 16-29 years old and 32, 80, 121, 99, 25 at 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, ≥ 70 years old, respectively. Demographic and clinical data were collected including age, gender, history of alcohol consumption, disease duration, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, RA disease activity indicators and previous medications. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the associated factors of NAFLD in RA patients. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was 24.2% (93/385) in RA patients, 26.3% (21/80) in 40-49 age group and 33.1% (40/121) in 50-59 age group. There were 22.1% (85/385) and 3.6% (14/385) RA patients with overweight and obese, in which the prevalence of NAFLD was 45.9% (39/85) and 78.6% (11/14) respectively, which was 2.6 folds and 4.5 folds that of RA patients with normal BMI. Although there was no significant difference of age, gender and RA disease activity indicators between RA patients with or without NAFLD, those with NAFLD had higher proportions of metabolic diseases including obese (11.8% vs. 1.0%), central obesity (47.3% vs. 16.8%), hypertension (45.2% vs. 29.8%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (24.7% vs. 12.0%), consistent with higher levels of total cholesterol [(5.33±1.31) mmol/L vs. (4.73±1.12) mmol/L], triglyceride [(1.51±1.08) mmol/L vs. (0.98±0.54) mmol/L] and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [(3.37±0.97) mmol/L vs. (2.97±0.78) mmol/L, all P<0.05]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI (OR=1.314) and triglyceride (OR=1.809) were the independent factors positively associated with NAFLD in RA patients. Conclusion: NAFLD is a common comorbidity in RA patients, especially in those with middle-aged, overweight or obese, which is associated with high BMI or high triglyceride. Screening and management of NAFLD in RA patients especially those with overweight, obese or dyslipidemia should be emphasized.

[The characteristics and associated factors of functional limitation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of functional limitation and associated factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Consecutive patients with RA were recruited from August 2015 to June 2019 at Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital. Demographic and clinical characteristics including age, gender, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, clinical disease activity index (CDAI), modified total Sharp score were collected. Physical function was assessed by the Stanford health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI).Ordered logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of HAQ-DI. Results: A total of 643 RA patients were finally recruited including 114 males and 529 females with mean age (49.7±12.9) years. There were 399 (62.1%) patients having different degrees of functional limitation, who were classified as mild (293, 45.6%), moderate (73, 11.4%) and severe (33, 5.1%). The prevalence of functional limitation was positively correlated with age and disease activity. The most restricted activity was walking [43.5% (280/643)], followed by gripping [36.1% (232/643)], reaching [35.5% (228/643)], daily activities [33.4% (215/643)], hygiene [33.0% (212/643)], dressing and grooming [29.7% (191/643)] and arising [29.1% (187/643)], and the last eating [18.4% (118/643)]. Multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.019, 95%CI 1.004-1.035),pain VAS (OR=1.820, 95%CI 1.616-2.050), ESR (OR=1.009, 95%CI 1.001-1.017), CDAI (OR=1.080, 95%CI 1.059-1.102) and modified total Sharp score (OR=1.010, 95%CI 1.004-1.015) were associated factors of functional limitation. Conclusion: The majority RA patients have functional limitation. Age, pain and active disease are independent associated factors. Therefore, target treatment and control of pain should be emphasized in RA patients.

The ratio of xylooligosaccharide to ferulic acid affects faecal ferulic acid content, short chain fatty acid output, and gut stress

There have been contradicting observations regarding the prebiotic efficacy of feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs) extracted from different varieties of cereals with varying oligosaccharides and ferulic acid (FA) levels. The present study was performed to determine whether the mass ratio of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) to FA influences their combined effects on faecal FA content, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) output, and gut stress of d-galactose-treated aging rats. The results show that there was no significant difference in the faecal FA levels of rats fed with 5:1 and 10:1 XOS:FA diet, although the FA level in the 5:1-supplemented diet was twice as much as in the 10:1 diet. More utilisation of FA decreased butyric acid and SCFA output in the faeces for diet 5:1 compared with diets 10:1 XOS:FA or XOS alone. Furthermore, compared with 10:1 XOS:FA or XOS alone treatments, the 5:1 XOS:FA diet resulted in increased 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl activity and higher ratios of Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus to Escherichia coli (P < 0.05), while not increasing the number of probiotic Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. These findings suggest that under the specific stress level set for this study, the sufficient amount of FA added to XOS (5:1) can stimulate FA utilisation to modify gut redox balance, while reducing faecal SCFA output.

[Prevalence and influencing factors of Enterobius vermicularis infections among children in Fanxian County of Henan Province in 2019]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of Enterobius vermicularis infections among children in Fanxian County, Henan Province in 2019, so as to provide insights into the management of enterobiasis.

METHODS

Five kindergartens were selected in urban and rural areas of Fanxian County, Henan Province using the stratified sampling method in 2019, and a census of E. vermicularis infections was performed among all children in the kindergartens. E. vermicularis eggs were detected using adhesive and scotch cellophane-tape anal swab methods, and the basic characteristics of children and their families, health habits and the kindergartens' information were investigated with questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors and protective factors of pinworm infection in children.

RESULTS

A total of 671 children were tested, and the mean prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 15.50% (104/671). The prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was higher among children in rural kindergartens (28.13%, 72/256) than in urban kindergartens (7.71%, 32/415) (χ² = 50.380, P < 0.01), and greater in private kindergartens (32.26%, 60/186) than in public kindergartens (9.07%, 44/485) (χ² = 55.183, P < 0.01). There was no gender-specific prevalence of E. vermicularis infections among children (χ² = 1.442, P > 0.05), and the prevalence of E. vermicularis infections presented a tendency towards a rise with age (χ²_trend = 8.373, P < 0.05) and school grade (χ²_trend = 30.274, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified rural kindergartens and high grades as risk factors, and separate washing of children's and adults' cloths, frequent bathing and frequent dinnerware disinfection in kindergartens as protective factors for E. vermicularis infections among children. In addition, there was no significant difference in the detection of E. vermicularis infections among children by using adhesive (73.08%, 76/104) and scotch cellophane-tape anal swab methods (56.73%, 59/104) (χ² = 3.959, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of E. vermicularis infection is high among children in Fanxian Country, Henan Province. Health education and surveillance of enterobiasis are required to be intensified among children in rural kindergartens and senior grades and their parents and teachers.

[Predictive value of anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin antibody on one-year radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]

Objective: To investigate the value of baseline anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin (MCV) antibody for predicting one-year radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Consecutive RA patients were recruited from November 2014 to July 2018 at Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Clinical data were collected including disease activity score in 28 joints with four variables including C-reactive protein (CRP).Serum anti-MCV antibody at baseline was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. X ray assessment of both hands/wrists was performed and assessed according to the Sharp/van der Heijde modified score (mTSS) at baseline and the 12th month. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors for one-year radiographic progression. Results: Among 220 RA patients recruited, the positive rate of anti-MCV antibody at baseline was 77.7%. Compared with those with negative anti-MCV antibody, RA patients with positive anti-MCV antibody had higher disease activity score in 28 joints with four variables induding CRP [3.8 (2.4, 5.0) vs. 3.1 (2.1, 4.0), P=0.007], more physical dysfunction (21.6% vs. 8.2%, P=0.033) and higher radiographic indicators including mTSS [11 (2, 27) vs. 4 (1, 10), P=0.003], joint space narrowing [JSN, 4 (0, 14) vs. 2 (0, 6), P=0.024] and joint erosion[JE, 5 (1, 18)vs. 3 (0, 5), P=0.003]. After one-year follow-up, sixty-six RA patients (30.0%) developed radiographic progression, the percentage of whom was significantly higher in positive anti-MCV group than that in negative anti-MCV group (33.9% vs.16.3%, P=0.018). Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that positive anti-MCV antibody at baseline was an independent risk factor for one-year radiographic progression (OR=2.341, 95%CI 1.002-5.469). Conclusion: Positive anti-MCV antibody at baseline predicts one-year radiographic progression in RA patients. In the future, anti-MCV antibody can be used not only as a supplementary laboratory marker, but also in disease activity assessment and prognosis prediction for RA.

[Function and mechanism of histone demethytransferase Jmjd3 mediated regulation of Th1/Th2 balance through epigenetic modification in pre-eclampsia]

Objective: To observe the expression level of histone demethyltransferase Jmjd3 in patients with pre-eclampsia (PE), and to investigate the possible mechanism of its epigenetic modification in regulating Th1/Th2 imbalance in PE patients. Methods: The mRNA levels of histone demethyltransferase Jmjd3 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of PE patients and normal pregnant women were detected by RT-PCR. Peripheral serum IFN-γ and IL-4　　were detected by ELISA. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of Jmjd3, Tbx21 and Cxcr3 in the spleen of PE and control mice. Immunomagnetic beads were used to sort out the initial CD4⁺ T cells in the spleen of control and PE mice. Western blot was used to detect H3K27me1 and H3K27me3 levels. ChIP analysis was used for H3K27me3 demethylation modification in spleens of PE mice. Results: Compared with normal pregnant women, the mRNA level of Jmjd3 in PBMC of PE patients was significantly increased, the level of IFN-γ in serum was significantly increased, and the level of IL-4 was significantly reduced (P<0.01). Compared with normal control mice, the mRNA level of Jmjd3 in the spleen of PE mice was significantly increased, and the expression of Tbx21 and Cxcr3 was significantly increased in PE mice (P<0.01); the H3K27me3 level of CD4⁺ T cells in PE mice was significantly reduced (P<0.05), but H3K27me1 was not changed. ChIP analysis showed that CD4⁺ T cells H3K27me3 in PE group mice were in the Ifng promoter region, compared with control mice. Recruitment was significantly reduced, while recruitment in the promoter region of Il4 was significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusions: In both PE patients and mice with PE model, the relative expression level of histone demethyltransferase Jmjd3 is significantly up-regulated, which further induces the demethylation of H3K27me3 in the Ifng promoter region and promotes the initial CD4⁺ T cells to Th1 cell differentiation and development, leading to an imbalance of Th1/Th2, which may be one of the important reasons for the development of preeclampsia.

[Analysis on the situation of being supported by the national natural science foundation of China in the field of occupational diseases from 2010 to 2019]

Objective: To understand the situation supported by the National Natural Science Foundation in the field of occupational diseases (H2402) in China, so as to provide a reference basis for the application and research of scientific researchers in the field of occupational diseases in China. Methods: The information system of scientific and technological achievements was used to search the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in the field of occupational diseases from 2010 to 2019. Results: From 2010 to 2019, a total of 55 projects were funded under the Occupational Disease code (H2402) , with a total funding of 22.33 million yuan, of which 30 were supported by the Youth Science Foundation, 20 by the Youth Science Foundation and 5 by the Regional Science Foundation. Thirty five items of the research projects focused on pneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases which accounted for 63.64 per cent. Forty one items of scientific research projects are supported by domestic institutions of higher learning which accounted for 74.55 per cent. Conclusion: The research support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China to the field of occupational diseases (H2402) has increased steadily, but the support of different research directions and supporting units is not balanced. It is suggested that departments concerned strengthen guidance and support for the applicants in less developed areas and weak research directions of the projects in the National Natural Science Foundation.

Downregulation of nuclear protein-1 induces cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase in glioma cells in vivo and in vitro via P27

Nuclear protein-1 (NUPR1), also named as p8 or Com1, has been since found overexpressed in several human malignant tumor cells, such as glioma. NUPR1 also regulates cell cycle progression, however, the role of NUPR1 in regulating glioma cell cycle remains poorly understood. Knockdown efficiency of U87 and U251 cells infected with the lentiviral vector was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometry and western blot were used to explore a mechanism by which NUPR1 modulates cell cycle in U87 and U251 cells. Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect expression levels of P27, CDK2, and cyclin E in human glioma tissues with NUPR1 positive expression and tumorigenesis in nude mice. We confirmed that the downregulation of NUPR1 arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase in U87 and U251 cells in vitro. Furthermore, the expression level of P27 was increased, and CDK2 and cyclin E were decreased upon silencing NUPR1 expression in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the knockdown of NUPR1 induces cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in glioma cells via P27.

[Association of glycosylated hemoglobin level at admission with outcomes of intracerebral hemorrhage patients]

Objective: To explore the association of the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level at admission with 90 days functional outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods: Patients admitted to the Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital from January to December 2017 were prospectively and continuously enrolled in this study. Clinical data were collected at admission and functional outcomes 90 days after ICH were assessed by using the modified RANKIN scale. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression models were constructed. Patients were divided into four groups according to the quartile of HbA1c values. The median value of HbA1c in each group was taken as the substitute value and P for trend was calculated. The logistic regression model was fitted by restricted cubic splines to investigate the association between HbA1c level and outcome of ICH. Results: A total of 345 patients with ICH were enrolled, including 214 with favorable outcomes and 131 with poor outcomes (99 severe disability cases and 32 deaths). The risk of poor 90 days outcomes was significantly associated with HbA1c level at admission indicated by multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the P for trend test was <0.001 (middle-level group vs. low-level group: OR=2.33, 95%CI: 1.07-5.07; high-level group vs. low-level group: OR=2.52, 95%CI: 1.12-5.64; extremely high-level group vs. low-level group: OR=6.80, 95%CI: 3.01-15.34). Results from the restricted cubic spline showed that there was a linear correlation between HbA1c level at admission and poor 90 days outcomes of ICH (χ(2)=14.81, P<0.001; non- linear test: P=0.118). Compared with patients with HbA1c level of 6.5%, the risk of poor outcomes in patients with HbA1c level of <6.5% decreased linearly with the decrease in HbA1c level at admission, and the risk in patients with HbA1c level >6.5% was higher but not significantly. Conclusion: There was correlation between high HbA1c level at admission and 90 days poor outcome of ICH. High HbA1c level is an independent prediction indicator for ICH.

[Expression and mechanism of mast cell activating molecules and their antibodies in allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps]

Objective:To analyze the relationship and mechanism of mast cell with allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps. Method:From January 2018 to June 2018, all the inpatients in Otolaryngology Department were examined by nasal endoscopy and CT before operation. They were divided into three groups: 30 patients with allergic rhinitis（AR group） and 30 patients with nasal polyps（NP group） as the experimental group; 30 patients with nasal septum correction after partial inferior turbinectomy alone as the control group（N group）. Clinical data, peripheral blood and nasal mucosa were collected. The percentage of eosinophils in peripheral blood was detected by automatic hematology analyzer. The levels of anti-IgE antibody, FcεRIα and anti-FcεRIα antibody in serum were detected by ELISA. The levels of serum IgE were detected by velocity scattering turbidimetry. HE was used to observe the histopathological changes in the three groups. Immunohistochemical method was used to analyze the expression of tryptase and FcεRIα in the experimental group and the control group. Result:The percentage of eosinophils, IgE, anti-IgE antibody, FcεRIα and anti-FcεRIα antibodies in AR group were significantly higher than those in control group（P<0.05）; the percentage of eosinophils, FcεRIα and anti-FcεRIα antibodies in NP group were significantly higher than those in healthy control group（P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in IgE and anti-IgE antibodies among three groups（P>0.05）. The eosinophil percentage, IgE and anti-IgE antibody levels in AR group were significantly higher than that in NP group（P<0.05）; there were no differences in FcεRIα and anti-FcεRIα antibody levels between AR group and NP group（P>0.05）; There was no significant difference in eosinophil infiltration between the two groups; The brown tryptase-positive mast cells and FcεRIα-positive mast cells were found in the submucosa and interstitium of nasal mucosa. Conclusion:The high expression of FcεRIα and its antibody in the serum of patients with allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps indicated that this antibody system was involved in the occurrence and development of allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps. Local allergy with mast cells as the core might play an important role in the occurrence and development of nasal polyps. The possible role of mast cells in the formation of nasal polyps and the specific mechanism deserve further study.

[Feasibility and safety of MRgFUS ablation for uterine fibroids and adenomyosis: a preliminary study]

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and safety of magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) ablation treatment for uterine fibroids and adenomyosis. Methods: From February 2017 to July 2018, a total of 61 women in Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine with uterine fibroids or adenomyosis (36 cases of fibroids and 25 cases of adenomyosis) were included for treatment of MRgFUS, mean age was 27-48 (39±5) years. The treatment status, treatment effect and complications were recorded, and the differences between myoma and adenomyosis were compared. Results: Thirty-two (88.9%) patients of fibroid group and twenty-one (84.0%) patients of adenomyosis group were completed MRgFUS treatment respectively (P>0.05). The spot energy of adenomyosis group was 1 039-5 698(2 852±991) J, which was higher than 600-6 466(2 485±1 137) J of fibroid group (P<0.01). There was no significant statistical difference in mean temperature of spot and ablation time between the two groups (P>0.05).The non-perfusion volume ratio (NPVR) of the fibroid and adenomyosis group was 54%-99%(84%±15%) and 60%-98%(82%±12%) and there was no significant statistical difference (P>0.05), but the ablation efficiencies of adenomyosis group was less than fibroid group (0.8-4.3(2.1±0.9) cm(3)/min vs 1.3-7.8(3.6±1.5)cm(3)/min, P<0.01).The incidence of complications of adenomyosis group was 47.6%(10/21), it was higher than fibroid group 18.8%(6/32) (P<0.05). Conclusions: MRgFUS is a non-invasive, safe and effective treatment for both uterine fibroids and adenomyosis. Compared with uterine fibroids, MRgFUS treatment of adenomyosis has some disadvantages such as higher energy, lower ablation efficiency and more adverse reactions, and further optimization is needed.

[Role of enolase 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma and possible mechanism]

Objective: To investigate the role of enolase 1 (ENO1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and possible mechanism. Methods: Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to measure the expression of ENO1 in HCC tissue, adjacent tissue, hepatoma cells, and normal hepatocytes. The siRNA interference technique was used for ENO1 knockout in HepG2 cells, and then CCK-8, colony formation assay, and transwell assay were used to measure the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of HepG2 cells. Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to measure the expression of proteins and genes involved in the activation of the Notch signaling pathway. The two-independent-samples t test and a one-way analysis of variance were used for comparison. Results: HCC tissue and HepG2 cells had significantly higher expression of ENO1 than adjacent tissue and normal hepatocytes (P < 0.05). There were significant reductions in the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of HepG2 cells after siRNA interference (P < 0.05). There were also significant reductions in the expression of N1ICD, snail, slug, HEY1, HES1, and HES5 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: ENO1 may promote the development of HCC, possibly by participating in the regulation of the Notch signaling pathway.

[Risk factor analysis of the patients with solitary pulmonary nodules and establishment of a prediction model for the probability of malignancy]

Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship among the clinical features, radiologic characteristics and pathological diagnosis in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules, and establish a prediction model for the probability of malignancy. Methods: Clinical data of 372 patients with solitary pulmonary nodules who underwent surgical resection with definite postoperative pathological diagnosis were retrospectively analyzed. In these cases, we collected clinical and radiologic features including gender, age, smoking history, history of tumor, family history of cancer, the location of lesion, ground-glass opacity, maximum diameter, calcification, vessel convergence sign, vacuole sign, pleural indentation, speculation and lobulation. The cases were divided to modeling group (268 cases) and validation group (104 cases). A new prediction model was established by logistic regression analying the data from modeling group. Then the data of validation group was planned to validate the efficiency of the new model, and was compared with three classical models(Mayo model, VA model and LiYun model). With the calculated probability values for each model from validation group, SPSS 22.0 was used to draw the receiver operating characteristic curve, to assess the predictive value of this new model. Results: 112 benign SPNs and 156 malignant SPNs were included in modeling group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that gender, age, history of tumor, ground -glass opacity, maximum diameter, and speculation were independent predictors of malignancy in patients with SPN(P<0.05). We calculated a prediction model for the probability of malignancy as follow: p=e(x)/(1+ e(x)), x=-4.8029-0.743×gender+ 0.057×age+ 1.306×history of tumor+ 1.305×ground-glass opacity+ 0.051×maximum diameter+ 1.043×speculation. When the data of validation group was added to the four-mathematical prediction model, The area under the curve of our mathematical prediction model was 0.742, which is greater than other models (Mayo 0.696, VA 0.634, LiYun 0.681), while the differences between any two of the four models were not significant (P>0.05). Conclusions: Age of patient, gender, history of tumor, ground-glass opacity, maximum diameter and speculation are independent predictors of malignancy in patients with solitary pulmonary nodule. This logistic regression prediction mathematic model is not inferior to those classical models in estimating the prognosis of SPNs.

[Analysis of infection and drug-resistance in 6 107 cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Chengdu area]

Objective: To analyze the infection and drug resistance of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, in order to provide useful references for prevention and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Methods: A total of 6 107 suspected cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, including lymph node, pleural, peritoneal, meningeal, urinary tract, and bone tuberculosis, were collected retrospectively from January 2013 to December 2015 in Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu. There were 4 033 male and 2 074 female patients, and the average age was 37 years.The epidemiological data, infection and drug resistance were analyzed statistically. Results: There were 21 036 cases of mycobacterial culture from January 2013 to December 2015, of which 7 119 were positive(33.8%). Extrapulmonary tuberculosis was found in 6 107 cases, of which 896 were positive, accounting for 12.6% of the positive cases(896/7 119). Culture-positive cases of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis showed a rising trend from 2013 to 2015 (n=174, 310, 421, respectively), and the annual average increasing rate was over 50%.Cases were distributed at younger ages (21-40 years), with an average age of 34 years.There were more male patients, with a male to female ratio of 2.1∶1. The most common site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis was the bone(62/243, 25.5%), followed by lymph node(283/1 297, 21.8%), pleural(289/1 840, 15.7%), urinary tract(63/452, 13.9%), peritoneum(41/303, 13.5%), meningeal(156/1 915, 8.1%)and other types of tuberculosis(2/57, 3.5%). Drug sensitivity test of 896 extrapulmonary tuberculosis strains showed that the resistance rate (from high to low) was in the order of isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, capreomycin and ethambutol. Multidrug-resistant(MDR)and extremely-drug resistant (XDR) rate was 9.7 %(87/896)and 2.0%(17/896)respectively. Conclusions: Cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis sent for bacterial culture and the positive rate showed a rising trend by years in Chengdu area.The drug resistance level was higher than that reported both in China and abroad.The prevention and treatment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis should be strengthened in this area.

[Analysis on the clinical value of methods used for the detection of treponema pallidum antibody]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the clinical value of five methods commonly used for the detection of clinical syphilis antibody.

METHODS

A total of 160 confirmed syphilis cases were chosen as the experimental group while 200 non-syphilis cases were set as the control group. Serum specimens were detected by methods as Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA), chemiluminescent microparticle immune assay (CMIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), emulsion method (TP-AD) and toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST). Sensitivity and specificity were evaluated on five methods. Titers of syphilis antibody in different stages and pre/post on treatment among syphilis patients were compared and analyzed under the five methods.

RESULTS

The sensitivity vs. specificity of TPPA, CMIA, ELISA, TP-AD and TRUST appeared as 100.00% vs. 99.50%, 99.38% vs. 99.00%, 98.12% vs. 99.00%, 94.38% vs. 94.50% and 85.62% vs. 95.50%, respectively. Among the patients at primary or latent stages, the syphilis antibody positive rate detected by TRUST appeared lower than that detected by ELISA, TPPA, CMIA or TP-AD, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). There were no statistical differences in the syphilis antibody positive rate of syphilis patients in the secondary or tertiary stages detected by five methods (P>0.05). In each stage of the syphilis patients, the syphilis antibody positive rate detected by ELISA or of CMIA combined with TRUST both reached 100.00%. Before and after treatment in 121 cases of confirmed syphilis, there was statistically significant difference in the syphilis antibody positive rate detected by TRUST method (P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in the syphilis antibody positive rate detected by other four methods (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The sensitivity and specificity of TPPA, CMIA and ELISA methods were better. METHODS as ELISA or as CMIA combined with TRUST both appeared reliable for syphilis screening in every stage of the disease. TRUST was suitable for the determination of active stage syphilis and monitoring the effects after treatment.

[Association between gestational weight gain and preterm birth: a retrospective epidemiological analysis in Wuhan]

OBJECTIVE

To understand the influence of gestational weight gain(GWG)on preterm birth in Wuhan.

METHODS

The retrospective epidemiological study was conducted in Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children between 2012 and 2014. Women who went to this hospital for antenatal care or giving birth were selected. Information was collected by using questionnaires, health care manual and clinical records. We used restricted cubic spline and multivariate logistic regression analysis to study the relationship between GWG and preterm birth.

RESULTS

A total of 11 323 pregnant women participated in the investigation with 11 020(97.32%)of them eligible for our study. The results from the restricted cubic spline indicated that after adjusting for confounding factors, a U-curve was observed for GWG and preterm births(non-linearity test P< 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis also indicated that both inadequate GWG(weight gain<P10)and excessive GWG(weight gain>P90)were independent risk factors for preterm birth compared with normal GWG(weight gain P10-P90)with odds ratios of 1.59(1.25-2.01)and 1.46(1.13-1.88), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Inappropriate GWG was the risk factor for preterm birth. Weight monitoring should be strengthened for pregnant women to reduce risk of preterm birth.

[A randomized, single-blind, parallel-controlled and multicentre study: compare the efficacy and safety of domestic and imported human recombinant FSH in WHO group Ⅱ anovulatory infertility]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of domestic human recombinant FSH(rhFSH)in women with anovulation of WHO group Ⅱ.

METHODS

A randomized, blind, parallel-controlled, non-inferiority and multicenter study was performed. A total of 534 admitted to 13 hospitals from May 2008 to August 2009. There were 531 women with ovulatory disorder was included in the statistical analysis, were randomly divided into test group(domestic rhFSH, n=352)and control group(imported rhFSH, n=179). Percentage of cycle with mature follicle, ovulation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, multiple pregnancy rate, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome(OHSS)and adverse events were observed.

RESULTS

No statistical significant differences(P>0.05)were observed between the two groups in terms of the efficiency on mature follicle[91.8%(323/352)versus 88.8%(159/179)], ovulation rate[91.3%(295/323)verus 90.6%(144/159)], clinical pregnancy rate[19.2%(62/323)verus 18.2%(29/159)], the number of the follicles<14 mm, the level of serum LH and progesterone, the thickness of endometrium on the day of hCG administration. The number of follicle≥18 mm and 14 mm≤follicle<18 mm and the level of serum estradiol on the day of hCG in the test group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05). The number of days of rhFSH administration in the test group was significantly less than that in the control group[(9.8±2.2)versus(11.4± 0.6)days, P<0.05], the dosage of rhFSH was significantly lower than that in the control group[(879 ± 419)versus(1 043±663)U, P<0.05]. The multiple pregnancy rate in the test group was significantly higher than that in the control group[21%(13/62)versu 10%(3/29), P<0.05]. The incidence of OHSS and adverse events were similar between the two groups(P>0.05), and no other adverse events were observed in test group during treatment.

CONCLUSION

Ovarian stimulation with domestic rhFSH is effective, safe and economical in women with anovulation of WHO group Ⅱ.

Three-step method for the amplification of the coxsackievirus A10 genome

The whole-genome sequencing of coxsackievirus (CV)-A10 does not follow a conventional experimental protocol. To fully understand the genetic variation and evolution of CV-A10, complete genome amplification is necessary. Most previous studies have concentrated on partial sequences of the CV-A10 genome, such as the VP1 gene. The few studies that have investigated CV-A10 at the genomic level have reported only two complete genome sequences to GenBank. The basic fault may be attributed to the regional nature of the genetics and evolution of CV-A10 and to the lack of laboratory procedures for obtaining the genomes. In this study, we present a robust "three-step" protocol performed with A105UF/A820, EVP4/A6141, and A4879/A1005R for the full-length genome amplification of CV-A10. The results revealed that the method is able to accurately and reproducibly amplify three fragments with overlaps of the full-length genome of eight CV-A10 strains. Compared with other methods, this assay is both quick and specific. In addition, the three-step protocol could be capable of amplifying the full-length genomes of CV-A10 strains isolated from different countries and regions. The specific three-step protocol may be particularly useful for investigating samples co-infected with CV-A10 and other viruses.

Xpert MTB/RIF Assay for Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance in Children: a Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

The Xpert MTB/RIF assay has been recommended by WHO to replace conventional microscopy, culture, and drug resistance tests. It simultaneously detects both Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (TB) and resistance to rifampicin (RIF) within two hours. The objective was to review the available research studies on the accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for diagnosing pulmonary TB and RIF-resistance in children.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of Pubmed and Embase was performed up to October 28, 2014. We identified published articles estimating the diagnostic accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay in children with or without HIV using culture or culture plus clinical TB as standard reference. QUADAS-2 tool was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. A summary estimation for sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratios (DOR), and the area under the summary ROC curve (AUC) was performed. Meta-analysis was used to establish the overall accuracy.

RESULTS

11 diagnostic studies with 3801 patients were included in the systematic review. The overall analysis revealed a moderate sensitivity and high specificity of 65% (95% CI: 61 - 69%) and 99% (95% CI: 98 - 99%), respectively, and a pooled diagnostic odds ratio of 164.09 (95% CI: 111.89 - 240.64). The AUC value was found to be 0.94. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for paediatric rifampicin resistance were 94.0% (95% CI: 80.0 - 93.0%) and 99.0% (95% CI: 95.0 - 98.0%), respectively. Hence, the Xpert MTB/RIF assay has good diagnostic and rifampicin performance for paediatric pulmonary tuberculosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The Xpert MTB/RIF is sensitive and specific for diagnosing paediatric pulmonary TB. It is also effective in detecting rifamnicin resistance. It can, therefore, be used as an initial diagnostic tool.

LC-MS/MS: a rapid and simple new method for the determination of carbapenem β-lactamases

We investigated the application of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (PDR-AB) with carbapenem resistance. Eight strains were randomly selected from 84 clinical isolates of PDR-AB strains obtained by the Kirby-Bauer and agar dilution methods. An efflux pump inhibition test was used to screen for the efflux pump phenotype. An ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) synergy test was used to screen for the β-lactamase phenotype, and a three-dimensional test was used to detect extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and ampicillin C, KPC, and carbapenemase. ESBL genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Outer membrane proteins were extracted from a sensitive strain and the PDR-AB strains by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and subjected to LC-MS/MS. Peptide mass fingerprinting data were retrieved, and proteins with differential expression were identified. Results of the efflux pump inhibition tests showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations for meropenem were decreased in 4 of the 8 strains by at least 25% of the original value. The results of the EDTA synergy test were negative, and the modified Hodge's tests were positive for all strains. PCR and sequencing confirmed that seven, five, and all eight of the PDR-AB strains contained blaOXA-23, blaTEM-1, and KPC-2, respectively. OXA-23 and CsuC proteins were differentially expressed between the drug-resistant and -sensitive strains. Production of blaOXA-23 enzyme and pilus molecular chaperone to guide synthesis of CsuC protein may be involved in the resistance of A. baumannii to carbapenems. LC-MS/ MS provides a quick and easy method for carbapenemase detection.

Differentiating the extent of cartilage repair in rabbit ears using nonlinear optical microscopy

Nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) was used as a noninvasive and label-free tool to detect and quantify the extent of the cartilage recovery. Two cartilage injury models were established in the outer ears of rabbits that created a different extent of cartilage recovery based on the presence or absence of the perichondrium. High-resolution NLOM images were used to measure cartilage repair, specifically through spectral analysis and image texture. In contrast to a wound lacking a perichondrium, wounds with intact perichondria demonstrated significantly larger TPEF signals from cells and matrix, coarser texture indicating the more deposition of type I collagen. Spectral analysis of cells and matrix can reveal the matrix properties and cell growth. In addition, texture analysis of NLOM images showed significant differences in the distribution of cells and matrix of repaired tissues with or without perichondrium. Specifically, the decay length of autocorrelation coefficient based on TPEF images is 11.2 ± 1.1 in Wound 2 (with perichondrium) and 7.5 ± 2.0 in Wound 1 (without perichondrium), indicating coarser image texture and faster growth of cells in repaired tissues with perichondrium (p < 0.05). Moreover, the decay length of autocorrelation coefficient based on collagen SHG images also showed significant difference between Wound 2 and 1 (16.2 ± 1.2 vs. 12.2 ± 2.1, p < 0.05), indicating coarser image texture and faster deposition of collagen in repaired tissues with perichondrium (Wound 2). These findings suggest that NLOM is an ideal tool for studying cartilage repair, with potential applications in clinical medicine. NLOM can capture macromolecular details and distinguish between different extents of cartilage repair without the need for labelling agents.

A clinical study evaluating dendritic and cytokine-induced killer cells combined with concurrent radiochemotherapy for stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer

To compare the efficacy of dendritic and cytokine-induced killer cells (DC-CIK) therapy combined with concurrent radiochemotherapy on stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer. Sixty-three patients with stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer were randomly divided into the study and control groups. The study group, comprising 30 patients, was treated with DC-CIK combined with docetaxel-cisplatin chemotherapy and synchronization conformal radiotherapy. The control group including 33 patients was only treated with docetaxel-cisplatin chemotherapy and synchronization conformal radiotherapy. The efficacy, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), tumor markers, 6-month and 12-month survival rate, T cell subsets, and adverse reactions of the two groups were compared. The response rate of the study group was 83.3% (25/30), and that of the control group was only 54.5% (18/33). Furthermore, the KPS, T cell subsets, and 12-month survival rate was significantly higher in the study group, and there were significant differences between the two groups. The two groups had no significant difference in adverse reactions. The combined DC-CIK therapy, with synchronous radiotherapy and chemotherapy to treat stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer was superior to single synchronous radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The combined therapy can improve the life quality and prolong the survival time of the patients.

Analysis of the relationship between peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets and HCV RNA levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C

We investigated the relationship between peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels in patients with hepatitis C. Samples from 69 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients and 20 healthy controls were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect HCV RNA and flow cytometry to determine the expression levels of CD3, CD4, and CD8 in lymphocytes. The percentage of CD4+ T cells (42.87 ± 6.11%) and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ (1.34 ± 0.25) in these patients were significantly lower than those in the healthy control group (49.55 ± 6.68%, 1.82 ± 0.11, respectively) (P < 0.01, P < 0.01), while the percentage of CD8+ T cells (32.78 ± 5.48%) was higher than that in the control group (27.35 ± 4.32%) (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the percentage of CD3+ T cells between the two groups (P > 0.05). With the increase in HCV RNA replication, the percentage of CD8+ T cells increased gradually, while the CD4+ T cell percentage and CD4/CD8 ratio decreased. The change in the percentage of T lymphocyte subsets may be one of the reasons for persistent HCV infection, and the high expression levels of HCV RNA might be the reason for the low frequency of CD4+ T lymphocytes in patients with chronic HCV.

Ectopic expression of the BoTFL1-like gene of Bambusa oldhamii delays blossoming in Arabidopsis thaliana and rescues the tfl1 mutant phenotype

TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) homologous genes play major roles in maintaining vegetative growth and inflorescence meristem characteristics in various plant species; however, to date, the function of the bamboo TFL1 homologous gene has not been described. In this study, a TFL1 homologous gene was isolated from Bambusa oldhamii and designated as BoTFL1-like. Phylogenetic analysis of TFL1 homologous genes revealed that BoTFL1-like shared more than 90% identity with the TFL1 genes of other Gramineae. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of BoTFL1-like in floral buds was almost 3.5 times higher than in vegetative buds. In 35S::BoTFL1-like transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants, the time of flowering was significantly delayed by 5 to 9 days, and development of floral buds and sepals was severely affected compared to wild type Arabidopsis plants. This suggests that the BoTFL1-like gene may play roles in flowering time and flower morphological structure in B. oldhamii. The BoTFL1-like gene driven by the 35S promoter almost fully rescued the phenotype of the tfl1 mutant apart from the number of rosette inflorescences, indicating that the function of BoTFL1-like was similar to TFL1 in Arabidopsis. We conclude the TFL1 gene function has been conserved between B. oldhamii and A. thaliana.

Expression differences in TEL-AML1 fusion gene in leukemia glucocorticoid-sensitive and -resistant cell lines

We investigated the expression differences of the TEL-AML1 fusion gene in a leukemia glucocorticoid (GC)-sensitive cell line (CEM) and a GC-resistant cell line (Jurkat). Changes in TEL-AML1 expression before and after GC exposure were analyzed. Expression of GC-sensitive and GC-resistant leukemia cells following initial diagnosis and during treatment was simulated. Leukemia cells were divided into a GC-unexposed or a GC-exposed group. A methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay was used to detect cell proliferation inhibition, flow cytometry was used to observe cell apoptosis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA expression of TEL-AML1 before and after exposure, and western blotting was used to analyze protein levels of TEL-AML1 before and after exposure. Inhibitory concentrations of 50% of cells in the Jurkat and CEM cells at 24 h were 382 and 9 mM, respectively, and at 48 h they were 216 and 2 mM. The proliferation inhibition effect of dexamethasone sodium phosphate on Jurkat cells was much lower than that on CEM cells. Jurkat cells showed obvious apoptosis after exposure to 100 mM dexamethasone sodium phosphate for 48 h. In the exposed group, Jurkat cells showed higher TEL-AML1 expression than did CEM cells (P < 0.05). In the unexposed group, TEL-AML1 gene expression in Jurkat cells was not affected by GC exposure (P > 0.05), while the CEM cells presented significant differences before and after exposure (P < 0.05). Sustained high expression of TEL-AML1 participated in and maintained the occurrence of GC resistance. Inhibition of TEL-AML1 may provide a new therapeutic approach to reverse GC resistance.

AML1/ETO cooperates with HIF1α to promote leukemogenesis through DNMT3a transactivation

The mechanisms by which AML1/ETO (A/E) fusion protein induces leukemogenesis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) without mutagenic events remain elusive. Here we show that interactions between A/E and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) are sufficient to prime leukemia cells for subsequent aggressive growth. In agreement with this, HIF1α is highly expressed in A/E-positive AML patients and strongly predicts inferior outcomes, regardless of gene mutations. Co-expression of A/E and HIF1α in leukemia cells causes a higher cell proliferation rate in vitro and more serious leukemic status in mice. Mechanistically, A/E and HIF1α form a positive regulatory circuit and cooperate to transactivate DNMT3a gene leading to DNA hypermethylation. Pharmacological or genetic interventions in the A/E-HIF1α loop results in DNA hypomethylation, a re-expression of hypermethylated tumor-suppressor p15(INK4b) and the blockage of leukemia growth. Thus high HIF1α expression serves as a reliable marker, which identifies patients with a poor prognosis in an otherwise prognostically favorable AML group and represents an innovative therapeutic target in high-risk A/E-driven leukemia.

Control of cell migration direction by inducing cell shape asymmetry with patterned topography

In this study, we explored the concept of introducing asymmetry to cell shapes by patterned cell culture substrates, and investigated the consequence of this induced asymmetry to cell migration behaviors. Three patterns, named "Squares", "Grating", and "Arcs" were fabricated, representing different levels of rotational asymmetry. Using time-lapse imaging, we systematically compared the motility and directionality of mouse osteoblastic cells MC3T3-E1 cultured on these patterns. Cells were found to move progressively faster on "Arcs" than on "Grating", and cells on "Squares" were the slowest, suggesting that cell motility correlates with the level of rotational asymmetry of the repeating units of the pattern. Among these three patterns, on the "Arcs" pattern, the least symmetrical one, cells not only moved with the highest velocity but also the strongest directional persistence. Although this enhanced motility was not associated with the detected number of focal adhesion sites in the cells, the pattern asymmetry was reflected in the asymmetrical cell spreading. Cells on the "Arcs" pattern consistently displayed larger cytoplasmic protrusion on one side of the cell. This asymmetry in cell shape determined the direction and speed of cell migration. These observations suggest that topographical patterns that enhance the imbalance between the leading and trailing fronts of adherent cells will increase cell speed and control movement directions. Our discovery shows that complex cell behaviors such as the direction of cell movement are influenced by simple geometrical principles, which can be utilized as the design foundation for platforms that guide and sort cultured cells.

A meta-analysis of STAT3 and phospho-STAT3 expression and survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

The prognostic role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and phospho-STAT3 in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains controversial. To clarify its impact on survival, we performed a meta-analysis to quantitatively assess STAT3 and phospho-STAT3 expression on the prognosis of NSCLC.

METHODS

Published studies were identified using a systematic and thorough literature search. To be eligible, a study had to investigate STAT3 or phospho-STAT3 expression rates of NSCLC patients in different characteristics and provide patient survival data.

RESULTS

A total of 17 retrospective trials were chosen for meta-analysis, including 1793 patients. The estimated pooled log HR (0.67, 95% CI: 0.57-0.77) of 9 trials (STAT3: log HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.38-1.04; phospho-STAT3: log HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.56-0.77) for NSCLC was statistically significant (P < 0.0001), suggesting that high STAT3 or phospho-STAT3 expression is a strong predictor of poor prognosis among patients with NSCLC. For the risk factors, pooled analysis of patients with STAT3 positivity, demonstrated a statistically significant OR (3.82, 95% CI: 2.37-6.16) between poorly differentiated carcinoma and well-moderately, OR (5.68, 95% CI: 3.16-10.21) between stage III-IV patients and stage I-II patients, and OR (3.41, 95% CI: 2.12-5.49) between patients with lymph node metastasis and patients without lymph node metastasis. However, pooled analysis of patients with phospho-STAT3 positivity only demonstrated a statistically significant OR (4.51, 95% CI: 1.57-12.96) between poorly differentiated carcinoma and well-moderately (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

High STAT3 or phospho-STAT3 expression is a strong predictor of poor prognosis among patients with NSCLC. The conclusion should be confirmed by large prospective studies with long-term follow-up.

Nanofiltration process of glyphosate simulated wastewater

Nanofiltration separation of glyphosate simulated wastewater was investigated using a DK membrane. The effects of operating parameters and the addition of impurities on membrane performance were studied in detail. It was found that at 20 °C, with a glyphosate concentration of 500 mg/L and pH of 2.96, the glyphosate retention rate and the membrane permeate flux increased slightly with increasing transmembrane pressure. With an increase in operating temperature, the permeate flux increased linearly while the retention rate decreased. The permeate flux and glyphosate retention rate decreased with increasing feed concentration. Within the pH range of 3-5, the glyphosate retention rate decreases with increasing pH and reaches a minimum at the isoelectric point of the membrane, while the permeate flux reaches a maximum level at this point. In the pH range of 5-11, with the increases of pH, the glyphosate retention rate increases and the permeate flux decreases. Glyphosate retention decreases slightly with increasing NaCl and phosphite concentrations. This can be explained in terms of the shielding phenomenon.

Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from cats in different geographic regions of China

Fourteen isolates of Toxoplasma gondii were isolated from cats from 4 different geographic provinces (Anhui, Hubei, Shanxi and Guangdong) in China and their genetic diversity with 8 nuclear loci SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, PK1, c22-8, c29-2, and an apicoplast locus Apico, was analysed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Two genotypes from these 14 isolates were identified but none of them belongs to the typical genetic types (types I, II and III). It is unexpected that such high similarity was observed in these 14 isolates although their original regions are significantly distant. Our results strongly indicate that the three traditional clonal lineages of types I, II and III of this parasite may not be preponderant in China. In addition, our results show that the genotypes of T. gondii in China may be highly clonal with atypical genotypes and higher virulence.

Accumulation and distribution of α-synuclein and ubiquitin in the CNS of Gaucher disease mouse models

Gaucher disease, a prevalent lysosomal storage disease, is caused by insufficient activity of acid β-glucosidase (GCase) and resultant glucosylceramide accumulation. Recently in Parkinson disease (PD) patients, heterozygous mutations in GCase have been associated with earlier onset and more progressive PD. To understand the pathogenic relationships between GCase variants and Parkinsonism, α-synuclein and ubiquitin distributions and levels in the brains of several mouse models containing GCase variants were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Progressive α-synuclein and ubiquitin aggregate accumulations were observed in the cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, brainstem, and some cerebellar regions between 4 and 24 weeks in mice that were homozygous for GCase [D409H (9H) or V394L (4L)] variants and also had a prosaposin hypomorphic (PS-NA) transgene. In 4L/PS-NA and 9H/PS-NA mice, this was coincident with progressive neurological manifestations and brain glucosylceramide accumulation. Ultrastructural studies showed electron dense inclusion bodies in neurons and axons of 9H/PS-NA brains. α-synuclein aggregates were also observed in ventricular, brainstem, and cerebellar regions of older mice (>42-weeks) with the GCase variant (D409H/D409H) without overt neurological disease. In a chemically induced GCase deficiency, α-synuclein aggregates and glucosylceramide accumulation also occurred. These studies demonstrate a relationship between glucosylceramide accumulation and α-synuclein aggregates, and implicate glucosylceramide accumulation as risk factor for the α-synucleinopathies.

Overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2 genes plays an important role in fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans with G487T and T916C mutations

This study was designed to investigate potential resistance mechanisms by studying the expression of resistant genes in 14 fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolates, with G487T and T916C mutations in the 14alpha-demethylase (ERG11) gene, collected from human immunodeficiency virus uninfected patients and a fluconazole-susceptible control strain. The in vitro susceptibilities of the C. albicans isolates to fluconazole were determined using the broth microdilution method and a disc diffusion assay. Expression of Candida drug resistance (CDR)1, CDR2, ERG11, fluconazole resistance (FLU)1 and multidrug resistance (MDR)1 genes was measured using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and evaluated relative to the expression of the control gene 18SrRNA. The CDR1 and CDR2 genes were upregulated in all the fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates, whereas only a few isolates showed high expression of MDR1, FLU1 and ERG11 genes compared with the control strain. In conclusion, overexpression of the CDR1 and CDR2 genes may play an important role in fluconazole-resistant C. albicans with G487T and T916C mutations.

RETRACTED: Isolation, characterization and expression of a gene from Brassica napus encoding a LIM-domain protein

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Light extraction efficiency of a top-emission organic light-emitting diode with an Yb/Au double-layer cathode and an opaque Si anode

We have computed the transmittances of four types of cathode--Yb/Au, Al/Au, Yb/Ag, and Al/Ag double layers--and the light extraction efficiencies of the top-emission organic light-emitting diodes with these cathodes, respectively, based on the characteristic matrix method and the dissipation spectrum model. Computations show that the Yb/Au cathode has a markedly higher transmittance than the other three types of cathode when the Yb and Au thicknesses in the Yb/Au cathode are, respectively, equal to the Al (or Yb) and Au (or Ag) thicknesses in the other three types of cathode. The power lost to the Yb/Au cathode due to the surface plasmon polaritons is the lowest, and hence the device with the Yb/Au cathode has the highest extraction efficiency. The transmittances for the four cathodes are also measured experimentally.

Toroidal plasma rotation induced by the dynamic ergodic divertor in the TEXTOR tokamak

The first results of the Dynamic Ergodic Divertor in TEXTOR, when operating in the m/n=3/1 mode configuration, are presented. The deeply penetrating external magnetic field perturbation of this configuration increases the toroidal plasma rotation. Staying below the excitation threshold for the m/n=2/1 tearing mode, this toroidal rotation is always in the direction of the plasma current, even if the toroidal projection of the rotating magnetic field perturbation is in the opposite direction. The observed toroidal rotation direction is consistent with a radial electric field, generated by an enhanced electron transport in the ergodic layers near the resonances of the perturbation. This is an effect different from theoretical predictions, which assume a direct coupling between rotating perturbation and plasma to be the dominant effect of momentum transfer.

Acceptor proteins of rat prostate residual chromatin

The androgen acceptor sites of the rat prostate residual chromatin (2 M NaCl insoluble fraction of chromatin) have been determined by steroid exchange assay, binding of translocated androgen-receptor complex in vitro, and solubilization of the acceptor protein(s) from the residual chromatin. Binding of [3H]dihydrotestosterone to the residual chromatin was saturable, displaying high affinity (Kd = 3.1 nM) and low capacity (6.3 nmol/mg of protein). The binding of [3H]dihydrotestosterone by the residual chromatin was androgen specific, as shown by steroid competition experiments. Intrachromatin binding study of translocated 5 alpha-[3H]dihydrotestosterone-receptor indicated that the residual chromatin contained 31% of the total chromatin-bound androgen, thus representing one of the major chromatin-androgen binding sites. The results suggested the presence of acceptor molecules in the residual chromatin with which the androgen-receptor interacted. To ascertain this, the residual chromatin was extracted with phenol, and the phenol-solubilized protein(s) was (were) assayed for acceptor activity by interaction with [3H]dihydrotestosterone-receptor complex. Comparison of phenol-solubilized residual proteins from rat prostate, spleen, and chicken erythrocyte indicated that [3H]dihydrotestosterone-receptor complex bound tissue specifically to the prostate residual protein and that the interaction required the presence of DNA. The possible importance of the residual DNA was examined by reannealing with cloned cDNAs coding for the subunit components of prostatic binding protein, an androgen-regulated oligomeric protein in rat prostate. The rates of reassociation kinetics of the residual DNA with the cDNAs were faster than with total DNA, equivalent to a 3-fold enrichment in prostatic binding protein coding sequences. The high salt resistant residual chromatin acceptor(s) thus appear(s) to be preferentially associated with androgen-activated genes.

[Relationship between serum C-reactive protein and creatine kinase isoenzyme in acute myocardial infarction]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship between serum c-reactive protein(CRP) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

METHODS

We assessed the serum CK-MB and CRP concentration in 52 patients with definite AMI at different time after their infarction.

RESULTS

12 hours after infarction there were 100% and 44.2% patients with positive results in CK-MB and CRP respectively, and 48 hours are 57.7% and 86.5%. By continuous observation we found that the peaks of CK-MB and CRP occurred respectively at 12 hours and 48 hours after infarction.

CONCLUSION

It is suggested that as a diagnostic marker CRP is superior to CK-MB in sabacent myocardial infarction patients.

A comparative study of third-order nonlinear optical properties of silver phenylacetylide and related compounds via ultrafast optical Kerr effect measurements

A comparative study of the third-order nonlinear optical properties, via the newly developed heterodyned optical Kerr effect (OHD-OKE) measurements, of silver phenylacetylide and related compounds is reported. [AgC[triple bond]CC(6)H(5)](n) (1) was found to exhibit efficient third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility chi((3)) of 2.4 x 10(-14) esu, and second hyperpolarizability gamma of 9.07 x 10(-32) esu. These results are compared with those of two related silver phenylacetylide compounds, namely, a double salt, (silver phenylacetylide).(silver tert-butylthiolate) [AgC[triple bond]CC(6)H(5).AgS(t-C(4)H(9))](n) complex (2), and a cluster, triphenylphosphine silver phenylacetylide tetramer, [(C(6)H(5))(3)PAgC[triple bond]CC(6)H(5)](4) (3), as well as that of the related organic polymer polyphenylacetylene (4). These four compounds represent different types of phenylacetylide derivatives: 1 is an organometallic polymer, 2 a polymeric double salt, 3 a discrete metal cluster, and 4 an organic polymer. It was found that the third-order optical nonlinear response was enhanced by the incorporation of silver d electrons into the delocalized conjugated organic pi system, and its magnitude is highly dependent upon the extent of the pi delocalization. Specifically, the relative magnitudes of chi((3)) and gamma follow the order silver phenylacetylide polymer (1) > (silver phenylacetylide).(silver tert-butylthiolate) double salt (2) > polyphenylacetylene polymer (4) > tetrameric (triphenylphosphine silver phenylacetylide)(4) cluster (3). The observed trend may be attributed to the decreasing length of pi conjugation. It is interesting to note that the incorporation of Ag(I) into the polymeric framework of polyphenylacetylene enhances the chi((3)) by 25-fold for the same degree of polymerization (n = 7). The signs of chi((3)) and gamma, which are related to the response mechanisms, were found to be solvent dependent.

[Cloning and characterization of syap1, a down regulated gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma]

Using a different fragment DE6 obtained from DD-PCR as probe, a full-length cDNA has been cloned from human liver cDNA library and named as syap1 (Synapse-associated protein 1) because its deduced amino acid sequence is homologous to SAP47 of D. melanogaster. Northern blot analysis reveals that two transcripts of syap1 mRNA are expressed in cultured human liver L-02 cells. Moreover, the syap1 mRNA was also detected in most of adult human tissues by RT-PCR analysis. Down-regulated expression of syap1 mRNA was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay in 5 of 10 (50%) cases of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Anti-human hepatocellular carcinoma effects of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vitro & in vivo

AIM

To investigate the effect of over-expression of Bcl-2 protein on Trail protein-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells, and the cytotoxicity of Trail protein on human hepatoma cells in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

The Trail gene was cloned and expressed in E coli. The cytotoxicity of the recombinant Trail protein was assayed on human hepatoma cells in vitro and in vivo. The cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. The stable human hepatoma cells clone in which Bcl-2 protein over-expressed was established by transfecting eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3-Bcl-2 into BEL-7404 human hepatoma cells, and was selected with G418 400 mg/L.

RESULTS

The recombinant Trail protein actively killed human hepatoma cells tested in this study such as BEL-7404, BEL-7402, and SMMC-7721. Over-expression of Bcl-2 protein could inhibit apoptosis induced by Trail in BEL-7404 human hepatoma cells in vitro. It was obvious that the purified recombinant Trail protein could inhibit tumor formation of BEL-7404 human hepatoma cells in nude mice.

CONCLUSION

The recombinant Trail protein could kill human hepatoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Over-expression of Bcl-2 protein could inhibit Trail-induced apoptosis in BEL-7404 human hepatoma cells. The results suggested that Trail might be a potential agent for the liver cancer therapy.