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Yang XC, Shao LL, Mi YJ, Zhang WH, Liu NY, Liu RB, Zhou XX, Zhang WH, Tian QB. Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors on all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes: A meta-analysis focusing on the number needed to treat and minimal clinical effect. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107830. [PMID: 33446411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the effectiveness of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) separately to prevent all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and heart failure (HF) in patients with diabetes considering the number needed to treat (NNT) and minimal clinical effect (MCE). METHODS Data from 17 morbidity-mortality trials in patients with diabetes were used to calculate NNTs and evaluate MCE to prevent all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure. RESULTS A total of 17 trials involving 42,037 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Mean follow-up was 3.7 years. ACEIs significantly reduced the risk of all-cause mortality, MI and HF; the corresponding mean NNTBs were 48, 62 and 78, respectively, but ARBs were only associated with a reduction in heart failure. The clinical significance assessment of the included trials indicated that most of the statistically significant trial results had no definitive clinical significance, and only some of them had possible clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with diabetes, ACEIs reduced all-cause mortality, MI and HF, whereas ARBs could only prevent HF. However, none of the results of these trials had clear clinical significance, and most had only possible clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chun Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Li-Li Shao
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Ying-Jun Mi
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Nuo-Ya Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Ruo-Bin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent. Belgium C. Heymanslaan 10, Entrance 75/ICRH, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Qing-Bao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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Liu YL, Mi YJ, Zhang B, Wang HJ, Yu J, Pan XB, Wang C, Tian QB. The Impact of Hypertension Definition Based on Two-visit Strategy on Estimate of Hypertension Burden: Results From the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1989-2011. J Epidemiol 2020; 31:180-186. [PMID: 32224596 PMCID: PMC7878710 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20190163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of hypertension should be based on the mean of two or more properly measured BP readings on each of two visits for clinical practice, but a one-visit strategy was applied in most epidemiological surveys. The impact of hypertension definition based on two visits on estimates of hypertension burden is unknown. This study aims to assess the impact of hypertension diagnosis based on a two-visit strategy for estimating hypertension burden in China. Methods The one-visit and two-visit strategies were applied to investigate the incidence of hypertension in a cohort study based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 1989–2011. Additionally the prevalence of hypertension was investigated in a cross-sectional study based on the CHNS 2006–2009/2011 and the hypertension burden in China was estimated with data from the 2012–2015 China hypertension survey. Results Overall, the age-adjusted incidence of hypertension based on the two-visit strategy (1.82%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74–1.90%) was 62.1% lower than estimation based on the one-visit strategy (4.80%; 95% CI, 4.68–4.93%). Similar results were found in the prevalence of hypertension (one-visit: 18.13% [95% CI, 17.34–18.92%]; two-visit: 9.47% [95% CI, 8.87–10.07%]). When the two-visit strategy was applied to the 2012–2015 China hypertension survey, the hypertension burden was predicted to be overestimated by 25.5–47.8% (based on JNC 7) and 23.5–48.2% (based on the 2017 ACC/AHA). Conclusion The hypertension burden would decrease from 244.5 million persons to 127.5–182.3 million persons in China if the two-visit strategy was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University.,Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health
| | - Ying-Jun Mi
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health.,Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Hui-Jun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University.,Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health
| | - Xing-Bing Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University.,Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University.,Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health
| | - Qing-Bao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University.,Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health
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Liu YL, Zheng J, Mi YJ, Zhao J, Tian QB. The impacts of nineteen mutations on the enzymatic activity of USP26. Gene 2017; 641:292-296. [PMID: 29111204 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between mutations in the USP26 gene and male infertility has been studied intensively. However, the biological function of the mutant proteins remains to be elucidated. To confirm the effects of the reported mutations, we analyse the enzyme activity of USP26 between the wild-type and the variants from a molecular perspective. METHODS Using pGEX-USP26 as a template, site-directed mutagenesis was conducted to generate nineteen USP26 mutant plasmids. Using Ub-Met-β-gal and GST-Ub52 as model substrates, a USP cleavage assay was conducted to assess the enzymatic activities of the mutants. RESULTS The enzyme activity of the Q156H mutant disappeared, but the other 18 mutants had the same activity as the wild type. E174# and E189# were terminal mutants, but they still had the same activity as the wild type. When we constructed the transcription terminal mutants E174#(1-522 bp), E174#(523-2742 bp), E189#(1-567 bp) and E189#(568-2742 bp) artificially, the enzyme activity of these four mutants disappeared. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully constructed nineteen mutants of USP26. The enzyme activity of the Q156H mutant disappeared, but the enzyme activities of the other 18 mutants were the same as that of the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying-Jun Mi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Qing-Bao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of abdominal obesity is increasing dramatically worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the current prevalence of abdominal obesity from the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and compare the data with other countries. METHODS Waist circumference (WC) of 12,326 Chinese adults (aged 20 years or older) from the 2011 CHNS were analyzed by age group and region. Abdominal obesity was defined as a WC ≥90 cm for men and WC ≥80 cm for women based on World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for Asians. RESULTS In 2011, the age-adjusted mean WC was 85.9 cm (95% confidence interval [CI], 85.6-86.2 cm) for men and 80.7 cm (95% CI, 80.4-80.9 cm) for women. Based on the WHO recommendations, the age-adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity was 44.0% (95% CI, 43.1%-44.8%) overall, 35.3% (95% CI, 34.1%-36.6%) in men, and 51.7% (95% CI, 50.5%-52.9%) in women. Moreover, the age-adjusted prevalence was 44.0% (95% CI, 42.7%-45.2%) in rural populations, 42.5% (95% CI, 40.7%-44.2%) in urban populations, and 45.2% (95% CI, 43.5%-46.9%) in megacity populations. The prevalence in China (35.3% for men and 51.7% for women) was lower than in Japan (50.8% for men) and the United States (43.5% for men and 64.7% for women). Similar results were observed when applying the criteria suggested by the Working Group on Obesity in China. CONCLUSIONS In 2011, the age-adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity in China was 35.3% in men and 51.7% in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, China; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Hui-Jun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Su-Fen Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Ying-Jun Mi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Dian-Wu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Qing-Bao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, China.
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Qi SF, Zhang B, Wang HJ, Yan J, Du P, Zhang W, Mi YJ, Zhao JJ, Liu DW, Tian QB. Joint effects of age and body mass index on the incidence of hypertension subtypes in the China Health and Nutrition Survey: A cohort study over 22years. Prev Med 2016; 89:23-30. [PMID: 27155441 PMCID: PMC6443580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We seek to investigate the joint effects of age and body mass index (BMI) on the incident hypertension subtypes among Chinese adults during 1989-2011. METHODS We investigated the Incidence rates (IRs, per 100person-years) of hypertension subtypes, adjusted relative risks (RRs) and population attributable risk percent (PAR%) of BMI for hypertension, and clarified the age-specific effect of BMI on incident hypertension utilizing a dynamic cohort study from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 1989-2011. RESULTS Normotensive participants (n=53,028) at baseline were included, with mean age was 41.7 (95% CI, 41.6-41.7)years old. During a total of 118,694person years (average was 6.38years) of follow-up, a total of 5208 incident cases of hypertension were documented. The IRs of hypertension were 4.4 (95% CI, 4.3-4.5), which increased gradually by age and BMI (Ptrend<0.001). Compared with those with BMI<22kg/m(2), the RR of hypertension was 3.13 (95% CI, 2.84-3.45) in the group with BMI≥28kg/m(2). The PAR% (BMI>22 vs. BMI<22) for hypertension in Chinese population was 32% (95% CI, 29-34%). Similar trends were observed in all age and BMI groups for both isolated systolic hypertension and systolic-diastolic hypertension, which were mainly affected by age. In contrast, the peak IR of isolated diastolic hypertension was observed in participants aged 30-49years with higher BMIs. CONCLUSIONS The PAR% (IR of BP≥140/90 or treatment for BMI>22 vs. IR for BMI<22) of elevated body weight for hypertension was 32% in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Fen Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui-Jun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Research Center of Electron Microscope, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Pei Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Ying-Jun Mi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Dian-Wu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Qing-Bao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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Qi SF, Zhang B, Wang HJ, Yan J, Mi YJ, Liu DW, Tian QB. Prevalence of hypertension subtypes in 2011 and the trends from 1991 to 2011 among Chinese adults. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 70:444-51. [PMID: 26612877 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to estimate the current prevalence and trends of hypertension subtypes among Chinese adults from 1991 to 2011. METHODS We analysed the measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure among adults aged ≥18 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 1991-2011. The prevalence was age-adjusted to the 2010 census of Chinese adults. RESULTS The adjusted prevalence in 2011 was 20.9% (95% CI 20.2% to 21.6%) of hypertension, 3.30% (95% CI 2.99% to 3.62%) of isolated systolic hypertension, 4.44% (95% CI 4.08% to 4.80%) of isolated diastolic hypertension, 4.11% (95% CI 3.76% to 4.46%) of systolic-diastolic hypertension and 9.01% (95% CI 8.51% to 9.51%) of current use of antihypertensive medication, respectively. From 1991 to 2011, the prevalence increased from 15.6% to 20.9% for hypertension (p<0.001) and from 3.04% to 3.30% for isolated systolic hypertension (p<0.001). However, the prevalence decreased from 4.77% to 4.44% for isolated diastolic hypertension (p=0.023) and from 5.27% to 4.11% for systolic-diastolic hypertension (p<0.001). Consistent with these findings, the percentage of current use of antihypertensive medication increased from 2.55% to 9.01%, which accounted for approximately 43.1% of the total number of cases in 2011. Importantly, only 36.9% (equivalent to 17.5% of the total number of hypertensive people) of cases of current use of antihypertensive medication were adequately controlled. CONCLUSIONS Both the prevalence of hypertension and the percentage of current use of antihypertensive medication significantly increased from 1991 to 2011. Currently, about one-fifth of Chinese adults are hypertensive; however, only 17.5% of hypertension is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Fen Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Jun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Research Center of Electron Microscope, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ying-Jun Mi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Dian-Wu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qing-Bao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Mi YJ, Zhang B, Wang HJ, Yan J, Han W, Zhao J, Liu DW, Tian QB. Prevalence and Secular Trends in Obesity Among Chinese Adults, 1991-2011. Am J Prev Med 2015; 49:661-669. [PMID: 26275960 PMCID: PMC4615397 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of obesity in Chinese adults increased from 1991 to 2000; however, recent changes in this trend are unclear. This study aims to estimate the current prevalence of obesity and to assess trends in obesity and BMI distribution in Chinese adults from 1991 through 2011. METHODS Height and weight measurements of 12,249 Chinese adults from the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed (in 2013) together with China Health and Nutrition Survey data for 1991-2009. Obesity was defined as BMI≥28.0 kg/m(2) based on the Working Group on Obesity in China criteria. RESULTS In the 2011 survey, the age-adjusted mean BMI was 23.8 (95% CI=23.7, 23.9) for men and 23.4 (95% CI=23.2, 23.5) for women. The age-adjusted prevalence of obesity was 11.3% (95% CI=10.8%, 11.9%) overall, 11.8% (95% CI=10.8%, 12.6%) among men, and 11.0% (95% CI=10.3%, 11.8%) among women. Estimates of age-adjusted obesity prevalence among the Chinese population were significantly lower than those of the U.S. population (all p<0.05). Over the 20-year period, the prevalence of obesity increased from 2.88% to 11.8% among men (age-adjusted annual change in OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.07, 1.09, p<0.001) and from 4.55% to 11.0% among women (OR=1.05, 95% CI=1.05, 1.06, p<0.001). Similar significant findings were observed for both men and women based on WHO recommendations. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of obesity among both Chinese men and women increased significantly from 1991 through 2011, particularly among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jun Mi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Jun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dian-Wu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qing-Bao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Du P, Zhang B, Wang HJ, Qi SF, Mi YJ, Yao JC, Liu DW, Tian QB. The prevalence and secular trends of abdominal obesity among Chinese adults, 1993-2011. Ann Epidemiol 2015; 25:797-9. [PMID: 26272780 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Jun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Fen Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying-Jun Mi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jia-Chen Yao
- Clinic Medical College, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China
| | - Dian-Wu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qing-Bao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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