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Lippert AH, Paluch C, Gaglioni M, Vuong MT, McColl J, Jenkins E, Fellermeyer M, Clarke J, Sharma S, Moreira da Silva S, Akkaya B, Anzilotti C, Morgan SH, Jessup CF, Körbel M, Gileadi U, Leitner J, Knox R, Chirifu M, Huo J, Yu S, Ashman N, Lui Y, Wilkinson I, Attfield KE, Fugger L, Robertson NJ, Lynch CJ, Murray L, Steinberger P, Santos AM, Lee SF, Cornall RJ, Klenerman D, Davis SJ. Antibody agonists trigger immune receptor signaling through local exclusion of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases. Immunity 2024; 57:256-270.e10. [PMID: 38354703 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies can block immune receptor engagement or trigger the receptor machinery to initiate signaling. We hypothesized that antibody agonists trigger signaling by sterically excluding large receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) such as CD45 from sites of receptor engagement. An agonist targeting the costimulatory receptor CD28 produced signals that depended on antibody immobilization and were sensitive to the sizes of the receptor, the RPTPs, and the antibody itself. Although both the agonist and a non-agonistic anti-CD28 antibody locally excluded CD45, the agonistic antibody was more effective. An anti-PD-1 antibody that bound membrane proximally excluded CD45, triggered Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 recruitment, and suppressed systemic lupus erythematosus and delayed-type hypersensitivity in experimental models. Paradoxically, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, anti-PD-1-blocking antibodies used clinically, also excluded CD45 and were agonistic in certain settings. Reducing these agonistic effects using antibody engineering improved PD-1 blockade. These findings establish a framework for developing new and improved therapies for autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher Paluch
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MiroBio Ltd, Winchester House, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Meike Gaglioni
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mai T Vuong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward Jenkins
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Fellermeyer
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph Clarke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sumana Sharma
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Billur Akkaya
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara H Morgan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire F Jessup
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Körbel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel Knox
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mami Chirifu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Yu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Ashman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuan Lui
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kathrine E Attfield
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Lynne Murray
- MiroBio Ltd, Winchester House, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Rathakrishnan A, Reis AL, Petrovan V, Goatley LC, Moffat K, Lui Y, Vuong MT, Ikemizu S, Davis SJ, Dixon LK. A protective multiple gene-deleted African swine fever virus genotype II, Georgia 2007/1, expressing a modified non-haemadsorbing CD2v protein. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2265661. [PMID: 37781934 PMCID: PMC10588529 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2265661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus is a complex DNA virus that causes high fatality in pigs and wild boar and has a great socio-economic impact. An attenuated genotype II strain was constructed by replacing the gene for wildtype CD2v protein with versions in which single or double amino acid substitutions were introduced to reduce or abrogate the binding to red blood cells and reduce virus persistence in blood. The mutant CD2v proteins were expressed at similar levels to the wildtype protein on the surface of infected cells. Three recombinant viruses also had K145R, EP153R, and in one virus DP148R genes deleted. Following immunization of pigs, the virus with a single amino acid substitution in CD2v, Q96R, induced moderate levels of replication, and 100% protection against virulent ASFV. Two additional recombinant viruses had two amino acid substitutions in CD2v, Q96R, and K108D, and induced no binding to red blood cells in vitro. In immunized pigs, reduced levels of virus in blood and strong early ASFV-specific antibody and cellular responses were detected. After challenge low to moderate replication of challenge virus was observed. Reduced clinical signs post-challenge were observed in pigs immunized with the virus from which DP148R gene was deleted. Protection levels of 83-100% were maintained across a range of doses. Further experiments with virus GeorgiaΔDP148RΔK145RΔEP153R-CD2v_mutantQ96R/K108D showed low levels of virus dissemination in tissue and transient clinical signs at high doses. The results support further evaluation of GeorgiaΔDP148RΔK145RΔEP153R-CD2v_mutantQ96R/K108D as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Lui
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mai T. Vuong
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shinji Ikemizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Simon J. Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Filippi CG, Stein JM, Wang Z, Bakas S, Liu Y, Chang PD, Lui Y, Hess C, Barboriak DP, Flanders AE, Wintermark M, Zaharchuk G, Wu O. Ethical Considerations and Fairness in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for Neuroradiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2023; 44:1242-1248. [PMID: 37652578 PMCID: PMC10631523 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, concepts of algorithmic bias and fairness are defined qualitatively and mathematically. Illustrative examples are given of what can go wrong when unintended bias or unfairness in algorithmic development occurs. The importance of explainability, accountability, and transparency with respect to artificial intelligence algorithm development and clinical deployment is discussed. These are grounded in the concept of "primum no nocere" (first, do no harm). Steps to mitigate unfairness and bias in task definition, data collection, model definition, training, testing, deployment, and feedback are provided. Discussions on the implementation of fairness criteria that maximize benefit and minimize unfairness and harm to neuroradiology patients will be provided, including suggestions for neuroradiologists to consider as artificial intelligence algorithms gain acceptance into neuroradiology practice and become incorporated into routine clinical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Filippi
- From the Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J M Stein
- Department of Radiology (J.M.S., S.B.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Z Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Z.W., Y. Liu, O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S Bakas
- Department of Radiology (J.M.S., S.B.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Y Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Z.W., Y. Liu, O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - P D Chang
- Department of Radiological Sciences (P.D.C.), University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Y Lui
- Department of Neuroradiology (Y. Lui), NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - C Hess
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - D P Barboriak
- Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - A E Flanders
- Department of Neuroradiology/Otolaryngology (ENT) Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M Wintermark
- Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), Division of Diagnostic Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - G Zaharchuk
- Department of Radiology (G.Z.), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - O Wu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Z.W., Y. Liu, O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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4
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Pham N, Hill V, Rauschecker A, Lui Y, Niogi S, Fillipi CG, Chang P, Zaharchuk G, Wintermark M. Critical Appraisal of Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Imaging Tools Using the Levels of Evidence System. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2023; 44:E21-E28. [PMID: 37080722 PMCID: PMC10171388 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinical adoption of an artificial intelligence-enabled imaging tool requires critical appraisal of its life cycle from development to implementation by using a systematic, standardized, and objective approach that can verify both its technical and clinical efficacy. Toward this concerted effort, the ASFNR/ASNR Artificial Intelligence Workshop Technology Working Group is proposing a hierarchal evaluation system based on the quality, type, and amount of scientific evidence that the artificial intelligence-enabled tool can demonstrate for each component of its life cycle. The current proposal is modeled after the levels of evidence in medicine, with the uppermost level of the hierarchy showing the strongest evidence for potential impact on patient care and health care outcomes. The intended goal of establishing an evidence-based evaluation system is to encourage transparency, foster an understanding of the creation of artificial intelligence tools and the artificial intelligence decision-making process, and to report the relevant data on the efficacy of artificial intelligence tools that are developed. The proposed system is an essential step in working toward a more formalized, clinically validated, and regulated framework for the safe and effective deployment of artificial intelligence imaging applications that will be used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pham
- From the Department of Radiology (N.P., G.Z.), Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - V Hill
- Department of Radiology (V.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - A Rauschecker
- Department of Radiology (A.R.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Y Lui
- Department of Radiology (Y.L.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - S Niogi
- Department of Radiology (S.N.), Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - C G Fillipi
- Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - P Chang
- Department of Radiology (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - G Zaharchuk
- From the Department of Radiology (N.P., G.Z.), Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - M Wintermark
- Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Lee LYK, Yeung CK, Choi CW, Leung MN, Lui Y, Tam WY, Tang KY, Wong C, Wong Y, Yau CY, Yeung TL, Lee JKL, Chui DLK. 1040 VALIDATION OF THE CHINESE VERSION OF THE ASSISTANCE PREFERENCE CHECKLIST. Age Ageing 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac126.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Domestic robots have great potential to be developed as a useful and supportive device for elders in domestic setting. To achieve the intended purpose, the designs of domestic robots should make reference to elders’ preferences. The Assistance Preference Checklist is developed to assess elders’ preferences on receiving assistance from domestic robots. It comprises of 48 home-based task under six categories including personal care, leisure activities, health assistance, chores, information management, and manipulating objects. Altogether, these tasks are considered important for the elders to fulfil their general health needs and maintain their homes. The Assistance Preference Checklist is valid and reliable. To adapt it in the Chinese population, the Assistance Preference Checklist has been translated from English to Chinese according to the standard translation model. This study aims to validate the Chinese version of the Assistance Preference Checklist (the checklist).
Method
This was a validation study. Semantic and content equivalence of the checklist was evaluated by an expert panel (five academic specialized on instrument validation or translation and 15 nurses specialized on geriatrics). Content validity of the checklist was assessed by another expert panel (one academic specialized on instrument validation and two nurses specialized on geriatrics). Internal consistency of the checklist was determined by Cronbach's method on a convenience sample of 50 Chinese-speaking elders in Hong Kong.
Results
The checklist demonstrated good semantic and content equivalence with the original English version. The experts agreed that it was appropriately translated. The checklist demonstrated good content validity by having a content validity index of 1.00. Additionally, the checklist reported satisfactory internal consistency by having a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95.
Conclusion
The Chinese version of the Assistance Preference Checklist is a useful instrument for assessing elders’ preferences on receiving assistance from domestic robots. Findings provide evidence on its validity and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y K Lee
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - C K Yeung
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - C W Choi
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - M N Leung
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - Y Lui
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - W Y Tam
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - K Y Tang
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - C Wong
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - Y Wong
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - C Y Yau
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - T L Yeung
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - J K L Lee
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - D L K Chui
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
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Chui DLK, Yeung CK, Choi CW, Leung MN, Lui Y, Tam WY, Tang KY, Wong C, Wong Y, Yau CY, Yeung TL, Lee JKL, Lee LYK. 1047 VALIDATION OF THE CHINESE VERSION OF THE KATZ INDEX OF INDEPENDENCE IN ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING. Age Ageing 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac126.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Among the instruments that measure an elder’s functional dependence level, the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living has the advantages of being neutral, easy to use, valid, and reliable. It is a six-item instrument rating an elder’s functional dependence level in performing activities of daily living, including bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, and feeding. Each item can be rated nominally as 1 (does not require assistance to finish the activity) or 0 (requires assistance to finish the activity). By summing the score of the six items, the functional dependence level of an elder can be classified as independent (6 points), partially dependent (3–5 points), or dependent (< 2 points). The instrument has been translated from English to Chinese through forward and backward translation. This study aims to validate the Chinese version of the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL-Chinese).
Method
This was a validation study. The Katz ADL-Chinese was examined by an expert panel (one academic specialized on instrument validation, four academic specialized on translation, fifteen nurses specialized on geriatrics) for its semantic and content equivalence with the original English version. It was evaluated by another expert panel (one academic specialized on instrument validation and two nurses specialized on geriatrics) for its content validity. Moreover, it was tested and re-tested at 1-week interval on 30 Chinese-speaking elders in Hong Kong.
Results
Good result was achieved on the testing for semantic and content equivalence. All experts confirmed that the Katz ADL-Chinese was appropriately translated. Good content validity was observed. The context validity index at item-level and scale-level was 1.00, respectively. Good stability was observed as well. The test–retest reliability coefficient was 0.85.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L K Chui
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - C K Yeung
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - C W Choi
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - M N Leung
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - Y Lui
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - W Y Tam
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - K Y Tang
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - C Wong
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - Y Wong
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - C Y Yau
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - T L Yeung
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - J K L Lee
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
| | - L Y K Lee
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University
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Schuster EF, Xiao H, Lopez-Knowles E, Kilburn L, Rimawi M, Wheeler DA, Pogue-Geile K, Lui Y, Jacobs SA, Cornman C, Puhalla S, Cheang M, Bliss J, Johnston S, Dowsett M. Abstract PS5-01: Biomarkers of resistance to palbociclib in ER+ primary breast cancer in the PALLET trial. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs20-ps5-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: CDK4/6 inhibitors are being used in combination with aromatase inhibitors as therapy for advanced ER+ breast cancer (BC) and are being explored for use in primary BC. Few mechanisms driving resistance to added CDK4/6 inhibitors have been defined. The PALLET phase II randomized neoadjuvant trial of letrozole (LET) ± palbociclib (PALBO) in postmenopausal ER+HER2- primary BC reported that clinical response rate over 14wks was not significantly increased by adding PALBO to LET but suppression of Ki67 was significantly increased (Johnston et al, JCO 2018, 37, 178): after 14wks complete cell cycle arrest (CCCA, Ki67<2.7%) was present in 59% on LET and 90% on LET+PALBO. Here we sought to identify biomarkers of de novo resistance to allow selection of patients most likely to benefit from added PALBO.
Methods: 307 patients were randomized to LET (n=103) or LET+PALBO (n=204) for 14 wks. The first 2wks of LET+PALBO patients were randomised to LET, PALBO, or LET+PALBO. Biopsies were taken at baseline, 2wks and 14wks. Biomarker data are presented here for baseline only, other than Ki67 at both baseline and 14wks. IHC analyses were conducted on FFPE biopsies for ER, PgR, RB1, cyclin-E1, and cyclin-D1 (also FISH). RNA-seq was performed on fresh frozen biopsies. Association of each biomarker with CCCA was determined by logistic regression. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between patients sensitive (CCCA) (n=94) and resistant (non-CCCA) (n=10) to treatments with or without PALBO at 14wks by DESeq2. Fifty hallmark gene sets were tested for significant enrichment with DEGs and differential gene sets were identified by using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA).
Results: The association of IHC biomarkers with CCCA is shown in the table. Lower levels of ER, higher levels of cyclin-E1, and amplification of cyclin-D1 were each significantly associated with a greater chance of non-CCCA with LET+PALBO. High cyclin-E1 levels were also associated with reduced chance of CCCA with LET only. Patients with high baseline Ki67 also exhibited higher non-CCCA with LET+PALBO at 14wks (p=0.0002). In the RNAseq data we identified 1973 DEGs between the 14wk CCCA and non-CCCA patients for LET+PALBO. E2F and MYC targets, PI3K/AKT/MTOR signalling and interferon response gene sets were among the hallmark gene sets enriched for genes with higher expression in non-CCCA patients at 14wks for LET+PALBO (FDR<0.05). For LET-only, 311 DEGs were identified and the “Estrogen Response Early” gene set was significantly enriched in genes with higher expression in CCCA samples. At the individual gene level, genes significantly associated with non-CCCA after 14wks LET+PALBO included CCNE1, CDK2 and several E2F-related genes (p<0.05). Their expression was not significantly different between non-CCCA and CCCA patients with LET alone.
Conclusion: Biomarkers associated with response/resistance to added PALBO were different from LET only. PALBO resistance was associated with higher baseline expression of cyclin-E1 (both IHC and RNA), CDK2, and genes related to E2F, MYC, interferon and MTOR signalling. These results suggest that multiple identifiable mechanisms of de novo resistance to PALBO are likely to exist in primary ER+ BC. On-going WES analyses will allow the significance of alterations at the DNA level to be presented.
Table 1.Continuous measurement in a logistic regression for CCCA at 14 weeks; Oddsratio calculated separately for group A and groups B,C,D and were adjusted forregion (UK vs NA); * amplified vsnon-amplifiedContinuous measurement in a logistic regression for CCCA at 14 weeksBiomarkerLET LET+PALBOOdds ratio95% CIpOdds ratio95% CIpER1.120.36, 3.480.844.471.62, 12.380.004PgR4.381.03, 18.580.053.050.50, 18.560.23RB13.010.24, 38.560.400.420.05, 38.490.83Cyclin-E10.100.01, 0.840.030.020.00, 0.200.001Cyclin-D1 IHC3.090.51, 18.490.222.560.28, 23.330.40CyclinD1 FISH*1.470.43, 4.990.530.280.06, 0.860.03
Citation Format: Eugene F Schuster, Hui Xiao, Elena Lopez-Knowles, Lucy Kilburn, Mothaffar Rimawi, David A Wheeler, Katherine Pogue-Geile, Yuan Lui, Samuel A Jacobs, Chet Cornman, Shannon Puhalla, Maggie Cheang, Judith Bliss, Stephen Johnston, Mitch Dowsett, On behalf of the PALLET Trialists. Biomarkers of resistance to palbociclib in ER+ primary breast cancer in the PALLET trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS5-01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene F Schuster
- 1The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research at Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Xiao
- 1The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research at Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Lopez-Knowles
- 1The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research at Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Kilburn
- 2Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Samuel A Jacobs
- 4National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP), Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chet Cornman
- 4National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP), Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shannon Puhalla
- 6UPMC Cancer Center at Magee Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maggie Cheang
- 7Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Bliss
- 7Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mitch Dowsett
- 1The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research at Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Collins C, Lui Y, Santos AM, Ballif BA, Gogerly-Moragoda AM, Brouwer H, Ross R, Balagurunathan K, Sharma S, Wright GJ, Davis S, Budd RC. Detection of Cell Surface Ligands for Human Synovial γδ T Cells. J Immunol 2019; 203:2369-2376. [PMID: 31548331 PMCID: PMC6804759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lack of understanding of the nature and physiological regulation of γδ T cell ligands has considerably hampered full understanding of the function of these cells. We developed an unbiased approach to identify human γδ T cells ligands by the production of a soluble TCR-γδ (sTCR-γδ) tetramer from a synovial Vδ1 γδ T cell clone from a Lyme arthritis patient. The sTCR-γδ was used in flow cytometry to initially define the spectrum of ligand expression by both human tumor cell lines and certain human primary cells. Analysis of diverse tumor cell lines revealed high ligand expression on several of epithelial or fibroblast origin, whereas those of hematopoietic origin were largely devoid of ligand. This allowed a bioinformatics-based identification of candidate ligands using RNAseq data from each tumor line. We further observed that whereas fresh monocytes and T cells expressed low to negligible levels of TCR-γδ ligands, activation of these cells resulted in upregulation of surface ligand expression. Ligand upregulation on monocytes was partly dependent upon IL-1β. The sTCR-γδ tetramer was then used to bind candidate ligands from lysates of activated monocytes and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Surface TCR-γδ ligand was eliminated by treatment with trypsin or removal of glycosaminoglycans, and also suppressed by inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport. Of particular interest was that inhibition of glycolysis also blocked TCR-γδ ligand expression. These findings demonstrate the spectrum of ligand(s) expression for human synovial Vδ1 γδ T cells as well as the physiology that regulates their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Collins
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Yuan Lui
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Anisha Mahalya Gogerly-Moragoda
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Heather Brouwer
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Ross
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Sumana Sharma
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Davis
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph C Budd
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405;
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9
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Abstract
The first step of the adaptive immune response involves the interaction of T cells that express T-cell receptors (TCRs) with peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complexes expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Exactly how this leads to activation of the TCR and to downstream signaling is uncertain, however. Recent findings suggest that one of the key events is the exclusion of the large receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase CD45, from close contacts formed at sites of T-cell/APC interaction. If this is true, a full understanding of how close contact formation leads to signaling would require insights into the structures of, and interactions between, large membrane proteins like CD45 and other proteins forming the glycocalyx, such as CD43. Structural insights into the overall dimensions of these proteins using crystallographic methods are hard to obtain, and their conformations on the cell surface are also unknown. Several imaging-based optical microscopy techniques have however been developed for analyzing protein dimensions and orientation on model cell surfaces with nanometer precision. Here we review some of these methods with a focus on the use of hydrodynamic trapping, which relies on liquid flow from a micropipette to move and trap membrane-associated fluorescently labeled molecules. Important insights that have been obtained include (i) how protein flexibility and coverage might affect the effective heights of these molecules, (ii) the height of proteins on the membrane as a key parameter determining how they will distribute in cell-cell contacts, and (iii) how repulsive interactions between the extracellular parts of the proteins influences protein aggregation and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Lui
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Davis
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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10
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Murray-Stewart T, Dunworth M, Lui Y, Giardiello FM, Woster PM, Casero RA. Curcumin mediates polyamine metabolism and sensitizes gastrointestinal cancer cells to antitumor polyamine-targeted therapies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202677. [PMID: 30138353 PMCID: PMC6107220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a natural polyphenol that contributes to the flavor and yellow pigment of the spice turmeric, is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties. Capable of affecting the initiation, promotion, and progression of carcinogenesis through multiple mechanisms, curcumin has potential utility for both chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Previous studies demonstrated that curcumin can inhibit ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in human leukemia and breast cancer cells, and pretreatment with dietary curcumin blocks carcinogen-induced ODC activity in rodent models of skin, colon, and renal cancer. The current study investigated the regulation of polyamine metabolism in human gastric and colon carcinoma cell lines in response to curcumin. Curcumin treatment significantly induced spermine oxidase (SMOX) mRNA and activity, which results in the generation of hydrogen peroxide, a source of ROS. Simultaneously, curcumin down regulated spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) activity and the biosynthetic enzymes ODC and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC), thereby diminishing intracellular polyamine pools. Combination treatments using curcumin with the ODC inhibitor 2-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an agent currently in clinical chemoprevention trials, significantly enhanced inhibition of ODC activity and decreased growth of GI cancer cell lines beyond that observed with either agent alone. Similarly, combining curcumin with the polyamine analogue bis(ethyl)norspermine enhanced growth inhibition that was accompanied by enhanced accumulation of the analogue and decreased intracellular polyamine levels beyond those observed with either agent alone. Importantly, cotreatment with curcumin permitted the lowering of the effective dose of ODC inhibitor or polyamine analogue. These studies provide insight into the polyamine-related mechanisms involved in the cancer cell response to curcumin and its potential as a chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Murray-Stewart
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew Dunworth
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yuan Lui
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Francis M. Giardiello
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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11
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Felce JH, Latty SL, Knox RG, Mattick SR, Lui Y, Lee SF, Klenerman D, Davis SJ. Receptor Quaternary Organization Explains G Protein-Coupled Receptor Family Structure. Cell Rep 2017; 20:2654-2665. [PMID: 28903045 PMCID: PMC5608970 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of Rhodopsin-family G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the cell surface is controversial. Support both for and against the existence of dimers has been obtained in studies of mostly individual receptors. Here, we use a large-scale comparative study to examine the stoichiometric signatures of 60 receptors expressed by a single human cell line. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer- and single-molecule microscopy-based assays, we found that a relatively small fraction of Rhodopsin-family GPCRs behaved as dimers and that these receptors otherwise appear to be monomeric. Overall, the analysis predicted that fewer than 20% of ∼700 Rhodopsin-family receptors form dimers. The clustered distribution of the dimers in our sample and a striking correlation between receptor organization and GPCR family size that we also uncover each suggest that receptor stoichiometry might have profoundly influenced GPCR expansion and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Felce
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sarah L Latty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rachel G Knox
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Susan R Mattick
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Yuan Lui
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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12
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Chang VT, Fernandes RA, Ganzinger KA, Lee SF, Siebold C, McColl J, Jönsson P, Palayret M, Harlos K, Coles CH, Jones EY, Lui Y, Huang E, Gilbert RJC, Klenerman D, Aricescu AR, Davis SJ. Initiation of T cell signaling by CD45 segregation at 'close contacts'. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:574-582. [PMID: 26998761 PMCID: PMC4839504 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the local segregation of kinases and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 underpins T cell antigen receptor (TCR) triggering, but how such segregation occurs and whether it can initiate signaling is unclear. Using structural and biophysical analysis, we show that the extracellular region of CD45 is rigid and extends beyond the distance spanned by TCR-ligand complexes, implying that sites of TCR-ligand engagement would sterically exclude CD45. We also show that the formation of 'close contacts', new structures characterized by spontaneous CD45 and kinase segregation at the submicron-scale, initiates signaling even when TCR ligands are absent. Our work reveals the structural basis for, and the potent signaling effects of, local CD45 and kinase segregation. TCR ligands have the potential to heighten signaling simply by holding receptors in close contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica T Chang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Matthieu Palayret
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - Charlotte H Coles
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - Yuan Lui
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Huang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J C Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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13
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Lu W, Chen Q, Ying S, Xia X, Yu Z, Lui Y, Tranter G, Jin B, Song C, Seymour LW, Jiang S. Evolutionarily conserved primary TNF sequences relate to its primitive functions in cell death induction. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:108-20. [PMID: 26729029 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.175463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF is a primitive protein that has emerged from more than 550 million years of evolution. Our bioinformatics study of TNF from nine different taxa in vertebrates revealed several conserved regions in the TNF sequence. By screening overlapping peptides derived from human TNF to determine their role in three different TNF-induced processes--apoptosis, necrosis and NF-κB stimulation--we found that TNF conserved regions are mostly related to cell death rather than NF-κB stimulation. Among the most conserved regions, peptides (P)12, P13 and P1213 (comprising P12 and P13) induced apoptosis, whereas P14, P15, P16 and P1516 (comprising P15 and P16) induced necrosis. Cell death induced by these peptides was not through binding to the TNF receptor. P16-induced necrosis was mainly through disruption of the cell membrane, whereas P1213-induced apoptosis involved activation of TRADD followed by formation of complex II. Finally, using a monoclonal antibody and a mutant TNF protein, we show that TNF-induced apoptosis is determined by a conserved linear sequence that corresponds to that within P1213. Our results reveal the determinant sequence that is key to the TNF primitive function of inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Lu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Qiongyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Xiaobing Xia
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Zhanru Yu
- MRC Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Yuan Lui
- MRC Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington OX3 9DS, UK
| | - George Tranter
- Chiralabs Limited, Begbroke Science Park, Woodstock Road, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chaojun Song
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Leonard W Seymour
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shisong Jiang
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Fernandes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford Headington, Oxford, UK
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15
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Raz E, Kister I, Omari M, Herbert J, Lui Y, Loh J. Periependymal Abnormalities in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders and Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study (P07.066). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
The concept of bioprospecting for bioactive peptides from keratin-containing materials such as wool, hair, skin and feathers presents an exciting opportunity for discovery of novel functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals, while value-adding to cheap and plentiful natural sources. The published literature reports multiple examples of proline-rich peptides with productive bio-activity in models of human disease including tumour formation, hypertension control and Alzheimer’s disease. Bioactive peptides have been identified from food and other protein sources however the bioactivity of keratin-related proteins and peptides is largely unknown. Considering the high representation of proline-rich peptides among proven bioactive peptides, the proline-rich character of keratinous proteins supports current research. A selection of mammalian (cow epidermis, sheep wool) and avian (chicken feather) keratinous materials were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using established processing methods. A bio-assay of determining inhibition of early stage amyloid aggregation involved using a model fibril-forming protein – reduced and carboxymethylated bovine K-casein (RCMk-CN) and quantitation of fibril development with the amyloid-specific fluorophore, Thioflavin T (ThT). The assay was fully validated for analytical repeatability and used together with appropriate positive controls. Peptide library products derived from chicken feather (n=9), sheep wool (n=9) and bovine epidermis (n=9) were screened in the fibril inhibition assay based on K-casein. 3 of 27 products exhibited interesting levels of bio-activity with regard to fibril inhibition. HPLC profiles provide an indication of the complexity of the assemblage of peptides in the three active products. We conclude the bioprospecting research using keratinous materials shows promise for discovery of useful bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne 3065, Australia 5005
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17
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Dong R, Jin Y, Lui Y. [Culture of human epidermal stem cells in different media and their biological characteristics]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2005; 19:314-7. [PMID: 15921327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To select the appropriate media to culture the epidermal stem cells in vitro, and to observe the biological characteristics of the epidermal stem cells. METHODS The epidermal stem cells were cultured in five different media, including FAD, FAD+1 ng/ml bFGF, FAD+5 ng/ml bFGF, FAD+10 ng/ml bFGF and K-SFM, and the same fetus fibroblasts were used as the nutrient cells. The proliferation ability was investigated by cell growth curve and MTT detection. Then the biological characteristics of epidermal stem cells were observed through phase-contrast microscope, cell growth curve, BrdU detection and FBM analysis. RESULTS The epidermal stem cells grew best in FAD with bFGF and nutrient cells. And the epidermal stem cells retained proliferative capacity, and formed larger and more expandable clones in vitro. And 80.2% of the cells show a G0/G1 cycle, and the cells had long cell proliferation cycle. CONCLUSION The above results demonstrate that the media with bFGF and the use of nutrient layer were appropriate to culture epidermal stem cell in vitro. And the epidermal stem cells have a slow cell cycle, characteristics of immaturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, College of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
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18
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McKenzie TS, Lui Y, Swisher S, Pataer A, Chada S, Fanale M, Hunt K. Combination therapy of heceptin and ad-mda7 inhibits growth of her-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer in vivo. Ann Surg Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02524094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Huang Z, Liao L, Wang S, Lui Y. [Dynamics of phenolics content of Chinese fir stump-roots and the rhizosphere soil and it's allelopathy]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2000; 11:190-2. [PMID: 11767591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the releasing pattern of phenolics during the decomposition of Chinese fir stump-root and on its allelopathy show that the phenolics contents in stump-roots decreased with their decomposition. Roots had a higher content of phenolics than heart stumps, and edge stumps had the least. The phenolics was released during decomposition, and accumulated in the soils around stump-roots. Pot culture experiment showed that phenolics affected the germination of Chinese fir seeds. The correlation analysis between the density of Chinese fir stump-root and the tree height and base diameter (BD) of its saplings proved that Chinese fir stump-roots had a negative impact on the growth of the next generation of Chinese fir plantations. It is suggested that the traditional operation of Chinese fir plantations should be reformed, and the stump-roots should be cleared from woodland before reforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Huang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110015.
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20
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21
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Xu HM, Gagliardi CA, Ajupova GK, Kokenge B, Lui Y. Gamow-Teller strength of 26Mg. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1996; 54:3266-3269. [PMID: 9971701 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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22
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Lui Y, Fang D, Lu R. [A study on the loss of heterozygosity at the APC/MCC and DCC genetic loci in colorectal cancers]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1996; 35:439-43. [PMID: 9592312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the role of APC, MCC and DCC genes in the development and progression of colorectal cancers, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at these genetic loci was investigated in 41 surgically resected specimens of colorectal cancer by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. LOH at APC or/and MCC was detected in 38.9% (14/38) of the informative cases; at the APC in 28.0% (7/25) and at MCC locus in 36.4% (8/22). LOH at DCC genetic locus was detected in 55.3% (21/38) of the informative cases. LOH rates DCC gene in the cancer specimens with lymphnode metastasis (80.0%) and in Dukes' stage III and IV (71.4%) were significantly higher than that in specimens without lymphnode metastasis (39.1%) and in Dukes' stage I and II (35.3%) (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that LOH at APC/MCC and DCC is the common genetic alterations in colorectal cancer and DCC genetic LOH assay may be useful in predicting the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical College, Chongqing
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23
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Clark HL, Youngblood DH, Lui Y. High energy octupole resonance in 116Sn. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1996; 54:72-77. [PMID: 9971323 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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24
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Youngblood DH, Clark HL, Lui Y. Missing isoscalar monopole strength in 58Ni. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 76:1429-1432. [PMID: 10061721 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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25
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Scharrer B, Paemen L, Smith EM, Hughes TK, Lui Y, Pope M, Stefano GB. The presence and effects of mammalian signal molecules in immunocytes of the insect Leucophaea maderae. Cell Tissue Res 1996; 283:93-7. [PMID: 8581963 DOI: 10.1007/s004410050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Opioid peptides activate immunocytes and opiate alkaloids inhibit this activation in the mussel, Mytilus edulis. Here we present evidence that cells of another invertebrate, Leucophaea maderae, can be influenced in a similar way by the Met-enkephalin analogue D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalin (DAMA) and morphine. Effects of different signal molecules on Leucophaea hemocytes were evaluated by computer-assisted image analysis of their conformational state. A small percentage of the untreated cells were found to display spontaneous conformational changes after 25 min of incubation without pharmacological agents which was noted as a decrease in both circularity factor and shape factor values. Activation caused the cells to become elliptical, a feature that appears to be characteristic of Leucophaea immunocytes. Administration of DAMA induced a similar activation of most of the cells. After 30 min these DAMA-activated cells started to display distinct locomotory activity not seen in the controls. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH, 10(-7)) added to the incubation medium after DAMA-activation caused the cells to return to their original "rounded" conformation. In addition, the presence of immunoreactive interleukin (IL-1), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the hemolymph was demonstrated. These data suggest an interaction between both vertebrate-type immunological signal molecules and neuropeptides in the regulation of immunological cells in Leucophaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Scharrer
- Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Xu HM, Ajupova GK, Betker AC, Gagliardi CA, Kokenge B, Lui Y, Zaruba AF. (d,2He) reactions at Ed=125.2 MeV. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1995; 52:R1161-R1165. [PMID: 9970680 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.r1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Chen SS, Zhang HF, Xue WT, Li K, Wang P, Lui Y. Predictors for prognosis of chronic myelocytic leukemia. Chin Med J (Engl) 1993; 106:760-2. [PMID: 7913433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrows from 30 newly diagnosed Ph+chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) (21 in chronic phase, CML-CP, 9 in accelerate phase, CML-AP) and 8 followed up patients in blast crisis (CML-BC) were tested by DNA strand breaks (%D value), DNA-aneuploidy, flow cytometry-cell surface antigen expression for CD15 and HLA-DR ratio. Our results showed that all these three parameters changed as the disease escalated. A very low value of %D and DNA-aneuploidy occurrences were high risk factors. Cell surface antigen expression CD15 and HLA-DR ratio measurement was simple and reliable. The ratio < 1.0 appeared earlier than morphology clarifying CML-AP and should be followed up regularly.
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MESH Headings
- Aneuploidy
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/immunology
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- DNA Damage
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- HLA-DR Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Lewis X Antigen
- Prognosis
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Beijing Medical University
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Youngblood DH, Lui Y, Garg U, Peterson RJ. Giant quadrupole resonance in Ni isotopes. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1992; 45:2172-2176. [PMID: 9967977 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.45.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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29
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Youngblood DH, Lui Y. Monopole strength in 58Ni. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1991; 44:1878-1881. [PMID: 9967608 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.44.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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30
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Utsunomiya H, Lui Y, Haenni DR, Dejbakhsh H, Cooke L, Srivastava BK, Turmel W, O'Kelly D, Schmitt RP, Shapira D, Ray A, Udagawa T. Breakup of 7Li near the alpha -t threshold and a possible probe of radiative-capture processes. Phys Rev Lett 1990; 65:847-850. [PMID: 10043038 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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31
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Garg U, Beard KB, Ye D, Galonsky A, Murakami T, Winfield JS, Lui Y, Youngblood DH. Experimental test of a newly proposed empirical relationship between the centroid and width of the giant quadrupole resonance and the neutron binding energy of the nucleus. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1990; 41:1845-1847. [PMID: 9966533 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.41.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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32
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Toba Y, Lui Y, Youngblood DH, Garg U, Grabmayr P, Knöpfle KT, Riedesel H, Wagner GJ. Charged particle decay from giant monopole resonance in 28Si. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1990; 41:1417-1434. [PMID: 9966490 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.41.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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33
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Lui Y. [We must pay attention to the difference between the original intention and the current status of family planning]. Renkou Yanjiu 1989:49-51. [PMID: 12159317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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34
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Shlomo S, Lui Y, Youngblood DH, Udagawa T, Tamura T. Coulomb and nuclear excitation of giant dipole resonances in ( alpha, alpha ') inelastic scattering. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1987; 36:1317-1324. [PMID: 9954220 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.36.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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35
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Murakami T, Takahashi N, Lui Y, Takada E, Tanner DM, Tribble RE, Ungricht E, Nagatani K. Search for a direct large-cluster-transfer process in the 12,13C(20Ne, alpha ) reaction. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1985; 32:2161-2164. [PMID: 9953092 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.32.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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36
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Murakami T, Ungricht E, Lui Y, Mihara Y, Takada E, Tribble RE. Alpha transfer reaction 16O(12C,8Beg.s.)Ne: Key process in the 12C(16O, alpha ) reaction. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1985; 32:1558-1562. [PMID: 9953011 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.32.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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37
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Lui Y, Bronson JD, Youngblood DH, Toba Y, Garg U. Giant quadrupole and monopole resonances in 28Si. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1985; 31:1643-1650. [PMID: 9952700 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.31.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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