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Kučikienė D, Rajkumar R, Timpte K, Heckelmann J, Neuner I, Weber Y, Wolking S. EEG microstates show different features in focal epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia 2024; 65:974-983. [PMID: 38289522 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroencephalography (EEG) microstate analysis seeks to cluster the scalp's electric field into semistable topographical EEG activity maps at different time points. Our study aimed to investigate the features of EEG microstates in subjects with focal epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). METHODS We included 62 adult subjects with focal epilepsy or PNES who received video-EEG monitoring at the epilepsy monitoring unit. The subjects (mean age = 42.8 ± 21.2 years) were distributed equally between epilepsy and PNES groups. We extracted microstates from a 4.4 ± 1.0-min, 21-channel resting-state EEG. We excluded subjects with interictal epileptiform discharges during resting-state EEGs. After preprocessing, we derived five main EEG microstates-MS1 to MS5-for the full frequency band (1-30 Hz) and frequency subbands (delta, 1-4 Hz; theta, 4-8 Hz; alpha, 8-12 Hz; beta, 12-30 Hz), using the MATLAB-based EEGLAB toolkit. Statistical features of microstates (duration, occurrence, contribution, global field power [GFP]) were compared between the groups, using logistic regression corrected for age and sex. RESULTS We detected no differences in microstate parameters in the full frequency band. We found a longer duration (delta: B = -7.680, p = .046; theta: B = -16.200, p = .043) and a higher contribution (delta: B = -7.414, p = .035; theta: B = -7.509, p = .031) of MS4 in lower frequency bands in the epilepsy group. The PNES group showed a higher occurrence of MS5 in the delta subband (B = 3.283, p = .032). In the theta subband, a higher GFP of MS1 was associated with the PNES group (B = 5.674, p = .025), whereas a higher GFP of MS2 was associated with the epilepsy group (B = -6.579, p = .026). SIGNIFICANCE Microstate features show differences between patients with focal epilepsy and PNES. EEG microstates could be a promising parameter, helping to understand changes in brain dynamics in subjects with epilepsy, and should be explored as a potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domantė Kučikienė
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ravichandran Rajkumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN-Translational Medicine, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katharina Timpte
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Heckelmann
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Irene Neuner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN-Translational Medicine, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wolking
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Bak A, Koch H, van Loo KMJ, Schmied K, Gittel B, Weber Y, Ort J, Schwarz N, Tauber SC, Wuttke TV, Delev D. Human organotypic brain slice cultures: a detailed and improved protocol for preparation and long-term maintenance. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 404:110055. [PMID: 38184112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.110055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The investigation of the human brain at cellular and microcircuit level remains challenging due to the fragile viability of neuronal tissue, inter- and intra-variability of the samples and limited availability of human brain material. Especially brain slices have proven to be an excellent source to investigate brain physiology and disease at cellular and small network level, overcoming the temporal limits of acute slices. Here we provide a revised, detailed protocol of the production and in-depth knowledge on long-term culturing of such human organotypic brain slice cultures for research purposes. We highlight the critical pitfalls of the culturing process of the human brain tissue and present exemplary results on viral expression, single-cell Patch-Clamp recordings, as well as multi-electrode array recordings as readouts for culture viability, enabling the use of organotypic brain slice cultures of these valuable tissue samples for basic neuroscience and disease modeling (Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniella Bak
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Henner Koch
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karen M J van Loo
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmied
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Birgit Gittel
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Ort
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Niklas Schwarz
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone C Tauber
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas V Wuttke
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Delev
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Neurosurgical Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Aachen (NAILA), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Timpte K, Rosenkötter U, Honrath P, Weber Y, Wolking S, Heckelmann J. Assessing 72 h vs. 24 h of long-term video-EEG monitoring to confirm the diagnosis of epilepsy: a retrospective observational study. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1281652. [PMID: 37928154 PMCID: PMC10622959 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1281652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Paroxysmal seizure-like events can be a diagnostic challenge. Inpatient video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring (VEM) can be a valuable diagnostic tool, but recommendations for the minimal duration of VEM to confirm or rule out epilepsy are inconsistent. In this study, we aim to determine whether VEM of 48 or 72 h was superior to 24 h. Methods In this monocentric, retrospective study, we included 111 patients with paroxysmal, seizure-like events who underwent at least 72 h of VEM. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Preliminary workup was inconclusive; (2) VEM admission occurred to confirm a diagnosis; (3) At discharge, the diagnosis of epilepsy was conclusively established. We analyzed the VEM recordings to determine the exact time point of the first occurrence of epileptic abnormalities (EAs; defined as interictal epileptiform discharges or electrographic seizures). Subgroup analyses were performed for epilepsy types and treatment status. Results In our study population, 69.4% (77/111) of patients displayed EAs during VEM. In this group, the first occurrence of EAs was observed within 24 h in 92.2% (71/77) of patients and within 24-72 h in 7.8% (6/77). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of EA between medicated and non-medicated patients or between focal, generalized epilepsies and epilepsies of unknown type. Of the 19 recorded spontaneous electroclinical seizures, 6 (31.6%) occurred after 24 h. Discussion A VEM of 24 h may be sufficient in the diagnostic workup of paroxysmal seizure-like events under most circumstances. Considering the few cases of first EA in the timeframe between 24 and 72 h, a prolonged VEM may be useful in cases with a high probability of epilepsy or where other strategies like sleep-EEG or ambulatory EEG show inconclusive results. Prolonged VEM increases the chance of recording spontaneous seizures. Our study also highlights a high share of subjects with epilepsy that do not exhibit EAs during 72 h of VEM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Wolking
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Alhaskir M, Tschesche M, Linke F, Schriewer E, Weber Y, Wolking S, Röhrig R, Koch H, Kutafina E. ECG Matching: An Approach to Synchronize ECG Datasets for Data Quality Comparisons. Stud Health Technol Inform 2023; 307:225-232. [PMID: 37697857 DOI: 10.3233/shti230718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Clinical assessment of newly developed sensors is important for ensuring their validity. Comparing recordings of emerging electrocardiography (ECG) systems to a reference ECG system requires accurate synchronization of data from both devices. Current methods can be inefficient and prone to errors. To address this issue, three algorithms are presented to synchronize two ECG time series from different recording systems: Binned R-peak Correlation, R-R Interval Correlation, and Average R-peak Distance. These algorithms reduce ECG data to their cyclic features, mitigating inefficiencies and minimizing discrepancies between different recording systems. We evaluate the performance of these algorithms using high-quality data and then assess their robustness after manipulating the R-peaks. Our results show that R-R Interval Correlation was the most efficient, whereas the Average R-peak Distance and Binned R-peak Correlation were more robust against noisy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alhaskir
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matteo Tschesche
- Institute for Mobile Autonomous Systems and Cognitive Robotics, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Linke
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schriewer
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wolking
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Röhrig
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Koch
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Kutafina
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Forró C, Musall S, Montes VR, Linkhorst J, Walter P, Wessling M, Offenhäusser A, Ingebrandt S, Weber Y, Lampert A, Santoro F. Toward the Next Generation of Neural Iontronic Interfaces. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301055. [PMID: 37434349 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural interfaces are evolving at a rapid pace owing to advances in material science and fabrication, reduced cost of scalable complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies, and highly interdisciplinary teams of researchers and engineers that span a large range from basic to applied and clinical sciences. This study outlines currently established technologies, defined as instruments and biological study systems that are routinely used in neuroscientific research. After identifying the shortcomings of current technologies, such as a lack of biocompatibility, topological optimization, low bandwidth, and lack of transparency, it maps out promising directions along which progress should be made to achieve the next generation of symbiotic and intelligent neural interfaces. Lastly, it proposes novel applications that can be achieved by these developments, ranging from the understanding and reproduction of synaptic learning to live-long multimodal measurements to monitor and treat various neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Forró
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Musall
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Viviana Rincón Montes
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Seiffert S, Pendziwiat M, Hedrich UBS, Helbig I, Weber Y, Schwarz N. KCNC2 variants of uncertain significance are also associated to various forms of epilepsy. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1212079. [PMID: 37360341 PMCID: PMC10289024 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1212079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, de novo variants in KCNC2, coding for the potassium channel subunit KV3.2, have been described as causative for various forms of epilepsy including genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Here, we report the functional characteristics of three additional KCNC2 variants of uncertain significance and one variant classified as pathogenic. Electrophysiological studies were performed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The data presented here support that KCNC2 variants with uncertain significance may also be causative for various forms of epilepsy, as they show changes in the current amplitude and activation and deactivation kinetics of the channel, depending on the variant. In addition, we investigated the effect of valproic acid on KV3.2, as several patients carrying pathogenic variants in the KCNC2 gene achieved significant seizure reduction or seizure freedom with this drug. However, in our electrophysiological investigations, no change on the behavior of KV3.2 channels could be observed, suggesting that the therapeutic effect of VPA may be explained by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Seiffert
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Pendziwiat
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike B. S. Hedrich
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Niklas Schwarz
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Alhaskir M, Bauer J, Linke F, Schriewer E, Weber Y, Wolking S, Röhrig R, Rothermel M, Koch H, Kutafina E. Spectral Fusion of Heartbeat and Accelerometer Data for Estimation of Breathing Rate in Wearable Patches. Stud Health Technol Inform 2023; 302:1025-1026. [PMID: 37203571 DOI: 10.3233/shti230336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite developments in wearable devices for detecting various bio-signals, continuous measurement of breathing rate (BR) remains a challenge. This work presents an early proof of concept that employs a wearable patch to estimate BR. We propose combining techniques for calculating BR from electrocardiogram (ECG) and accelerometer (ACC) signals, while applying decision rules based on signal-to-noise (SNR) to fuse the estimates for improved accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alhaskir
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bauer
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Linke
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schriewer
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wolking
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Röhrig
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Rothermel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henner Koch
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Kutafina
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Pérez Garriga A, Wolking S, Fortmann J, Majeed RW, Stockem C, Niekrenz L, Bosselmann C, Weber Y, Röhrig R, Lipprandt M. Modeling Clinical Guidelines for an Epilepsy-CDSS: The EDiTh Project. Stud Health Technol Inform 2023; 302:611-612. [PMID: 37203761 DOI: 10.3233/shti230218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge transformation process involves the guideline for the diagnosis and therapy of epilepsy to an executable and computable knowledge base that serves as the basis for a decision-support system. We present a transparent knowledge representation model which facilitates technical implementation and verification. Knowledge is represented in a plain table, used in the frontend code of the software where simple reasoning is performed. The simple structure is sufficient and comprehensible also for non-technical persons (i.e., clinicians).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Pérez Garriga
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wolking
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Fortmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Raphael W Majeed
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Stockem
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Niekrenz
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Bosselmann
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Röhrig
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Myriam Lipprandt
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Hoppe B, Weber Y, Wolking S. [Interactions between anti-seizure medications and recommendations for combination treatment]. Nervenarzt 2023; 94:149-158. [PMID: 36695895 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-022-01434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy is the most important pillar in the treatment of epilepsies. In approximately 50% of epilepsy patients monotherapy with anti-seizure medications (ASM) is insufficient. The knowledge of specific drug interactions in combination therapies is essential to recognize and avoid adverse side effects up to relevant therapy risks, including loss of efficiency and intoxication. Interactions can be of a pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic nature. Some effects of interactions in combination therapies can also be advantageous. Therapeutic drug monitoring in serum is not necessary for all ASMs and should be used rationally: however, it should be performed consistently if the indications are present. This review article provides fundamental knowledge about the most relevant interactions between ASMs and the indications for therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hoppe
- Sektion Epileptologie, Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland.
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Sektion Epileptologie, Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland.,Abteilung Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt Epileptologie, Hertie Institut für Klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Wolking
- Sektion Epileptologie, Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
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Krey I, Platzer K, Esterhuizen A, Berkovic SF, Helbig I, Hildebrand MS, Lerche H, Lowenstein D, Møller RS, Poduri A, Sadleir L, Sisodiya SM, Weckhuysen S, Wilmshurst JM, Weber Y, Lemke JR. Current practice in diagnostic genetic testing of the epilepsies. Epileptic Disord 2022; 24:765-786. [PMID: 35830287 PMCID: PMC10752379 DOI: 10.1684/epd.2022.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy genetics is a rapidly developing field, in which novel disease-associated genes, novel mechanisms associated with epilepsy, and precision medicine approaches are continuously being identified. In the past decade, advances in genomic knowledge and analysis platforms have begun to make clinical genetic testing accessible for, in principle, people of all ages with epilepsy. For this reason, the Genetics Commission of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) presents this update on clinical genetic testing practice, including current techniques, indications, yield of genetic testing, recommendations for pre- and post-test counseling, and follow-up after genetic testing is completed. We acknowledge that the resources vary across different settings but highlight that genetic diagnostic testing for epilepsy should be prioritized when the likelihood of an informative finding is high. Results of genetic testing, in particular the identification of causative genetic variants, are likely to improve individual care. We emphasize the importance of genetic testing for individuals with epilepsy as we enter the era of precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Krey
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alina Esterhuizen
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel F. Berkovic
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Building C, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Michael S. Hildebrand
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Lowenstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Rikke S. Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynette Sadleir
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology London, UK and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB-University of Antwerp, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jo M. Wilmshurst
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Paediatric and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes R. Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Heckelmann J, Weber Y. Einfluss von Medikamenten auf das EEG: Eine
Übersicht. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1875-1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungEine Vielzahl von Präparaten mit Einfluss auf das zentrale Nervensystem,
insbesondere Medikamente, die zur Standard-Therapie auf neurologischen Intensiv-
und Überwachungsstationen gehören, haben einen Einfluss auf den
elektroenzephalograhischen (EEG) Befund. Diese Effekte reichen von geringen
Einflüssen auf Grundrhythmus und EEG-Amplituden bis zur
Auslösung von epileptiformer Aktivität und Anfallsmustern.
Kenntnisse über die zu erwartenden Veränderungen sind daher
relevant, um neben krankheitsassoziierten Auffälligkeiten im Rahmen der
Differentialdiagnostik auch medikamentöse Ursachen bedenken zu
können und etwaige therapeutische Konsequenzen einzuleiten. In dem
vorliegenden Übersichtartikel werden neben Einflüssen von
Analgosedierung und antikonvulsiven Medikamenten auch Effekte von Neuroleptika,
Antidepressiva, Immunsuppressiva sowie Antibiotika auf das EEG diskutiert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Heckelmann
- Sektion Epileptologie und Klinik für Neurologie, Uniklinik RWTH
Aachen, Aachen
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Sektion Epileptologie und Klinik für Neurologie, Uniklinik RWTH
Aachen, Aachen
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12
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Knispel F, Brenner A, Röhrig R, Weber Y, Varghese J, Kutafina E. Consistency of Feature Importance Algorithms for Interpretable EEG Abnormality Detection. Stud Health Technol Inform 2022; 296:33-40. [PMID: 36073486 DOI: 10.3233/shti220801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in machine learning show great potential for automatic detection of abnormalities in electroencephalography (EEG). While simple and interpretable models combined with expert-comprehensible input features offer full control of the decision making process, these methods commonly lag behind complex deep learning and feature extraction methods in terms of performance. Here we study a feasibility of a bridging solution, where deep learning is combined with interpretable input and an algorithm computing the importance of particular EEG features in the decision process. We built a convolutional neural network with multi-channel EEG frequency bands as input and investigated four different methods for feature importance attribution: Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP), DeepLIFT, Integrated Gradients (IG) and Guided GradCAM. Our analysis showed consistency between the first three methods, and deviating attributions of the fourth method, suggesting the importance of using a package of methods together to ensure the robustness of medical interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Knispel
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Brenner
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer Röhrig
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Varghese
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Kutafina
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Faculty of Applied Mathematics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
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13
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Stamberger H, Crosiers D, Balagura G, Bonardi CM, Basu A, Cantalupo G, Chiesa V, Christensen J, Dalla Bernardina B, Ellis CA, Furia F, Gardiner F, Giron C, Guerrini R, Klein KM, Korff C, Krijtova H, Leffler M, Lerche H, Lesca G, Lewis-Smith D, Marini C, Marjanovic D, Mazzola L, McKeown Ruggiero S, Mochel F, Ramond F, Reif PS, Richard-Mornas A, Rosenow F, Schropp C, Thomas RH, Vignoli A, Weber Y, Palmer E, Helbig I, Scheffer IE, Striano P, Møller RS, Gardella E, Weckhuysen S. Natural History Study of STXBP1-Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy Into Adulthood. Neurology 2022; 99:e221-e233. [PMID: 35851549 PMCID: PMC9302932 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pathogenic STXBP1 variants cause a severe early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (STXBP1-DEE). We aimed to investigate the natural history of STXBP1-DEE in adults focusing on seizure evolution, the presence of movement disorders, and the level of functional (in)dependence. METHODS In this observational study, patients with a minimum age of 18 years carrying a (likely) pathogenic STXBP1 variant were recruited through medical genetics departments and epilepsy centers. Treating clinicians completed clinical questionnaires and performed semistructured video examinations while performing tasks from the (modified) Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale when possible. RESULTS Thirty adult patients were included for summary statistics, with video recordings available for 19 patients. The median age at last follow-up was 24 years (range 18-58 years). All patients had epilepsy, with a median onset age of 3.5 months. At last follow-up, 80% of adults had treatment-resistant seizures despite long periods of seizure freedom in 37%. Tonic-clonic, focal, and tonic seizures were most frequent in adults. Epileptic spasms, an unusual feature beyond infancy, were present in 3 adults. All individuals had developmental impairment. Periods of regression were present in 59% and did not always correlate with flare-ups in seizure activity. Eighty-seven percent had severe or profound intellectual disability, 42% had autistic features, and 65% had significant behavioral problems. Video examinations showed gait disorders in all 12 patients able to walk, including postural abnormalities with external rotation of the feet, broad-based gait, and asymmetric posture/dystonia. Tremor, present in 56%, was predominantly of the intention/action type. Stereotypies were seen in 63%. Functional outcome concerning mobility was variable ranging from independent walking (50%) to wheelchair dependence (39%). Seventy-one percent of adults were nonverbal, and all were dependent on caregivers for most activities of daily living. DISCUSSION STXBP1-DEE warrants continuous monitoring for seizures in adult life. Periods of regression are more frequent than previously established and can occur into adulthood. Movement disorders are often present and involve multiple systems. Although functional mobility is variable in adulthood, STXBP1-DEE frequently leads to severe cognitive impairments and a high level of functional dependence. Understanding the natural history of STXBP1-DEE is important for prognostication and will inform future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stamberger
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - David Crosiers
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ganna Balagura
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claudia M Bonardi
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Basu
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gaetano Cantalupo
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Valentina Chiesa
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jakob Christensen
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bernardo Dalla Bernardina
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colin A Ellis
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francesca Furia
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Gardiner
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camille Giron
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karl Martin Klein
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian Korff
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hana Krijtova
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie Leffler
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Holger Lerche
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Lewis-Smith
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carla Marini
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dragan Marjanovic
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laure Mazzola
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah McKeown Ruggiero
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fanny Mochel
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francis Ramond
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philipp S Reif
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aurélie Richard-Mornas
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Felix Rosenow
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian Schropp
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rhys H Thomas
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yvonne Weber
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Palmer
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ingo Helbig
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pasquale Striano
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rikke S Møller
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elena Gardella
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Bayat A, Aledo-Serrano A, Gil-Nagel A, Korff CM, Thomas A, Boßelmann C, Weber Y, Gardella E, Lund AM, de Sain-van der Velden MGM, Møller RS. Pyridoxine or pyridoxal-5-phosphate treatment for seizures in glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency: A cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:789-798. [PMID: 35080266 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of high-dose pyridoxine and pyridoxal 5-phosphate (P5P) in the treatment of inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) deficiency-associated epilepsy. METHOD Participants with genetically confirmed GPI deficiency were treated with oral pyridoxine or P5P as compassionate use in an agreed-upon clinical regimen. Pyridoxine (20-30 mg/kg/day) was used for 3 months. Baseline evaluation included 4 weeks of prospective seizure data and one video electroencephalogram (EEG). Seizure frequency was captured daily. The EEG was repeated after reaching maximum dosage of pyridoxine. Pyridoxine was switched to P5P (20-30 mg/kg/day) if seizure burden was unchanged after 3 months' treatment. Another EEG was done after 3 months of P5P treatment. Primary outcome measures were reduction of seizure frequency and EEG improvements. RESULTS Seven participants (one female, six males; age range 5-23 year; mean age 11 years 10 months, SD 5 year 2 months) were included. The genetic causes of inherited GPI deficiency were phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit A/T/V deficiency. All had drug-resistant epilepsy and neurodevelopmental impairment. We observed more than 50% seizure frequency reduction in 2 out of 7 and less than 50% reduction in another 3 out of 7 participants. No participants reached seizure freedom. No remarkable changes in electrophysiological findings were observed in 6 out of 7 participants treated with pyridoxine or P5P when comparing the baseline and follow-up EEGs. INTERPRETATION We observed no long-lasting electrophysiological improvements during treatment but pyridoxine may reduce seizure frequency or burden in inherited GPI deficiency. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) deficiency often causes early-onset and drug-resistant epilepsy. Vitamin B6 is a potential disease-specific treatment; however, efficacy and safety are ill-defined. Pyridoxine may reduce seizure frequency or burden in inherited GPI deficiency. Pyridoxine and P5P could prove to be a useful treatment in some individuals with inherited GPI deficiency and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Bayat
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Angel Aledo-Serrano
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Nagel
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian M Korff
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of the Woman, Child, and Adolescent, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ashley Thomas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Christian Boßelmann
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Epileptology and Neurology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elena Gardella
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Allan M Lund
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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15
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Schwarz N, Seiffert S, Pendziwiat M, Rademacher AV, Brünger T, Hedrich UBS, Augustijn PB, Baier H, Bayat A, Bisulli F, Buono RJ, Bruria BZ, Doyle MG, Guerrini R, Heimer G, Iacomino M, Kearney H, Klein KM, Kousiappa I, Kunz WS, Lerche H, Licchetta L, Lohmann E, Minardi R, McDonald M, Montgomery S, Mulahasanovic L, Oegema R, Ortal B, Papacostas SS, Ragona F, Granata T, Reif PS, Rosenow F, Rothschild A, Scudieri P, Striano P, Tinuper P, Tanteles GA, Vetro A, Zahnert F, Goldberg EM, Zara F, Lal D, May P, Muhle H, Helbig I, Weber Y. Spectrum of Phenotypic, Genetic, and Functional Characteristics in Patients With Epilepsy With KCNC2 Pathogenic Variants. Neurology 2022; 98:e2046-e2059. [PMID: 35314505 PMCID: PMC9162046 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES KCNC2 encodes Kv3.2, a member of the Shaw-related (Kv3) voltage-gated potassium channel subfamily, which is important for sustained high-frequency firing and optimized energy efficiency of action potentials in the brain. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical phenotype, genetic background, and biophysical function of disease-associated Kv3.2 variants. METHODS Individuals with KCNC2 variants detected by exome sequencing were selected for clinical, further genetic, and functional analysis. Cases were referred through clinical and research collaborations. Selected de novo variants were examined electrophysiologically in Xenopus laevis oocytes. RESULTS We identified novel KCNC2 variants in 18 patients with various forms of epilepsy, including genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE), developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) including early-onset absence epilepsy, focal epilepsy, and myoclonic-atonic epilepsy. Of the 18 variants, 10 were de novo and 8 were classified as modifying variants. Eight drug-responsive patients became seizure-free using valproic acid as monotherapy or in combination, including severe DEE cases. Functional analysis of 4 variants demonstrated gain of function in 3 severely affected DEE cases and loss of function in 1 case with a milder phenotype (GGE) as the underlying pathomechanisms. DISCUSSION These findings implicate KCNC2 as a novel causative gene for epilepsy and emphasize the critical role of KV3.2 in the regulation of brain excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Schwarz
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Simone Seiffert
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuela Pendziwiat
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Annika Verena Rademacher
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Brünger
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrike B S Hedrich
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul B Augustijn
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Baier
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Allan Bayat
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Russell J Buono
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Ben Zeev Bruria
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael G Doyle
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Gali Heimer
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Michele Iacomino
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Hugh Kearney
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl Martin Klein
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Ioanna Kousiappa
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfram S Kunz
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Lerche
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Licchetta
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Raffaella Minardi
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie McDonald
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Montgomery
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Lejla Mulahasanovic
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Renske Oegema
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Barel Ortal
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Savvas S Papacostas
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesca Ragona
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Tiziana Granata
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Phillip S Reif
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Annick Rothschild
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Pasquale Striano
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - George A Tanteles
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Annalisa Vetro
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Zahnert
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Ethan M Goldberg
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Federico Zara
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Dennis Lal
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick May
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingo Helbig
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- From the Departments of Neurology and Epileptology (N.S., S.S., U.B.S.H., H.L., Y.W.) and Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.L.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (M.P., I.H.), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Departments of Neuropediatrics (M.P., A.V.R., H.M., I.H.) and Pediatrics I (A.V.R.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel; Cologne Center for Genomics (T.B., D.L.), University of Cologne, Germany; Epilepsy Center SEIN (P.B.A.), Heemstede, the Netherlands; Epilepsiezentrum Bodensee (H.B.), Weissenau, Germany; Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine (A.B.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; IRCCS Istituti delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (F.B., L.L., R.M., P.T.); Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.B., L.L., P.T.), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (R.J.B.), Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.Z.B., G.H.), Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan; Sackler School of Medicine (B.Z.B., G.H.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre (M.G.D., H.K.) and Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital (M.G.D., H.K.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; StAR MD Programme (M.G.D.), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in collaboration with Blackrock Clinic, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, and Department of Neuroscience (R.G., A.V.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (M.I., P. Striano), Genova, Italy; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), University Hospital Frankfurt; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Genetics, and Community Health Sciences (K.M.K.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Epilepsy Center (I.K., S.S.P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research and Department of Epileptology (W.S.K.), University of Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics (M.M., S.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen (L.M.), Germany; Division Biomedical Genetics (R.O.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center (B.O.), Cancer Research Center, Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine (B.O.), and The Institute for Rare Diseases, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital (A.R.), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Medical School (S.S.P.), University of Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (F. Ragona, T.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Sackler Faculty of Medicine (A.R.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health (P. Scudieri, P. Striano, F. Zara), University of Genova, Italy; Clinical Genetics and Genomics Department (G.A.T.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia; Department of Neurology (F. Zahnert), Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany; Division of Neurology (E.M.G., I.H.), The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (E.M.G., I.H.), and Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi) (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute (D.L.), and Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (D.L.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (D.L.), The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (D.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (P.M.), University Luxembourg; Department of Neurology (I.H.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA; and Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany
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Rosenow F, Baier H, Bien C, Bösebeck F, Dümpelmann M, Hamer H, Kellinghaus C, Knake S, Schreiber M, Surges R, Staack A, Tergau F, von Podewils F, Weber Y, Wehner T, Winter Y, Zöllner J, Strzelczyk A, Willems L. P 67 Satisfaction with and reliability of in-hospital video-electroencephalography monitoring systems in epilepsy diagnosis among German epilepsy centers. Clin Neurophysiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Boßelmann CM, Antonio-Arce VS, Schulze-Bonhage A, Fauser S, Zacher P, Mayer T, Aparicio J, Albers K, Cloppenborg T, Kunz W, Surges R, Syrbe S, Weber Y, Wolking S. Genetic testing before epilepsy surgery - An exploratory survey and case collection from German epilepsy centers. Seizure 2021; 95:4-10. [PMID: 34953286 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic testing in people with epilepsy may support presurgical decision-making. It is currently unclear to what extent epilepsy centres use genetic testing in presurgical evaluation. METHODS We performed an exploratory survey among members of the German Society for Epileptology to study the current practice of genetic testing in presurgical evaluation at the respective sites. Survey participants contributed educational case reports. RESULTS The majority of participants consider genetic testing to be useful in individuals with familial syndromes or phenotypic features suggesting a genetic etiology. We report 25 cases of individuals with a confirmed genetic diagnosis that have previously undergone epilepsy surgery. Our cases demonstrate that a genetic diagnosis has an impact on both the decision-making process during presurgical evaluation, as well as the postoperative outcome. CONCLUSION Genetic testing as part of the presurgical work-up is becoming increasingly established in epilepsy centres across Germany. mTORopathies and genetic hypothalamic hamartomas seem to be associated with a generally favourable surgical outcome. Synaptopathies and channelopathies may be associated with a worse outcome and should be considered on a case-by-case level. Prospective studies are needed to examine the impact of an established genetic diagnosis on postsurgical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Malte Boßelmann
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Victoria San Antonio-Arce
- Freiburg Epilepsy Center, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schulze-Bonhage
- Freiburg Epilepsy Center, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Fauser
- Department of Epileptology (Krankenhaus Mara), Medical School, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pia Zacher
- Epilepsy Center Kleinwachau, Radeberg, Germany
| | | | - Javier Aparicio
- Epilepsy Surgery Unit, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Children's, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristina Albers
- Department of Epileptology (Krankenhaus Mara), Medical School, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Cloppenborg
- Department of Epileptology (Krankenhaus Mara), Medical School, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfram Kunz
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Surges
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Division of Paediatric Epileptology, Center for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Epileptology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wolking
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Yap ZY, Efthymiou S, Seiffert S, Vargas Parra K, Lee S, Nasca A, Maroofian R, Schrauwen I, Pendziwiat M, Jung S, Bhoj E, Striano P, Mankad K, Vona B, Cuddapah S, Wagner A, Alvi JR, Davoudi-Dehaghani E, Fallah MS, Gannavarapu S, Lamperti C, Legati A, Murtaza BN, Nadeem MS, Rehman MU, Saeidi K, Salpietro V, von Spiczak S, Sandoval A, Zeinali S, Zeviani M, Reich A, Jang C, Helbig I, Barakat TS, Ghezzi D, Leal SM, Weber Y, Houlden H, Yoon WH, Houlden H, Yoon WH. Bi-allelic variants in OGDHL cause a neurodevelopmental spectrum disease featuring epilepsy, hearing loss, visual impairment, and ataxia. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:2368-2384. [PMID: 34800363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like (OGDHL) protein is a rate-limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle that plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial metabolism. OGDHL expression is restricted mainly to the brain in humans. Here, we report nine individuals from eight unrelated families carrying bi-allelic variants in OGDHL with a range of neurological and neurodevelopmental phenotypes including epilepsy, hearing loss, visual impairment, gait ataxia, microcephaly, and hypoplastic corpus callosum. The variants include three homozygous missense variants (p.Pro852Ala, p.Arg244Trp, and p.Arg299Gly), three compound heterozygous single-nucleotide variants (p.Arg673Gln/p.Val488Val, p.Phe734Ser/p.Ala327Val, and p.Trp220Cys/p.Asp491Val), one homozygous frameshift variant (p.Cys553Leufs∗16), and one homozygous stop-gain variant (p.Arg440Ter). To support the pathogenicity of the variants, we developed a novel CRISPR-Cas9-mediated tissue-specific knockout with cDNA rescue system for dOgdh, the Drosophila ortholog of human OGDHL. Pan-neuronal knockout of dOgdh led to developmental lethality as well as defects in Krebs cycle metabolism, which was fully rescued by expression of wild-type dOgdh. Studies using the Drosophila system indicate that p.Arg673Gln, p.Phe734Ser, and p.Arg299Gly are severe loss-of-function alleles, leading to developmental lethality, whereas p.Pro852Ala, p.Ala327Val, p.Trp220Cys, p.Asp491Val, and p.Arg244Trp are hypomorphic alleles, causing behavioral defects. Transcript analysis from fibroblasts obtained from the individual carrying the synonymous variant (c.1464T>C [p.Val488Val]) in family 2 showed that the synonymous variant affects splicing of exon 11 in OGDHL. Human neuronal cells with OGDHL knockout exhibited defects in mitochondrial respiration, indicating the essential role of OGDHL in mitochondrial metabolism in humans. Together, our data establish that the bi-allelic variants in OGDHL are pathogenic, leading to a Mendelian neurodevelopmental disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Wan Hee Yoon
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Willems LM, Baier H, Bien CG, Bösebeck F, Dümpelmann M, Hamer HM, Kellinghaus C, Knake S, Schreiber M, Staack AM, Surges R, Tergau F, von Podewils F, Weber Y, Wehner T, Winter Y, Philipp Zöllner J, Strzelczyk A, Rosenow F. Satisfaction with and reliability of in-hospital video-EEG monitoring systems in epilepsy diagnosis - A German multicenter experience. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2317-2322. [PMID: 34154936 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze satisfaction with and reliability of video-electroencephalography-monitoring systems (VEMS) in epilepsy diagnostics. METHODS A survey was conducted between December 2020 and January 2021 among German epilepsy centers using well-established customer satisfaction (CS) and quality assurance metrics. RESULTS Among 16 participating centers, CS with VEMS was low, with only 13% of customers actively recommending their system. Only 50% of users were satisfied with the overall performance of their VEMS, and a low 18% were satisfied with the manufacturer's customer service. User interface, software stability, lack of regular updates, and missing customer-oriented improvements were reported as frequent problems jeopardizing diagnosis in approximately every 10th patient. The greatest potential for improvement was identified for software and hardware stability as well as customer service. CONCLUSION Satisfaction with VEMS and their customer service was low, and diagnostics were regularly affected by software or hardware errors. Even if this can be partly explained by the technical complexity of VEMS, there is an urgent need for improvements with regard to the reliability and durability of system components as well as signal synchrony and data management. SIGNIFICANCE This analysis highlights low consumer satisfaction of users with VEMS and uncovers frequent problems and potential for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M Willems
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hartmut Baier
- Center for Psychiatry, Department of Epileptology, Weissenau, Germany
| | - Christian G Bien
- Department of Epileptology (Krankenhaus Mara), Bielefeld University, Medical School, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank Bösebeck
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, AGAPLESION Diakonie Hospital Rotenburg, Rotenburg (Wümme), Germany
| | - Matthias Dümpelmann
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hajo M Hamer
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kellinghaus
- Epilepsy Center Münster-Osnabrück, Department of Neurology, Klinikum Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Susanne Knake
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Neurology and Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (Lahn), Germany
| | - Melanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Surges
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frithjof Tergau
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Bernward Hospital, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Felix von Podewils
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology and Neurology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim Wehner
- Ruhr-Epileptology and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Yaroslav Winter
- Mainz Comprehensive Epilepsy and Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johann Philipp Zöllner
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adam Strzelczyk
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Zöllner JP, Wolking S, Weber Y, Rosenow F. [Decision support systems, assistance systems and telemedicine in epileptology]. Nervenarzt 2020; 92:95-106. [PMID: 33245402 PMCID: PMC7691952 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-020-01031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hintergrund Die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse über Epilepsien und deren klinische Implikationen nehmen rasant zu. Für Nichtexperten stellt sich die zunehmende Herausforderung, den Überblick hierüber zu bewahren. Hier setzen Clinical-decision-support-Systeme (CDSS) an, indem sie standard- und expertengetriggertes Wissen zur Diagnostik und Therapie individualisiert und automatisiert liefern. Zudem sind Medizin-Apps und telemedizinische Verfahren zur Diagnostik und Therapie sowie Assistenzsysteme zur Anfallsdetektion bei Epilepsien verfügbar. Ziel der Arbeit Es soll ein Überblick über die aktuellen Entwicklungen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten verfügbarer tele-epileptologischer Methoden gegeben werden. Material und Methoden Auf der Basis persönlicher Kenntnis und eines Literaturreviews werden epilepsiespezifische CDSS, Medizin-Apps, Assistenzsysteme sowie telemedizinische Anwendungen charakterisiert und deren klinische Einsatzmöglichkeiten dargestellt. Ergebnisse und Diskussion Personen mit Epilepsie könnten aufgrund des chronischen Verlaufs und der Komplexität der Erkrankung und ihrer Folgen von CDSS profitieren. Es erscheint wünschenswert, dass epilepsiespezifische CDSS sowohl für die Behandelnden als auch für Patienten nutzbar werden. Apps für Menschen mit Epilepsie dienen derzeit meist der Verlaufsdokumentation von Anfallsfrequenz, Medikamentencompliance und Nebenwirkungen. Gegenwärtige Anfallsdetektionssysteme erkennen vor allem generalisiert tonisch-klonische Anfälle (GTKA). Ein klinischer Nutzen ist noch nicht hinreichend belegt, erscheint aber wahrscheinlich, insbesondere da GTKA mit dem Risiko eines plötzlichen Todes von Epilepsiepatienten assoziiert sind und Interventionen als wirksam gelten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Philipp Zöllner
- Epilepsiezentrum Frankfurt Rhein-Main, Zentrum der Neurologie und Neurochirurgie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland.,LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 60528, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Wolking
- Epileptologie Aachen, Neurologische Uniklinik, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Epileptologie Aachen, Neurologische Uniklinik, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsiezentrum Frankfurt Rhein-Main, Zentrum der Neurologie und Neurochirurgie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland. .,LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 60528, Deutschland.
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21
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Rademacher A, Schwarz N, Seiffert S, Pendziwiat M, Rohr A, van Baalen A, Helbig I, Weber Y, Muhle H. Whole-Exome Sequencing in NF1-Related West Syndrome Leads to the Identification of KCNC2 as a Novel Candidate Gene for Epilepsy. Neuropediatrics 2020; 51:368-372. [PMID: 32392612 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have an increased risk for West syndrome (WS), but the underlying mechanisms linking NF1 and WS are unknown. In contrast to other neurocutaneous syndromes, intracerebral abnormalities explaining the course of infantile spasms (IS) are often absent and the seizure outcome is usually favorable. Several studies have investigated a potential genotype-phenotype correlation between NF1 and seizure susceptibility, but an association was not identified. Therefore, we identified three patients with NF1-related WS (NF1-WS) in a cohort of 51 NF1 patients and performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify genetic modifiers. In two NF1 patients with WS and good seizure outcome, we did not identify variants in epilepsy-related genes. However, in a single patient with NF1-WS and transition to drug-resistant epilepsy, we identified a de novo variant in KCNC2 (c.G499T, p.D167Y) coding for Kv3.2 as a previously undescribed potassium channel to be correlated to epilepsy. Electrophysiological studies of the identified KCNC2 variant demonstrated both a strong loss-of-function effect for the current amplitude and a gain-of-function effect for the channel activation recommending a complex network effect. These results suggest that systematic genetic analysis for potentially secondary genetic etiologies in NF1 patients and severe epilepsy presentations should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Rademacher
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Niklas Schwarz
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Seiffert
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Pendziwiat
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel Rohr
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andreas van Baalen
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Epileptology and Neurology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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22
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Galer PD, Ganesan S, Lewis-Smith D, McKeown SE, Pendziwiat M, Helbig KL, Ellis CA, Rademacher A, Smith L, Poduri A, Seiffert S, von Spiczak S, Muhle H, van Baalen A, Thomas RH, Krause R, Weber Y, Helbig I, Thomas RH, Krause R, Weber Y, Helbig I. Semantic Similarity Analysis Reveals Robust Gene-Disease Relationships in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:683-697. [PMID: 32853554 PMCID: PMC7536581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 100 genetic etiologies have been identified in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs), but correlating genetic findings with clinical features at scale has remained a hurdle because of a lack of frameworks for analyzing heterogenous clinical data. Here, we analyzed 31,742 Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms in 846 individuals with existing whole-exome trio data and assessed associated clinical features and phenotypic relatedness by using HPO-based semantic similarity analysis for individuals with de novo variants in the same gene. Gene-specific phenotypic signatures included associations of SCN1A with “complex febrile seizures” (HP: 0011172; p = 2.1 × 10−5) and “focal clonic seizures” (HP: 0002266; p = 8.9 × 10−6), STXBP1 with “absent speech” (HP: 0001344; p = 1.3 × 10−11), and SLC6A1 with “EEG with generalized slow activity” (HP: 0010845; p = 0.018). Of 41 genes with de novo variants in two or more individuals, 11 genes showed significant phenotypic similarity, including SCN1A (n = 16, p < 0.0001), STXBP1 (n = 14, p = 0.0021), and KCNB1 (n = 6, p = 0.011). Including genetic and phenotypic data of control subjects increased phenotypic similarity for all genetic etiologies, whereas the probability of observing de novo variants decreased, emphasizing the conceptual differences between semantic similarity analysis and approaches based on the expected number of de novo events. We demonstrate that HPO-based phenotype analysis captures unique profiles for distinct genetic etiologies, reflecting the breadth of the phenotypic spectrum in genetic epilepsies. Semantic similarity can be used to generate statistical evidence for disease causation analogous to the traditional approach of primarily defining disease entities through similar clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rhys H Thomas
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Roland Krause
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Epileptology and Neurology, University of Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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23
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Boßelmann C, Zurloh J, Stefanou MI, Stadler V, Weber Y, Lerche H, Poli S, Ziemann U, Mengel A. Delirium Screening in Aphasic Patients With the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC): A Prospective Cohort Study. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1198. [PMID: 31781026 PMCID: PMC6861445 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ten to thirty percent of stroke patients suffer from post-stroke delirium. This leads to a longer hospital stay and increased mortality. Therefore, early detection and treatment are needed. All established delirium screening tools require some degree of language function. We sought to investigate whether the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) is suitable for delirium screening in patients with post-stroke aphasia. Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried out in adult patients consecutively admitted to the Stroke Unit of University Hospital Tuebingen, between July 2017 and December 2018. The index test, ICDSC, was compared with the DSM-V diagnostic criteria as reference standard. Measures of diagnostic precision and the degree of agreement were obtained. Results: Three hundred and forty six patients were included in the analysis. Aphasia was present in 231 (66.8%) and absent in 115 (33.2%) patients. Delirium was present in 83 out of 231 (36%) patients with aphasia and 32 out of 115 (27.8%) patients without aphasia (p = 0.132). For patients without aphasia, sensitivity and specificity at the established cut-off value of ≥ 4 points were 100% and 78%, respectively. For patients with aphasia, the test demonstrated inferior performance, with a sensitivity and specificity of 98% and 55%, respectively. It was necessary to increase the cut-off value to ≥ 5 points. Through this, sensitivity was 90% (95% CI, 81.9-95.8%) and specificity was 75% (95% CI, 67.2-81.8%). The degree of agreement to the DSM-V criteria was "substantial" (Cohen's κ = 0.61). Conclusion: For the purpose of delirium screening in patients with aphasia, increasing the ICDSC cut-off value to ≥ 5 points enables effective screening. Further studies are necessary to characterize post-stroke delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Boßelmann
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Zurloh
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria-Ioanna Stefanou
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vera Stadler
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Poli
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annerose Mengel
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Scherer M, Milosevic L, Guggenberger R, Volker M, Naros G, Grimm F, Bucurenciu I, Steinhoff B, Weber Y, Lerche H, Weiss D, Rona S, Gharabaghi A. FV 25 Cortical α-activity identifies responders to anterior thalamic deep brain stimulation for epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.04.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Bayat A, Knaus A, Juul AW, Dukic D, Gardella E, Charzewska A, Clement E, Hjalgrim H, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Horn D, Horton R, Hurst JA, Josifova D, Larsen LHG, Lascelles K, Obersztyn E, Pagnamenta A, Pal DK, Pendziwiat M, Ryten M, Taylor J, Vogt J, Weber Y, Krawitz PM, Helbig I, Kini U, Møller RS. PIGT-CDG, a disorder of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor: description of 13 novel patients and expansion of the clinical characteristics. Genet Med 2019; 21:2216-2223. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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26
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Hanci I, Kamm C, Scholten M, Roncoroni LP, Weber Y, Krüger R, Plewnia C, Gharabaghi A, Weiss D. Long-Term Effect of GPi-DBS in a Patient With Generalized Dystonia Due to GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome. Front Neurol 2018; 9:381. [PMID: 29899725 PMCID: PMC5988881 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment outcomes from pallidal deep brain stimulation are highly heterogeneous reflecting the phenotypic and etiologic spectrum of dystonia. Treatment stratification to neurostimulation therapy primarily relies on the phenotypic motor presentation; however, etiology including genetic factors are increasingly recognized as modifiers of treatment outcomes. Here, we describe a 53 year-old female patient with a progressive generalized dystonia since age 25. The patient underwent deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPi-DBS) at age 44. Since the clinical phenotype included mobile choreo-dystonic features, we expected favorable therapeutic outcome from GPi-DBS. Although mobile dystonia components were slightly improved in the long-term outcome from GPi-DBS the overall therapeutic response 9 years from implantation was limited when comparing “stimulation off” and “stimulation on” despite of proper electrode localization and sufficient stimulation programming. In order to further understand the reason for this limited motor symptom response, we aimed to clarify the etiology of generalized dystonia in this patient. Genetic testing identified a novel heterozygous pathogenic SLC2A1 mutation as cause of glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS). This case report presents the first outcome of GPi-DBS in a patient with GLUT1-DS, and suggests that genotype relations may increasingly complement phenotype-based therapy stratification of GPi-DBS in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Hanci
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kamm
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marlieke Scholten
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo P Roncoroni
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Christian Plewnia
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology and Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alireza Gharabaghi
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Weiss
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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27
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Knaus A, Pantel JT, Pendziwiat M, Hajjir N, Zhao M, Hsieh TC, Schubach M, Gurovich Y, Fleischer N, Jäger M, Köhler S, Muhle H, Korff C, Møller RS, Bayat A, Calvas P, Chassaing N, Warren H, Skinner S, Louie R, Evers C, Bohn M, Christen HJ, van den Born M, Obersztyn E, Charzewska A, Endziniene M, Kortüm F, Brown N, Robinson PN, Schelhaas HJ, Weber Y, Helbig I, Mundlos S, Horn D, Krawitz PM. Characterization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defects by clinical features, flow cytometry, and automated image analysis. Genome Med 2018; 10:3. [PMID: 29310717 PMCID: PMC5759841 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defects (GPIBDs) cause a group of phenotypically overlapping recessive syndromes with intellectual disability, for which pathogenic mutations have been described in 16 genes of the corresponding molecular pathway. An elevated serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP), a GPI-linked enzyme, has been used to assign GPIBDs to the phenotypic series of hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome (HPMRS) and to distinguish them from another subset of GPIBDs, termed multiple congenital anomalies hypotonia seizures syndrome (MCAHS). However, the increasing number of individuals with a GPIBD shows that hyperphosphatasia is a variable feature that is not ideal for a clinical classification. Methods We studied the discriminatory power of multiple GPI-linked substrates that were assessed by flow cytometry in blood cells and fibroblasts of 39 and 14 individuals with a GPIBD, respectively. On the phenotypic level, we evaluated the frequency of occurrence of clinical symptoms and analyzed the performance of computer-assisted image analysis of the facial gestalt in 91 individuals. Results We found that certain malformations such as Morbus Hirschsprung and diaphragmatic defects are more likely to be associated with particular gene defects (PIGV, PGAP3, PIGN). However, especially at the severe end of the clinical spectrum of HPMRS, there is a high phenotypic overlap with MCAHS. Elevation of AP has also been documented in some of the individuals with MCAHS, namely those with PIGA mutations. Although the impairment of GPI-linked substrates is supposed to play the key role in the pathophysiology of GPIBDs, we could not observe gene-specific profiles for flow cytometric markers or a correlation between their cell surface levels and the severity of the phenotype. In contrast, it was facial recognition software that achieved the highest accuracy in predicting the disease-causing gene in a GPIBD. Conclusions Due to the overlapping clinical spectrum of both HPMRS and MCAHS in the majority of affected individuals, the elevation of AP and the reduced surface levels of GPI-linked markers in both groups, a common classification as GPIBDs is recommended. The effectiveness of computer-assisted gestalt analysis for the correct gene inference in a GPIBD and probably beyond is remarkable and illustrates how the information contained in human faces is pivotal in the delineation of genetic entities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0510-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexej Knaus
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean Tori Pantel
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Pendziwiat
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nurulhuda Hajjir
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Zhao
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tzung-Chien Hsieh
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Schubach
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Marten Jäger
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Korff
- Unité de Neuropédiatrie, Université de Genève, CH-1211, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Danish Epilepsy Centre, DK-4293, Dianalund, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Allan Bayat
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Hvidovre, 2650, Hvicovre, Denmark
| | - Patrick Calvas
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Chassaing
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Christina Evers
- Genetische Poliklinik, Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Bohn
- St. Bernward Krankenhaus, 31134, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Christen
- Kinderkrankenhaus auf der Bult, Hannoversche Kinderheilanstalt, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ewa Obersztyn
- Institute of Mother and Child Department of Molecular Genetics, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Charzewska
- Institute of Mother and Child Department of Molecular Genetics, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Milda Endziniene
- Neurology Department, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Fanny Kortüm
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natasha Brown
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, MCRI, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Peter N Robinson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 06032, Farmington, USA
| | - Helenius J Schelhaas
- Departement of Neurology, Academic Center for Epileptology, 5590, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Horn
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter M Krawitz
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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Blumcke I, Spreafico R, Haaker G, Coras R, Kobow K, Bien CG, Pfäfflin M, Elger C, Widman G, Schramm J, Becker A, Braun KP, Leijten F, Baayen JC, Aronica E, Chassoux F, Hamer H, Stefan H, Rössler K, Thom M, Walker MC, Sisodiya SM, Duncan JS, McEvoy AW, Pieper T, Holthausen H, Kudernatsch M, Meencke HJ, Kahane P, Schulze-Bonhage A, Zentner J, Heiland DH, Urbach H, Steinhoff BJ, Bast T, Tassi L, Lo Russo G, Özkara C, Oz B, Krsek P, Vogelgesang S, Runge U, Lerche H, Weber Y, Honavar M, Pimentel J, Arzimanoglou A, Ulate-Campos A, Noachtar S, Hartl E, Schijns O, Guerrini R, Barba C, Jacques TS, Cross JH, Feucht M, Mühlebner A, Grunwald T, Trinka E, Winkler PA, Gil-Nagel A, Toledano Delgado R, Mayer T, Lutz M, Zountsas B, Garganis K, Rosenow F, Hermsen A, von Oertzen TJ, Diepgen TL, Avanzini G. Histopathological Findings in Brain Tissue Obtained during Epilepsy Surgery. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1648-1656. [PMID: 29069555 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1703784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed neuropathological information on the structural brain lesions underlying seizures is valuable for understanding drug-resistant focal epilepsy. METHODS We report the diagnoses made on the basis of resected brain specimens from 9523 patients who underwent epilepsy surgery for drug-resistant seizures in 36 centers from 12 European countries over 25 years. Histopathological diagnoses were determined through examination of the specimens in local hospitals (41%) or at the German Neuropathology Reference Center for Epilepsy Surgery (59%). RESULTS The onset of seizures occurred before 18 years of age in 75.9% of patients overall, and 72.5% of the patients underwent surgery as adults. The mean duration of epilepsy before surgical resection was 20.1 years among adults and 5.3 years among children. The temporal lobe was involved in 71.9% of operations. There were 36 histopathological diagnoses in seven major disease categories. The most common categories were hippocampal sclerosis, found in 36.4% of the patients (88.7% of cases were in adults), tumors (mainly ganglioglioma) in 23.6%, and malformations of cortical development in 19.8% (focal cortical dysplasia was the most common type, 52.7% of cases of which were in children). No histopathological diagnosis could be established for 7.7% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS In patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy requiring surgery, hippocampal sclerosis was the most common histopathological diagnosis among adults, and focal cortical dysplasia was the most common diagnosis among children. Tumors were the second most common lesion in both groups. (Funded by the European Union and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Blumcke
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gerrit Haaker
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Roland Coras
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katja Kobow
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christian G Bien
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Margarete Pfäfflin
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christian Elger
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Guido Widman
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Johannes Schramm
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Albert Becker
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kees P Braun
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Frans Leijten
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Johannes C Baayen
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Francine Chassoux
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hajo Hamer
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hermann Stefan
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Karl Rössler
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Thom
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Matthew C Walker
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John S Duncan
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andrew W McEvoy
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tom Pieper
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hans Holthausen
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Manfred Kudernatsch
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - H Joachim Meencke
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Philippe Kahane
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Schulze-Bonhage
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Josef Zentner
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dieter H Heiland
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Horst Urbach
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Bernhard J Steinhoff
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Bast
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Laura Tassi
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Giorgio Lo Russo
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Cigdem Özkara
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Buge Oz
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pavel Krsek
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Silke Vogelgesang
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Uwe Runge
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Holger Lerche
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yvonne Weber
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mrinalini Honavar
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - José Pimentel
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexis Arzimanoglou
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Adriana Ulate-Campos
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Soheyl Noachtar
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Hartl
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olaf Schijns
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carmen Barba
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J Helen Cross
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martha Feucht
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eugen Trinka
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Peter A Winkler
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonio Gil-Nagel
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rafael Toledano Delgado
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Mayer
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martin Lutz
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Basilios Zountsas
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Garganis
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Felix Rosenow
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anke Hermsen
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tim J von Oertzen
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas L Diepgen
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Giuliano Avanzini
- From the Departments of Neuropathology (I.B., G.H., R.C., K.K.) and Neurosurgery (K.R.) and the Epilepsy Center (H. Hamer, H.S.), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, the Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld (C.G.B., M.P.), the Departments of Epileptology (C.E., G.W.) and Neuropathology (A.B.), University of Bonn Medical Center, and Medical Faculty, University of Bonn (J.S.), Bonn, the Neuropediatric Clinic, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth (T.P., H. Holthausen, M.K., P.A.W.), the Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin (H.J.M.), the Epilepsy Center (G.H., A.S.-B.) and Department of Neurosurgery (J.Z., D.H.H.), University Hospital, and the Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg (H.U.) Freiburg, Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork (B.J.S., T.B.), the Departments of Neuropathology (S.V.) and Neurology (U.R.), University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, the Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (H.L., Y.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm (H.L., Y.W.), the Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich (S.N., E.H., P.A.W.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Radeberg (T.M., M.L.), Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and the Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main (F.R., A.H.), the Epilepsy Center Hessen-Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (F.R., A.H.), and the Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (T.L.D.) - all in Germany; the Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (R.S.) and the Department of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Center (G.A.), IRCCS Foundation, Neurological Institute C. Besta, and the Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital (L.T., G.L.R.), Milan, and the Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence (R.G., C.B.) - all in Italy; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (K.P.B., F.L.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center (J.C.B.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam (E.A., A.M.), and the Department of (Neuro)Pathology, VU University Medical Center (E.A., A.M.), Amsterdam, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede (E.A.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (O.S.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, Paris (F.C.), the Department of Neurology, Michallon Hospital, GIN INSERM Unité 836, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble (P. Kahane), and the Department of Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology in Children, University Hospitals of Lyon, and the Brain Dynamics and Cognition team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon (A.A., A.U.-C.) - all in France; the Departments of Neuropathology (M.T.) and Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (M.C.W., S.M.S., J.S.D., A.W.M.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and the Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme (T.S.J.) and Developmental Neurosciences Program (J.H.C.), UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and the Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (T.S.J.), London, and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield (J.H.C.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Departments of Neurology (C.Ö.) and Pathology (B.O.), Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Motol Epilepsy Center, Charles University in Prague, and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P. Krsek); the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos (M.H.), and the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon (J.P.) - both in Portugal; the Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Barcelona (A.A., A.U.-C.); the Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna (M.F., A.M.), the Departments of Neurology (E.T.) and Neurosurgery (P.A.W.), Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, and the Department of Neurology I, Neuromed Campus, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz (T.J.O.) - all in Austria; the Swiss Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (T.G.); the Department of Neurology, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid (A.G.-N., R.T.D.); and the Neurosurgical Department (B.Z.) and Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (K.G.), St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Kudin AP, Baron G, Zsurka G, Hampel KG, Elger CE, Grote A, Weber Y, Lerche H, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Schulz H, Ruppert AK, Sander T, Cheng Q, Arnér ES, Schomburg L, Seeher S, Fradejas-Villar N, Schweizer U, Kunz WS. Homozygous mutation in TXNRD1 is associated with genetic generalized epilepsy. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:270-277. [PMID: 28232204 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress has been widely implicated in the pathogenesis in various forms of human epilepsy. Here, we report a homozygous mutation in TXNRD1 (thioredoxin reductase 1) in a family with genetic generalized epilepsy. TXNRD1 is an essential selenium-containing enzyme involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox signaling. The TXNRD1 mutation p.Pro190Leu affecting a highly conserved amino acid residue was identified by whole-exome sequencing of blood DNA from the index patient. The detected mutation and its segregation within the family - all siblings of the index patient were homozygous and the parents heterozygous - were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. TXNRD1 activity was determined in subcellular fractions from a skeletal muscle biopsy and skin fibroblasts of the index patient and the expression levels of the mutated protein were assessed by 75Se labeling and Western blot analysis. As result of the mutation, the activity of TXNRD1 was reduced in the patient's fibroblasts and skeletal muscle (to 34±3% and 16±8% of controls, respectively). In fibroblasts, we detected reduced 75Se-labeling of the enzyme (41±3% of controls). An in-depth in vitro kinetic analysis of the recombinant mutated TXNRD1 indicated 30-40% lowered kcat/Se values. Therefore, a reduced activity of the enzyme in the patient's tissue samples is explained by (i) lower enzyme turnover and (ii) reduced abundance of the mutated enzyme as confirmed by Western blotting and 75Se labeling. The mutant fibroblasts were also found to be less resistant to a hydrogen peroxide challenge. Our data agree with a potential role of insufficient ROS detoxification for disease manifestation in genetic generalized epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei P Kudin
- Department of Epileptology and Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gregor Baron
- Department of Epileptology and Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gábor Zsurka
- Department of Epileptology and Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Kevin G Hampel
- Department of Epileptology and Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christian E Elger
- Department of Epileptology and Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Alexander Grote
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Sander
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Elias Sj Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sandra Seeher
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany.
| | - Noelia Fradejas-Villar
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany.
| | - Wolfram S Kunz
- Department of Epileptology and Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Santiago-Sim T, Burrage LC, Ebstein F, Tokita MJ, Miller M, Bi W, Braxton AA, Rosenfeld JA, Shahrour M, Lehmann A, Cogné B, Küry S, Besnard T, Isidor B, Bézieau S, Hazart I, Nagakura H, Immken LL, Littlejohn RO, Roeder E, Kara B, Hardies K, Weckhuysen S, May P, Lemke JR, Elpeleg O, Abu-Libdeh B, James KN, Silhavy JL, Issa MY, Zaki MS, Gleeson JG, Seavitt JR, Dickinson ME, Ljungberg MC, Wells S, Johnson SJ, Teboul L, Eng CM, Yang Y, Kloetzel PM, Heaney JD, Walkiewicz MA, Afawi Z, Balling R, Barisic N, Baulac S, Craiu D, De Jonghe P, Guerrero-Lopez R, Guerrini R, Helbig I, Hjalgrim H, Jähn J, Klein KM, Leguern E, Lerche H, Marini C, Muhle H, Rosenow F, Serratosa J, Sterbová K, Suls A, Moller RS, Striano P, Weber Y, Zara F. Biallelic Variants in OTUD6B Cause an Intellectual Disability Syndrome Associated with Seizures and Dysmorphic Features. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:676-688. [PMID: 28343629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification that regulates many cellular processes including protein degradation, intracellular trafficking, cell signaling, and protein-protein interactions. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which reverse the process of ubiquitination, are important regulators of the ubiquitin system. OTUD6B encodes a member of the ovarian tumor domain (OTU)-containing subfamily of deubiquitinating enzymes. Herein, we report biallelic pathogenic variants in OTUD6B in 12 individuals from 6 independent families with an intellectual disability syndrome associated with seizures and dysmorphic features. In subjects with predicted loss-of-function alleles, additional features include global developmental delay, microcephaly, absent speech, hypotonia, growth retardation with prenatal onset, feeding difficulties, structural brain abnormalities, congenital malformations including congenital heart disease, and musculoskeletal features. Homozygous Otud6b knockout mice were subviable, smaller in size, and had congenital heart defects, consistent with the severity of loss-of-function variants in humans. Analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from an affected subject showed reduced incorporation of 19S subunits into 26S proteasomes, decreased chymotrypsin-like activity, and accumulation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. Our findings suggest a role for OTUD6B in proteasome function, establish that defective OTUD6B function underlies a multisystemic human disorder, and provide additional evidence for the emerging relationship between the ubiquitin system and human disease.
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Johannesen K, Marini C, Pfeffer S, Møller RS, Dorn T, Niturad CE, Gardella E, Weber Y, Søndergård M, Hjalgrim H, Nikanorova M, Becker F, Larsen LH, Dahl HA, Maier O, Mei D, Biskup S, Klein KM, Reif PS, Rosenow F, Elias AF, Hudson C, Helbig KL, Schubert-Bast S, Scordo MR, Craiu D, Djémié T, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Caglayan H, Helbig I, Serratosa J, Striano P, De Jonghe P, Weckhuysen S, Suls A, Muru K, Talvik I, Talvik T, Muhle H, Borggraefe I, Rost I, Guerrini R, Lerche H, Lemke JR, Rubboli G, Maljevic S. Phenotypic spectrum of
GABRA1. Neurology 2016; 87:1140-51. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bauer S, Baier H, Baumgartner C, Bohlmann K, Fauser S, Graf W, Hillenbrand B, Hirsch M, Last C, Lerche H, Mayer T, Schulze-Bonhage A, Steinhoff B, Weber Y, Hartlep A, Rosenow F, Hamer H. Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) for Treatment of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial (cMPsE02). Brain Stimul 2016; 9:356-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lang N, Lange M, Schmitt FC, Bös M, Weber Y, Evers S, Burghaus L, Kellinghaus C, Schubert-Bast S, Bösel J, Lammers T, Sabolek M, van Baalen A, Dziewas R, Kraft A, Ruf S, Stephani U. Intravenous lacosamide in clinical practice-Results from an independent registry. Seizure 2016; 39:5-9. [PMID: 27161669 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This non-interventional study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of intravenous lacosamide (LCM-iv) under routine conditions in daily clinical practice as a prospective registry. METHODS Patients with any type of seizure or epilepsy syndrome were recruited in 16 neurological and neuropediatric centers in Germany if the treating physician decided to administer LCM-iv for any reason. Observation time per patient was 10 days with daily documentation of LCM-iv administration, type and frequency of seizures, currently used drugs and doses, and adverse events. Treatment efficacy, tolerability, and handling of LCM-iv were assessed using a five-step scale. RESULTS In 119 patients treating physicians classified epilepsies as focal in 66.1% and generalized in 17.4% (16.5% unclassifiable). Most common etiologies of seizures were tumors (36.1%) and cerebrovascular diseases (21.8%). Reasons for LCM-iv treatment included preparation for surgery (25.2%), convulsive (24.4%) and non-convulsive (18.5%) status epilepticus (SE), series of seizures (16.0%), gastrointestinal causes (5.9%), and acute seizures (4.2%). The median dose of LCM-iv was 300mg per day. In 45 of 64 patients (70.3%) with SE or series of seizures, epileptic activity ceased during observation time. Five patients showed abnormalities in ECG prior to the infusion and one patient afterwards, but during infusion no abnormalities were reported. Treating physicians rated efficacy and tolerability as very good or good in 77.6% and 93.1% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This large and independent multicenter registry on the use of LCM-iv in clinical practice demonstrates that LCM-iv is well-tolerated and highly efficacious when given in emergency situations, including patients experiencing SE. It is advisable to perform an electrocardiogram prior to LCM-iv administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Max Lange
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Monika Bös
- Department of Neurology, St. Johannes Hospital, Troisdorf, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Evers
- Department of Neurology, Lindenbrunn Hospital, Coppenbrügge, Germany
| | - Lothar Burghaus
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Julian Bösel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lammers
- Department of Neurology, Johanna-Etienne-Hospital, Neuss, Germany
| | - Michael Sabolek
- Neurology Specialist Hospital Dietenbronn, Schwendi, Germany
| | - Andreas van Baalen
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Dziewas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Kraft
- Department of Neurology, Martha-Maria Hospital, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susanne Ruf
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stephani
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Schönenberg M, Jusyte A, Höhnle N, Mayer SV, Weber Y, Hautzinger M, Schell C. Theory of mind abilities in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 53:20-4. [PMID: 26515154 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) have been frequently linked to deficits in affect regulation and altered processing of emotionally salient information. However, less is known about how patients suffering from PNES actually process and interpret affective social stimuli. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate basal facial affect recognition as well as mind-reading skills in a sample of patients with PNES and matched control subjects. METHODS Patients with PNES (N=15) and healthy controls (N=15) completed self-report questionnaires that measured alexithymia and perceived stress vulnerability. Affect perception was tested using a series of computerized movies of models whose facial expressions slowly change from neutral to full-blown emotions (anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise), allowing for a fine-grained assessment of facial emotion recognition impairments. Further, all participants were presented with the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition, a well-validated video-based test for the evaluation of subtle mind-reading deficits. RESULTS Data analyses revealed increased alexithymic traits and, impaired mentalizing skills in individuals with PNES, while basal facial expression recognition was not compromised. DISCUSSION The present findings are the first to demonstrate that patients with PNES exhibit several deficits in reasoning about their own and other people's mental states. Patients with PNES may benefit from psychotherapeutic interventions that focus on disturbed affect regulation and aim to enhance emotional awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schönenberg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Aiste Jusyte
- LEAD Graduate School, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Höhnle
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Verena Mayer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Schell
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hospital Steinenberg, Reutlingen, Germany
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Bischof F, Weber Y. Fampridin: Gute Krankengymnastik reicht aus – Kontra. Akt Neurol 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1552711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Bischof
- Abteilung Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt Vaskuläre Neurologie, Universität Tübingen
| | - Y. Weber
- Abteilung Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt Epileptologie, Hertie Institut für Klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen
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Hardies K, de Kovel CGF, Weckhuysen S, Asselbergh B, Geuens T, Deconinck T, Azmi A, May P, Brilstra E, Becker F, Barisic N, Craiu D, Braun KP, Lal D, Thiele H, Schubert J, Weber Y, van ‘t Slot R, Nürnberg P, Balling R, Timmerman V, Lerche H, Maudsley S, Helbig I, Suls A, Koeleman BP. Recessive mutations inSLC13A5result in a loss of citrate transport and cause neonatal epilepsy, developmental delay and teeth hypoplasia. Brain 2015; 138:3238-50. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Wolking S, Weber Y. Genetik der epileptischen Enzephalopathien. Akt Neurol 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1559619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wolking
- Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt Epileptologie, Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen
| | - Y. Weber
- Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt Epileptologie, Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen
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Lang A, Neuhaus J, Pfeiffenberger M, Schröder E, Ponomarev I, Weber Y, Gaber T, Schmidt MFG. Optimization of a nonviral transfection system to evaluate Cox-2 controlled interleukin-4 expression for osteoarthritis gene therapy in vitro. J Gene Med 2015; 16:352-63. [PMID: 25382123 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy appears to have the potential for achieving a long-term remedy for osteoarthritis (OA). However, there is a risk of adverse reactions, especially when using cytomegalovirus-controlled expression. To provide a safe application, we focused on the expression of therapeutic cytokines [e.g. interleukin (IL)-4] in a disease-responsive manner by use of the previously cloned Cox-2 promoter as 'genetic switch'. In the present study, we report the functionality of a controlled gene therapeutic system in an equine osteoarthritic cell model. METHODS Different nonviral transfection reagents were tested for their efficiency on equine chondrocytes stimulated with equine IL-1β or lipopolysaccharide to create an inflammatory environment. To optimize the transfection, we successfully redesigned the vector by excluding the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). The functionality of our Cox-2 promoter construct with respect to expressing IL-4 was proven at the mRNA and protein levels and the anti-inflammatory potential of IL-4 was confirmed by analyzing the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Nonviral transfection reagents yielded transfection rates from 21% to 44% with control vectors with and without IRES, respectively. Stimulation of equine chondrocytes resulted in a 20-fold increase of mRNA expression of IL-1β. Such exogenous stimulation of chondrocytes transfected with pNCox2-IL4 led to an increase of IL-4 mRNA expression, whereas expression of inflammatory mediators decreased. The timely link between these events confirms the anti-inflammatory potential of synthesized IL-4. CONCLUSIONS We consider that this approach has significant potential for translation into a useful anti-inflammation therapy. Molecular tools such as the described therapeutic plasmid pave the way for a local-controlled, self-limiting gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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Wolking S, Becker F, Rau S, Weber Y, Depondt C, Sisodiya S, Lerche H. P88. Identification of genome-based biomarkers for response to specific antiepileptic drugs in focal and idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Clin Neurophysiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.04.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lauxmann S, Weber Y, Lerche H, Koch H. P97. The pathophysiology of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Clin Neurophysiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.04.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Schubert J, Siekierska A, Esguerra C, Weber Y, Lerche H. V23. Mutations in STX1B encoding a presynaptic protein cause fever-associated epilepsy syndromes. Clin Neurophysiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Guipponi M, Chentouf A, Webling KE, Freimann K, Crespel A, Nobile C, Lemke JR, Hansen J, Dorn T, Lesca G, Ryvlin P, Hirsch E, Rudolf G, Rosenberg DS, Weber Y, Becker F, Helbig I, Muhle H, Salzmann A, Chaouch M, Oubaiche ML, Ziglio S, Gehrig C, Santoni F, Pizzato M, Langel Ü, Antonarakis SE. Galanin pathogenic mutations in temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3082-91. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Hallmann K, Zsurka G, Moskau-Hartmann S, Kirschner J, Korinthenberg R, Ruppert AK, Ozdemir O, Weber Y, Becker F, Lerche H, Elger CE, Thiele H, Nurnberg P, Sander T, Kunz WS. A homozygous splice-site mutation in CARS2 is associated with progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Neurology 2014; 83:2183-7. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lal D, Reinthaler EM, Schubert J, Muhle H, Riesch E, Kluger G, Jabbari K, Kawalia A, Bäumel C, Holthausen H, Hahn A, Feucht M, Neophytou B, Haberlandt E, Becker F, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Lemke JR, Lerche H, Nürnberg P, Sander T, Weber Y, Zimprich F, Neubauer BA. DEPDC5 mutations in genetic focal epilepsies of childhood. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:788-92. [PMID: 24591017 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reported DEPDC5 loss-of-function mutations in different focal epilepsy syndromes. Here we identified 1 predicted truncation and 2 missense mutations in 3 children with rolandic epilepsy (3 of 207). In addition, we identified 3 families with unclassified focal childhood epilepsies carrying predicted truncating DEPDC5 mutations (3 of 82). The detected variants were all novel, inherited, and present in all tested affected (n=11) and in 7 unaffected family members, indicating low penetrance. Our findings extend the phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in DEPDC5 and suggest that rolandic epilepsy, albeit rarely, and other nonlesional childhood epilepsies are among the associated syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lal
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Suls A, Jaehn JA, Kecskés A, Weber Y, Weckhuysen S, Craiu DC, Siekierska A, Djémié T, Afrikanova T, Gormley P, von Spiczak S, Kluger G, Iliescu CM, Talvik T, Talvik I, Meral C, Caglayan HS, Giraldez BG, Serratosa J, Lemke JR, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Szczepanik E, Barisic N, Komarek V, Hjalgrim H, Møller RS, Linnankivi T, Dimova P, Striano P, Zara F, Marini C, Guerrini R, Depienne C, Baulac S, Kuhlenbäumer G, Crawford AD, Lehesjoki AE, de Witte PAM, Palotie A, Lerche H, Esguerra CV, De Jonghe P, Helbig I. De novo loss-of-function mutations in CHD2 cause a fever-sensitive myoclonic epileptic encephalopathy sharing features with Dravet syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:967-75. [PMID: 24207121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome is a severe epilepsy syndrome characterized by infantile onset of therapy-resistant, fever-sensitive seizures followed by cognitive decline. Mutations in SCN1A explain about 75% of cases with Dravet syndrome; 90% of these mutations arise de novo. We studied a cohort of nine Dravet-syndrome-affected individuals without an SCN1A mutation (these included some atypical cases with onset at up to 2 years of age) by using whole-exome sequencing in proband-parent trios. In two individuals, we identified a de novo loss-of-function mutation in CHD2 (encoding chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2). A third CHD2 mutation was identified in an epileptic proband of a second (stage 2) cohort. All three individuals with a CHD2 mutation had intellectual disability and fever-sensitive generalized seizures, as well as prominent myoclonic seizures starting in the second year of life or later. To explore the functional relevance of CHD2 haploinsufficiency in an in vivo model system, we knocked down chd2 in zebrafish by using targeted morpholino antisense oligomers. chd2-knockdown larvae exhibited altered locomotor activity, and the epileptic nature of this seizure-like behavior was confirmed by field-potential recordings that revealed epileptiform discharges similar to seizures in affected persons. Both altered locomotor activity and epileptiform discharges were absent in appropriate control larvae. Our study provides evidence that de novo loss-of-function mutations in CHD2 are a cause of epileptic encephalopathy with generalized seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Suls
- Neurogenetics group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Kasperavičiūtė D, Catarino CB, Matarin M, Leu C, Novy J, Tostevin A, Leal B, Hessel EVS, Hallmann K, Hildebrand MS, Dahl HHM, Ryten M, Trabzuni D, Ramasamy A, Alhusaini S, Doherty CP, Dorn T, Hansen J, Krämer G, Steinhoff BJ, Zumsteg D, Duncan S, Kälviäinen RK, Eriksson KJ, Kantanen AM, Pandolfo M, Gruber-Sedlmayr U, Schlachter K, Reinthaler EM, Stogmann E, Zimprich F, Théâtre E, Smith C, O’Brien TJ, Meng Tan K, Petrovski S, Robbiano A, Paravidino R, Zara F, Striano P, Sperling MR, Buono RJ, Hakonarson H, Chaves J, Costa PP, Silva BM, da Silva AM, de Graan PNE, Koeleman BPC, Becker A, Schoch S, von Lehe M, Reif PS, Rosenow F, Becker F, Weber Y, Lerche H, Rössler K, Buchfelder M, Hamer HM, Kobow K, Coras R, Blumcke I, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF, Weale ME, Delanty N, Depondt C, Cavalleri GL, Kunz WS, Sisodiya SM. Epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis and febrile seizures linked by common genetic variation around SCN1A. Brain 2013; 136:3140-50. [PMID: 24014518 PMCID: PMC3784283 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy comprises several syndromes, amongst the most common being mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Seizures in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis are typically drug-resistant, and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is frequently associated with important co-morbidities, mandating the search for better understanding and treatment. The cause of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is unknown, but there is an association with childhood febrile seizures. Several rarer epilepsies featuring febrile seizures are caused by mutations in SCN1A, which encodes a brain-expressed sodium channel subunit targeted by many anti-epileptic drugs. We undertook a genome-wide association study in 1018 people with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and 7552 control subjects, with validation in an independent sample set comprising 959 people with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and 3591 control subjects. To dissect out variants related to a history of febrile seizures, we tested cases with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis with (overall n = 757) and without (overall n = 803) a history of febrile seizures. Meta-analysis revealed a genome-wide significant association for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis with febrile seizures at the sodium channel gene cluster on chromosome 2q24.3 [rs7587026, within an intron of the SCN1A gene, P = 3.36 × 10(-9), odds ratio (A) = 1.42, 95% confidence interval: 1.26-1.59]. In a cohort of 172 individuals with febrile seizures, who did not develop epilepsy during prospective follow-up to age 13 years, and 6456 controls, no association was found for rs7587026 and febrile seizures. These findings suggest SCN1A involvement in a common epilepsy syndrome, give new direction to biological understanding of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis with febrile seizures, and open avenues for investigation of prognostic factors and possible prevention of epilepsy in some children with febrile seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Kasperavičiūtė
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Claudia B. Catarino
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 2 Epilepsy Society, Chalfont-St-Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Mar Matarin
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Costin Leu
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jan Novy
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 2 Epilepsy Society, Chalfont-St-Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Anna Tostevin
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 2 Epilepsy Society, Chalfont-St-Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Bárbara Leal
- 3 Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- 4 UMIB - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ellen V. S. Hessel
- 5 Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Hallmann
- 6 Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- 7 Life & Brain Centre, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael S. Hildebrand
- 8 Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Hans-Henrik M. Dahl
- 8 Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Mina Ryten
- 9 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 10 Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- 9 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 10 Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 11 Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- 9 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 10 Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 12 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- 13 Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- 14 Brain Morphometry Laboratory, Neurophysics Department, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Colin P. Doherty
- 15 Department of Neurology, St James’ Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Thomas Dorn
- 16 Swiss Epilepsy Centre, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Hansen
- 16 Swiss Epilepsy Centre, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Dominik Zumsteg
- 18 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan Duncan
- 19 Edinburgh and South East Scotland Epilepsy Service, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
| | - Reetta K. Kälviäinen
- 20 Kuopio Epilepsy Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- 21 Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai J. Eriksson
- 22 Paediatric Neurology Unit, Tampere University Hospital and Paediatric Research Centre, University of Tampere, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne-Mari Kantanen
- 20 Kuopio Epilepsy Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- 23 Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kurt Schlachter
- 25 Department of Paediatrics, LKH Bregenz, 6900 Bregenz, Austria
| | - Eva M. Reinthaler
- 26 Department of Clinical Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Stogmann
- 26 Department of Clinical Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- 26 Department of Clinical Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilie Théâtre
- 27 Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-R) and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- 28 Unit of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Colin Smith
- 29 Department of Neuropathology, MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, Wilkie Building, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Terence J. O’Brien
- 30 Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3050, Australia
- 31 Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - K. Meng Tan
- 30 Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3050, Australia
- 31 Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Slave Petrovski
- 30 Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3050, Australia
- 31 Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
- 32 Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Angela Robbiano
- 33 Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Genoa, ‘G. Gaslini’ Institute, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Paravidino
- 33 Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Genoa, ‘G. Gaslini’ Institute, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- 33 Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Genoa, ‘G. Gaslini’ Institute, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- 34 Paediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, ‘G. Gaslini’ Institute, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Michael R. Sperling
- 35 Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Russell J. Buono
- 36 Department of Biomedical Science, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- 37 Centre for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
| | - João Chaves
- 38 Department of Neurological Disorders and Senses, Hospital Santo António / Centro Hospitalar do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo P. Costa
- 3 Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- 4 UMIB - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
- 39 Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 4049-019 Porto, Portugal
| | - Berta M. Silva
- 3 Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- 4 UMIB - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - António M. da Silva
- 4 UMIB - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
- 38 Department of Neurological Disorders and Senses, Hospital Santo António / Centro Hospitalar do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pierre N. E. de Graan
- 5 Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bobby P. C. Koeleman
- 40 Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Becker
- 41 Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- 41 Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marec von Lehe
- 42 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Philipp S. Reif
- 43 Epilepsy-Centre Hessen, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals and Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- 43 Epilepsy-Centre Hessen, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals and Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Becker
- 44 Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- 44 Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger Lerche
- 44 Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl Rössler
- 45 Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- 45 Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hajo M. Hamer
- 46 Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Centre, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katja Kobow
- 47 Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Coras
- 47 Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Blumcke
- 47 Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingrid E. Scheffer
- 8 Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
- 48 Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
- 49 Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Samuel F. Berkovic
- 8 Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Michael E. Weale
- 12 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - UK Brain Expression Consortium
- 9 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 10 Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Norman Delanty
- 13 Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- 50 Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Chantal Depondt
- 23 Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gianpiero L. Cavalleri
- 13 Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Wolfram S. Kunz
- 6 Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- 7 Life & Brain Centre, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- 1 NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- 2 Epilepsy Society, Chalfont-St-Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
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48
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Rosenow F, Schade-Brittinger C, Burchardi N, Bauer S, Klein KM, Weber Y, Lerche H, Evers S, Kovac S, Hallmeyer-Elgner S, Winkler G, Springub J, Niedhammer M, Roth E, Eisensehr I, Berrouschot J, Arnold S, Schröder M, Beige A, Oertel WH, Strzelczyk A, Haag A, Reif PS, Hamer HM. The LaLiMo Trial: lamotrigine compared with levetiracetam in the initial 26 weeks of monotherapy for focal and generalised epilepsy--an open-label, prospective, randomised controlled multicenter study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83:1093-8. [PMID: 22595362 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of the newer antiepileptic drugs, lamotrigine (LTG) and levetiracetam (LEV) are popular first choice drugs for epilepsy. The authors compared these drugs with regard to their efficacy and tolerability in the initial monotherapy for epilepsy. METHODS A randomised, open-label, controlled, parallel group, multicenter trial was conducted to test the superiority of the LEV arm over the LTG arm. The primary endpoint was the rate of seizure-free patients in the first 6 weeks (two-sided Fisher's exact test, α=0.05, intent-to-treat set). Furthermore, efficacy, tolerability and quality of life were evaluated. The authors included 409 patients aged ≥12 years with newly diagnosed focal or generalised epilepsy defined by either two or more unprovoked seizures or one first seizure with high risk for recurrence. Patients were titrated to 2000 mg/day of LEV or 200 mg/day of LTG reached on day 22 or 71, respectively. Two dose adjustments by 500/50 mg were allowed. RESULTS The proportions of seizure-free patients were 67.5% (LEV) versus 64.0% (LTG) 6 weeks after randomisation (p=0.47), and 45.2% (LEV) versus 47.8% (LTG) during the whole treatment period of 26 weeks. The HR (LEV vs. LTG) for seizure-free time was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.61 to 1.22). Adverse events occurred in 74.5% (LEV) versus 70.6% (LTG) of the patients (p=0.38). Adverse events associated with study discontinuation occurred in 17/204 (LEV) versus 8/201 (LTG) patients (p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS There were no significant differences with regard to efficacy and tolerability of LEV and LTG in newly diagnosed focal and generalised epilepsy despite more rapid titration in the LEV arm. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00242606.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Hessen, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Giessen & Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Dihné M, Schmidt-Wilcke T, Focke N, Weber Y, Lerche H. Neues aus der Epileptologie. Akt Neurol 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1305247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dihné
- Abteilung Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt Epileptologie, Hertie Institut für Klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen
| | - T. Schmidt-Wilcke
- Abteilung Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt Epileptologie, Hertie Institut für Klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen
| | - N. Focke
- Abteilung Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt Epileptologie, Hertie Institut für Klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen
| | - Y. Weber
- Abteilung Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt Epileptologie, Hertie Institut für Klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen
| | - H. Lerche
- Abteilung Neurologie mit Schwerpunkt Epileptologie, Hertie Institut für Klinische Hirnforschung, Universität Tübingen
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