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Chakma SK, Hossen S, Rakib TM, Hoque S, Islam R, Biswas T, Islam Z, Islam MM. Effectiveness of a hand hygiene training intervention in improving knowledge and compliance rate among healthcare workers in a respiratory disease hospital. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27286. [PMID: 38486731 PMCID: PMC10937679 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Practicing hand hygiene (HH) is a crucial element of infection control, with healthcare workers (HCWs) playing a vital role in preventing the spread of infection. However, inadequate knowledge and non-compliance to HH protocols pose significant challenges in healthcare settings. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an HH training intervention in enhancing knowledge and staff compliance within a respiratory disease hospital. Method A pre-and post-training study was conducted among the healthcare workers in a respiratory disease treatment facility. The intervention comprised a series of 3-hour training sessions conducted over five days, focusing on the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended guideline "Your Five Moments For Hand Hygiene." These sessions covered proper HH techniques and underscored the repercussions of inadequate compliance. Educational materials related to HH were displayed in prominent locations throughout the facility. The knowledge levels and compliance rate were assessed before and after the intervention. Result The intervention significantly improved HH knowledge levels and compliance rates among the participants. Marking a significant improvement, the compliance rate of HH protocols increased from 66.0% to 88.3% during the pre-to post-training period, with a concurrent increase in the mean knowledge score from 68.6% to 78.9%. Conclusion This study underscores the potential of training and education in elevating HH compliance and knowledge among healthcare workers. The findings advocate that healthcare facilities routinely incorporate such interventions into their infection control programs, ultimately improving patient and healthcare worker safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Kishor Chakma
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Saheen Hossen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tareq Mahmud Rakib
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Samsul Hoque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Rashadul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tapos Biswas
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - M Munirul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
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Islam R, Ahmed S, Chakma SK, Mahmud T, Al Mamun A, Islam Z, Islam MM. Smoking and pre-existing co-morbidities as risk factors for developing severity of COVID-19 infection: Evidence from a field hospital in a rural area of Bangladesh. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295040. [PMID: 38064450 PMCID: PMC10707513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since August 2020; the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) in collaboration with UNICEF has been operating a COVID-19 field hospital at the Teknaf sub-district of Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh. This paper is focused on estimating the effects of a history of tobacco smoking and pre-existing co-morbidities on the severity of COVID-19 infection among adult patients admitted into the aforesaid hospital. We conducted a retrospective data analysis of COVID-19 adult patients hospitalized from August 27, 2020 to April 20, 2022. Based on inclusion criteria; a total of 788 admitted patients were included in the analysis. We conducted a Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test for the categorical variables to see their associations. Multinomial logistic regression models were performed to explore the risk factors for the severity of COVID-19 infection. Among 788 patients, 18.4%, 18.8%, 13%, 7.1%, 3.4%, and 1.9% have had a history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and asthma respectively. Overall, the mean age of the patients was 40.3 ± 16.4 years and 51% were female. In multivariate analysis, history of smoking and co-morbidities were identified as the risk factors for the severity of COVID-19 infection; the history of smoking was found linked with an increase in the risk of developing critical, severe, and moderate level of COVID-19 infection- notably 3.17 times (RRR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.3-7.68), 2.98 times (RRR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.87-4.76) and 1.96 times (RRR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.25-3.08) respectively more than the patients who never smoked. It was evident that patients with at least one of the selected co-morbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, COPD, CVD, and asthma exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing severe illness of COVID-19 compared to patients without any co-morbidity. History of tobacco smoking and pre-existing co-morbidities were significantly associated with an increased severity of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashadul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayem Ahmed
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Samar Kishor Chakma
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tareq Mahmud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Munirul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Hasan MZ, Ahmed S, Islam Z, Dorin F, Rabbani MG, Mehdi GG, Ahmed MW, Tahsina T, Mahmood SS, Islam Z. Costs of services and funding gap of the Bangladesh National Tuberculosis Control Programme 2016-2022: An ingredient based approach. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286560. [PMID: 37267308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bangladesh National Tuberculosis (TB) Control Programme (NTP) has deployed improved diagnostic technologies which may drive up the programme costs. We aimed to estimate the supply-side costs associated with the delivery of the NTP and the funding gap between the cost of implementation and available funding for the Bangladesh NTP. METHODS An ingredient-based costing approach was applied using WHO's OneHealth Tool software. We considered 2016, as the base year and projected cost estimates up to 2022 using information on NTP planned activities. Data were collected through consultative meetings with experts and officials/managers, review of documents and databases, and visits to five purposively selected TB healthcare facilities. The estimated costs were compared with the funds allocated to the NTP between 2018 and 2022 to estimate the funding gap. FINDINGS The estimated total cost of NTP was US$ 49.22 million in 2016, which would increase to US$ 146.93 million in 2022. Human resources (41.1%) and medicines and investigations/ supplies (38.0%) were the major two cost components. Unit costs were highest for treating extensively drug-resistant TB at US$ 7,422.4 in 2016. Between 2018-2022, NTP would incur US$ 536.8 million, which is US$ 235.18 million higher than the current allocation for NTP. CONCLUSION Our results indicated a funding gap associated with the NTP in each of the years between 2018-2022. Policy planners should advocate for additional funding to ensure smooth delivery of TB services in the upcoming years. The cost estimates of TB services can also be used for planning and budgeting for delivering TB services in similar country contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahid Hasan
- Health Economics and Financing, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sayem Ahmed
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment (HEHTA), Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Zeenat Islam
- Health Economics and Financing, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Dorin
- Health Economics and Financing, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Golam Rabbani
- Health Economics and Financing, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gazi Golam Mehdi
- Health Economics and Financing, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Wahid Ahmed
- Health Economics and Financing, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tazeen Tahsina
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shehrin Shaila Mahmood
- Health Economics and Financing, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Health Economics and Financing, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Shah R, Khan RS, Jan AU, Ullah S, Ditta A, Islam Z, Ullah R, Ullah R, Soufan W, Almutairi KF, Rajendran K, Elango D, El Sabagh A. Plant Growth Regulators with a Balanced Supply of Nutrients Enhance the Phytoextraction Efficiency of Parthenium hysterophorus for Cadmium in Contaminated Soil. ACS Omega 2023; 8:18940-18950. [PMID: 37273635 PMCID: PMC10233834 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in soil, such as cadmium (Cd), poses a serious threat to global food security and human health. It must be managed using environmentally friendly and cost-effective technologies. Plants with high resistance to Cd stress and high biomass production could be potential candidates for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils to improve Cd phytoextraction. In this regard, the present study was carried out to determine the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3), indole acetic acid (IAA), and fertilizers (N, P, and K) on Parthenium hysterophorus growth and biomass production as well as Cd phytoextraction capabilities. A pot experiment was conducted with various combinations of PGRs and fertilizers, with treatments arranged in five replicates using a completely randomized design. After harvesting, each plant was divided into various parts such as stems, roots, and leaves, and different growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters were recorded. Results showed that under Cd stress, growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters were all significantly decreased. With the combined application of plant growth regulators (GA3 and IAA) and nutrients, Cd stress was alleviated and all parameters significantly improved. In comparison to the control treatment, the combined application of N + P + K + GA3 + IAA resulted in the highest fresh and dry biomass production of the root (12.31 and 5.11 g pot-1), shoot (19. 69 and 6.99 g pot-1), leaves (16.56 and 7.09 g pot-1), and entire plant (48.56 and 19.19 g pot-1). Similarly, the same treatment resulted in higher chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll contents under Cd stress, which were 2.19, 2.03, and 3.21 times higher than the control, which was Cd stress without any treatment. The combination of N + P + K + GA3 + IAA also resulted in the highest proline and phenolic contents. In the case of different enzyme activities, the combined application of N + P + K + GA3 + IAA under Cd stress led to a high increase in catalase (2.5 times), superoxide (3.5 times), and peroxidase (3.7 times) compared to the control. With the combined application of N+ P+ K + GA3 + IAA, the maximum values of BCF (8.25), BAC (2.6), and RF (5.14%) were measured for phytoextraction potential. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that P. hysterophorus has a high potential to grow, produce the most biomass, and act as a Cd hyperaccumulator in Cd-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Shah
- Department
of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KPK 23200, Pakistan
| | - Raham Sher Khan
- Department
of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KPK 23200, Pakistan
| | - Amin Ullah Jan
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Shaheed
Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18000, Pakistan
| | - Sadeeq Ullah
- School
of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan
University of Technology, Dongguan 523820, China
| | - Allah Ditta
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir
Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18000, Pakistan
- School
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Western Australia, 35
Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Department
of Animal Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto
University Sheringal, Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18000, Pakistan
| | - Rahim Ullah
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Shaheed
Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18000, Pakistan
| | - Raza Ullah
- Laboratory
of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402-6170, United
States
| | - Walid Soufan
- Plant
Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid F. Almutairi
- Plant
Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karthika Rajendran
- VIT
School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dinakaran Elango
- Department
of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-2140, United States
| | - Ayman El Sabagh
- Department
of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh
University, Kafr al-Sheik First, 33511, Egypt
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Mabood F, Hadi F, Jan AU, Ditta A, Islam Z, Siddiqui MH, Ali HM, Sabagh AEL. Assessment of Pb and Ni and potential health risks associated with the consumption of vegetables grown on the roadside soils in District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:906. [PMID: 36253629 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables cultivated near roads absorb toxic metals from polluted soil, which enter the human body through the food chain and cause serious health problems to humans. The present study investigated the concentration of lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in soils and vegetables grown along the roadside of District Swat, Pakistan, and the health risks associated with the consumption of the tested vegetables. In results, Pb concentration was higher in plants located at the distance between 0-10 m away from the roadside than the WHO permissible limit. In such plants, Pb concentration was higher than Ni. Rumex dentatus contained the highest concentration of Pb (75.63 mg kg-1 DW) among the tested vegetables while Ni concentration (27.57 mg kg-1 DW) was highest in Trachyspermum ammi as compared to other plants. Concentration and accumulation of both the metals decreased in soil and plants with increasing distance from the road. Similarly, target hazard quotient values noted for Pb (up to 3.37) were greater than unity, which shows that there is a potential risk associated with the consumption of tested vegetables near the road. Moreover, the values of target cancer risk (up to 0.8413) were greater than 0.0001, which shows that there is a risk of cancer with the consumption of tested vegetables. In conclusion, the consumption of tested vegetables was very dangerous as it may lead to higher risks of cancer. Strict regulatory control is recommended on the cultivation of these vegetables along the roadside to avoid any contamination due to roadside exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Mabood
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Malakand, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Hadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Malakand, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Amin Ullah Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal Dir (U), 18000, Pakistan
| | - Allah Ditta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal Dir (U), 18000, Pakistan.
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Department of Animal Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Dir Upper, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman E L Sabagh
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kafrelsheikh, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey
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Hasan MZ, Ahmed MW, Mehdi GG, Khan JAM, Islam Z, Chowdhury ME, Ahmed S. Factors affecting the healthcare utilization from Shasthyo Suroksha Karmasuchi scheme among the below-poverty-line population in one subdistrict in Bangladesh: a cross sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:885. [PMID: 35804366 PMCID: PMC9270808 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Financing healthcare through out-of-pocket (OOP) payment is a major barrier in accessing healthcare for the poor people. The Health Economics Unit (HEU) of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the government of Bangladesh has developed Shasthyo Suroksha Karmasuchi (SSK), a health protection scheme, with the aim of reducing OOP expenditure and improving access of the below-poverty-line (BPL) population to healthcare. The scheme started piloting in 2016 at Kalihati sub-district of Tangail District. Our objective was to assess healthcare utilization by the enrolled BPL population and to identify the factors those influencing their utilization of the scheme. METHOD A cross-sectional household survey was conducted from July to September 2018 in the piloting sub-district. A total of 806 households were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Information on illness and sources of healthcare service were captured for the last 90 days before the survey. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to determine the factors related to utilization of healthcare from the SSK scheme and other medically trained providers (MTPs) by the SSK members for both inpatient and outpatient care. RESULT A total of 781 (24.6%) people reported of suffering from illness of which 639 (81.8%) sought healthcare from any sources. About 8.0% (51 out of 639) of them sought healthcare from SSK scheme and 28.2% from other MTPs within 90 days preceding the survey. Households with knowledge about SSK scheme were more likely to utilize healthcare from the scheme and less likely to utilize healthcare from other MTPs. Non-BPL status and suffering from an accident/injury were significantly positively associated with utilization of healthcare from SSK scheme. CONCLUSION Among the BPL population, healthcare utilization from the SSK scheme was very low compared to that of other MTPs. Effective strategies should be in place for improving knowledge of BPL population on SSK scheme and the benefits package of the scheme should be updated as per the need of the target population. Such initiative can be instrumental in increasing utilization of the scheme and ultimately will reduce the barriers of OOP payment among BPL population for accessing healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahid Hasan
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, Health Economics and Financing, icddr,b, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh. .,Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, 6 Clarendon Way, Woodhouse, LS2 9NL, Leeds, UK.
| | - Mohammad Wahid Ahmed
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, Health Economics and Financing, icddr,b, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Gazi Golam Mehdi
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, Health Economics and Financing, icddr,b, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Jahangir A M Khan
- Health Economics and Policy Unit, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, Health Economics and Financing, icddr,b, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbub Elahi Chowdhury
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, Health Economics and Financing, icddr,b, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sayem Ahmed
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment (HEHTA), Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
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Siddiqui N, Khan RN, Afifa S, Islam Z. Perception and Validity of Online Formative Oral Assessment in Surgical Trainees: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e24938. [PMID: 35706746 PMCID: PMC9187204 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Online oral assessments have been poorly studied in medical education. This study aims to assess the perception of the online oral assessment strategy for formative purposes. Objective: To explore the perception of trainees and examiners on their experience of online oral assessment. Methods: Online oral assessments were conducted using the Zoom platform (Zoom Video Communications, Inc., San Jose, California, United States) over a period of six days. Each candidate was examined by two examiners and formative feedback was provided at the same time. At the end of the course, participants were asked to fill out an online questionnaire regarding their perception of this online platform for oral assessment. Results: A total of 192 participants were included in this study as examiners (n=48), candidates (n=53), and observers (n=91). The overall impression of the organization and accessibility of the model was found favorable with a generally lower degree of perceived anxiety in this format. Major limitations faced by participants included technical difficulties (n=84), linguistic issues (n=37), and failure to observe body language (n=38). Using the Joughin matrix, this model of online oral assessment was found as a fair and valid assessment tool with relatively low reliability. Conclusions: The online oral assessment model has been found to be a reliable and valid method of formative assessment. Further work could be done on this model to assess its potential for summative purposes.
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Islam Z, Rahman M, Olive AH, Hasan MK. Prevalence rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and computer vision syndrome (CVS) symptoms predisposition among digital device users of Bangladesh. Middle East Curr Psychiatry 2022. [PMCID: PMC8786446 DOI: 10.1186/s43045-022-00176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Around 5.29% of the world population is suffering from ADHD, and 60 million people are suffering from CVS, with an increasing rate of prevalence of these disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of ADHD and CVS symptoms among the Bangladeshi population.
Results
To assess the aim of the study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted online through stratified sampling, and 197 responses were collected from the participants. Our survey method follows these criteria where the ARSV1.1 standard questionnaire was followed for the ADHD questionnaire, and a self-administered questionnaire was established based on the symptoms of CVS. The male age ranges from 18–24 have the highest value of ADHD (34%) coincided with > 6 h digital device usage (51%), and the Stroop effect is significantly correlated with the ADHD score (0.498, p < 0.01). The Stroop effect value is also higher among the males aged 18–24, digital device users for > 6 h (48%).
Conclusions
With the advent of science, it is impossible to avoid digital devices as necessary. Notwithstanding, safe and appropriate use of digital media is a must for healthy living.
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Islam Z, Sultan A, Khan SZ, Khan SB. Effect of Organic Acids Blend, Micro-Encapsulated Phyto-Essential Oils Individually or in Combination on Growth Performance, Gut Health and Nutrients Utilization of Broilers. PAK J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjz/20210714190714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Ahmed S, Hasan MZ, Ali N, Ahmed MW, Haq E, Shabnam S, Chowdhury M, Gahan B, Bousquet C, Khan JAM, Islam Z. Effectiveness of health voucher scheme and micro-health insurance scheme to support the poor and extreme poor in selected urban areas of Bangladesh: An assessment using a mixed-method approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256067. [PMID: 34723992 PMCID: PMC8559931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background National healthcare financing strategy recommends tax-based equity funds and insurance schemes for the poor and extreme poor living in urban slums and pavements as the majority of these population utilise informal providers resulting in adverse health effects and financial hardship. We assessed the effect of a health voucher scheme (HVS) and micro-health insurance (MHI) scheme on healthcare utilisation and out-of-pocket (OOP) payments and the cost of implementing such schemes. Methods HVS and MHI schemes were implemented by Concern Worldwide through selected NGO health centres, referral hospitals, and private healthcare facilities in three City Corporations of Bangladesh from December 2016 to March 2020. A household survey with 1,294 enrolees, key-informant interviews, focus group discussions, consultative meetings, and document reviews were conducted for extracting data on healthcare utilisation, OOP payments, views of enrolees, and suggestions of implementers, and costs of services at the point of care. Results Healthcare utilisation including maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH) services, particularly from medically trained providers, was higher and OOP payments were lower among the scheme enrolees compared to corresponding population groups in general. The beneficiaries were happy with their access to healthcare, especially for MNCH services, and their perceived quality of care was fair enough. They, however, suggested expanding the benefits package, supported by an additional workforce. The cost per beneficiary household for providing services per year was €32 in HVS and €15 in MHI scheme. Conclusion HVS and MHI schemes enabled higher healthcare utilisation at lower OOP payments among the enrolees, who were happy with their access to healthcare, particularly for MNCH services. However, they suggested a larger benefits package in future. The provider’s costs of the schemes were reasonable; however, there are potentials of cost containment by purchasing the health services for their beneficiaries in a competitive basis from the market. Scaling up such schemes addressing the drawback would contribute to achieving universal health coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayem Ahmed
- Mathematical Modelling Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Md. Zahid Hasan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nausad Ali
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Wahid Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jahangir A. M. Khan
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Health Economics and Policy Unit, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ziaul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Islam Z, Sultan A, Khan S, Alhidary IA, Abdelrahman MM, Khan RU. Impact of varying housing systems on egg quality characteristics, fatty acid profile, and cholesterol content of Rhode Island Red × Fyoumi laying hens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:456. [PMID: 34537882 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to study the effects of conventional and free range systems on egg quality attributes, fatty acid profile, and cholesterol contents of laying hen. Two hundred and forty R1 cross of Rhode Island Red (RIR) × Fyoumi (F) layers during the peak production were divided into two groups and reared in two different housing systems (free range vs. conventional systems). The statistical analysis of the results revealed that the housing system (modification of diet) significantly (p < 0.05) affected egg quality, fatty acid profile, and cholesterol contents. The highest (p < 0.05) whole egg and albumen weights were recorded for eggs produced in a conventional system and higher yolk weight and shell thickness were recorded in free range hens. Significantly (p < 0.05) lower concentration of saturated and higher concentration of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed in eggs produced under a free range system. In addition, higher level of total omega-3 fatty acids and higher ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids were observed in free range eggs as compared to those in the conventional system. From the results of the present study, we concluded that eggs produced from Rhode Island Red × Fyoumi laying hens in a free range system are qualitatively superior compared to those in the conventional system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziaul Islam
- Department of Animal Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (Upper), Pakistan
| | - Asad Sultan
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sarzamin Khan
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim A Alhidary
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutassim M Abdelrahman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rifat Ullah Khan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.
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12
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Ahmed S, Ahmed MW, Hasan MZ, Mehdi GG, Islam Z, Rehnberg C, Niessen LW, Khan JAM. Assessing the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from out-of-pocket payments and their determinants in Bangladesh: evidence from the nationwide Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016. Int Health 2021; 14:84-96. [PMID: 33823538 PMCID: PMC8769950 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for healthcare have been increasing steadily in Bangladesh, which deteriorates the financial risk protection of many households. Methods We aimed to investigate the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment from OOP payments and their determinants. We employed nationally representative Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016 data with a sample of 46 076 households. A household that made OOP payments of >10% of its total or 40% of its non-food expenditure was considered to be facing CHE. We estimated the impoverishment using both national and international poverty lines. Multiple logistic models were employed to identify the determinants of CHE and impoverishment. Results The incidence of CHE was estimated as 24.6% and 10.9% using 10% of the total and 40% of non-food expenditure as thresholds, respectively, and these were concentrated among the poor. About 4.5% of the population (8.61 million) fell into poverty during 2016. Utilization of private facilities, the presence of older people, chronic illness and geographical location were the main determinants of both CHE and impoverishment. Conclusion The financial hardship due to OOP payments was high and it should be reduced by regulating the private health sector and covering the care of older people and chronic illness by prepayment-financing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayem Ahmed
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mohammad Wahid Ahmed
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zahid Hasan
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gazi Golam Mehdi
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr, b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Clas Rehnberg
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louis W Niessen
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, USA
| | - Jahangir A M Khan
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Islam Z, Papri N, Jahan I, Hasan M, Afsar M, Biswas N, Mohammad Q, Islam B, Sejvar J. Clinical epidemiology of acute transverse myelitis in Bangladesh: A prospective case control study. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Geliukh E, Tabunshchyk V, Kamenska N, Islam Z. Using patient–centered approach for improving adherence to treatment in DS/DR–TB patients in Ukraine. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Issue/problem
Ukraine is among 30 high MDR-TB burden countries with about 6500 laboratory confirmed MDR-TB cases annually. Ukraine provides full coverage for first- and second-line TB drugs from the state budget. Nevertheless, successful treatment outcomes are one of the lowest in EECA region - 49% in MDR/RR-TB cases and 37% in XDR-TB. High rates of lost to follow-up (15.8%), treatment failed (18%) and died (15.9%) among MDR-TB cases contribute to unsuccessful treatment outcomes.
Description of the problem
A new intervention was introduced aimed at improving patients' adherence to treatment. Medical-psycho-social services (MPSS) provision based on patient-centered approach is provided to all patients. In 2018, project funded by GFATM was launched in 8 oblasts of Ukraine. All patients are assessed on treatment adherence before discharge from hospitals. Those with low adherence are referred to NGOs. MPSS starts from the patient's needs assessment followed by development of individual plan of support. MPSS is provided during the whole period of outpatient treatment and may include DOT/VOT, social workers' permanent support, food kits, psychologist counselling, transport and/or cell reimbursement, housing, documents restore, legal services and other services as per patients' needs. Electronic depersonalized database SyrEx is used for the project related notes.
Results
Total amount of TB/DR-TB patients treated in 2018-2019 is 8640 and 4246 accordingly. Cohort analysis is used for treatment outcomes assessment.
Intervention allowed reducing the number of patients lost to follow up in DS/DR-TB (to 1.2% and 2.5% accordingly), treatment failed (to 5.4% and 10.9%) and number of died (to 2.1% and 3.2%)
Lessons
MPSS based on patient-centered approach improved successful treatment outcomes: to 91% in DS-TB patients and 82.3% in DR-TB. Further initiative scale-up is required as well as transition of MPSS services from donor funding to domestic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Geliukh
- ICF, Alliance for Public Health, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - N Kamenska
- ICF, Alliance for Public Health, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Z Islam
- ICF, Alliance for Public Health, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Dobriyal N, Sagarika P, Shrivastava A, Verma AK, Islam Z, Gupta P, Mochizuki T, Abe F, Sahi C. Over-expression of Caj1, a plasma membrane associated J-domain protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, stabilizes amino acid permeases. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2020; 1862:183435. [PMID: 32777224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hsp70: J-domain protein (JDP) machines, along with the cellular protein degradation systems play a central role in regulating cellular proteostasis. An equally robust surveillance system operates at the plasma membrane too that affects proper sorting, stability as well as the turnover of membrane proteins. Although plausible, a definitive role of the Hsp70: JDP machine in regulating the stability of plasma membrane proteins is not well understood in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we show that a moderate over-expression of Caj1, one of the thirteen JDPs residing in the nucleo-cytosolic compartment of S. cerevisiae reduced the cold sensitivity of tryptophan auxotrophic yeast cells by stabilizing tryptophan permeases, Tat1 and Tat2 in a J-domain dependent manner. Concomitantly, higher Caj1 levels also caused slow growth and increased plasma membrane damage at elevated temperatures possibly due to the stabilization of thermolabile plasma membrane proteins. Finally, we show that although majorly cytosolic, Caj1 also co-localizes with the membrane dye FM4-64 at the cellular periphery suggesting that Caj1 might interact with the plasma membrane. Based on the results presented in this study, we implicate the Hsp70: Caj1 chaperone machine in regulating the stability or turnover of plasma membrane proteins in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dobriyal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - P Sagarika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A Shrivastava
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A K Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Z Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - P Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - T Mochizuki
- Molecular Genetic Research, Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - F Abe
- Molecular Genetic Research, Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - C Sahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Khan JAM, Ahmed S, Sultana M, Sarker AR, Chakrovorty S, Rahman MH, Islam Z, Rehnberg C, Niessen LW. The effect of a community-based health insurance on the out-of-pocket payments for utilizing medically trained providers in Bangladesh. Int Health 2020; 12:287-298. [PMID: 31782795 PMCID: PMC7322207 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to estimate the effect of the community-based health insurance (CBHI) scheme on the magnitude of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for the healthcare of the informal workers and their dependents. The CBHI scheme was piloted through a cooperative of informal workers, which covered seven unions in Chandpur Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh. METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted using a case-comparison design. In total 1292 (646 insured and 646 uninsured) households were surveyed. Propensity score matching was done to minimize the observed baseline differences in the characteristics between the insured and uninsured groups. A two-part regression model was applied using both the probability of OOP spending and magnitude of such spending for healthcare in assessing the association with enrolment status in the CBHI scheme while controlling for other covariates. RESULTS The OOP payment was 6.4% (p < 0.001) lower for medically trained provider (MTP) utilization among the insured compared with the uninsured. However, no significant difference was found in the OOP payments for healthcare utilization from all kind of providers, including the non-trained ones. CONCLUSIONS The CBHI scheme could reduce OOP payments while providing better quality healthcare through the increased use of MTPs, which consequently could push the country towards universal health coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir A M Khan
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
- Universal Health Coverage Programme, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr, b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18a, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Sayem Ahmed
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
- Universal Health Coverage Programme, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr, b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18a, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Marufa Sultana
- Universal Health Coverage Programme, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr, b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway Burwood VIC 3125 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Population Studies Division, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), E-17, Shahid Shahabuddin Shorok, Agargaon, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sanchita Chakrovorty
- Universal Health Coverage Programme, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr, b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, Room # 631, Krannert Building, 403 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
| | - Mohammad Hafizur Rahman
- Health Economics Unit, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 14/2 Topkhana Road (3rd–4th Floor), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Universal Health Coverage Programme, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr, b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Clas Rehnberg
- Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18a, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Louis W Niessen
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
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Sarker AR, Islam Z, Sultana M, Sheikh N, Mahumud RA, Islam MT, Meer RVD, Morton A, Khan AI, Clemens JD, Qadri F, Khan JAM. Willingness to pay for oral cholera vaccines in urban Bangladesh. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232600. [PMID: 32353086 PMCID: PMC7192494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cholera is a highly infectious disease and remains a serious public health burden in Bangladesh. The objective of the study was to measure the private demand for oral cholera vaccines (OCV) in Bangladesh and to investigate the key determinants of this demand, reflected in the household’s willingness to pay (WTP) for oral cholera vaccine. Methods A contingent valuation method was employed in an urban setting of Bangladesh during December 2015 to January 2016. All respondents (N = 1051) received a description of World Health Organization (WHO) prequalified OCV, Shanchol™. Interviews were conducted with either the head of households or their spouse or a major economic contributor of the households. Respondents were asked about how much at maximum they were willing to pay for OCV for their own and their household members’ protection. Results are presented as the average and median of the reported maximum WTP of the respondents with standard deviations and 95% confidence interval. Natural log-linear regression model was employed to examine the factors influencing participants’ WTP for OCV. Results About 99% of the respondents expressed WTP for OCV with a maximum mean and median WTP per vaccination (2 doses) of US$ 2.23 and US$ 1.92 respectively. On the household level with an average number of 4.62 members, the estimated mean WTP was US$ 10 (median: US$ 7.69) which represents the perceived demand for OCV of a household to vaccinate against cholera. Conclusions The demand of vaccination further indicates that there is a potential scope for recovering a certain portion of the expenditure of immunization program by introducing direct user fees for future cholera vaccination in Bangladesh. Findings from this study will be useful for the policy-makers to make decision on cost-recovery in future oral cholera vaccination programs in Bangladesh and in similar countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | - Ziaul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marufa Sultana
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nurnabi Sheikh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Taufiqul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Alec Morton
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - John David Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jahangir A. M. Khan
- Karolinska Institute, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Ahmed S, Sarker AR, Sultana M, Roth F, Mahumud RA, Kamruzzaman M, Hasan MZ, Mirelman AJ, Islam Z, Niessen LW, Rehnberg C, Khan AA, Gyr N, Khan JAM. Do employer-sponsored health insurance schemes affect the utilisation of medically trained providers and out-of-pocket payments among ready-made garment workers? A case-control study in Bangladesh. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e030298. [PMID: 32132134 PMCID: PMC7059493 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We estimated the effect of an employer-sponsored health insurance (ESHI) scheme on healthcare utilisation of medically trained providers and reduction of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure among ready-made garment (RMG) workers. DESIGN We used a case-control study design with cross-sectional preintervention and postintervention surveys. SETTINGS The study was conducted among workers of seven purposively selected RMG factories in Shafipur, Gazipur in Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS In total, 1924 RMG workers (480 from the insured and 482 from the uninsured, in each period) were surveyed from insured and uninsured RMG factories, respectively, in the preintervention (October 2013) and postintervention (April 2015) period. INTERVENTIONS We tested the effect of a pilot ESHI scheme which was implemented for 1 year. OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome measures were utilisation of medically trained providers and reduction of OOP expenditure among RMG workers. We estimated difference-in-difference (DiD) and applied two-part regression model to measure the association between healthcare utilisation, OOP payments and ESHI scheme membership while controlling for the socioeconomic characteristics of workers. RESULTS The ESHI scheme increased healthcare utilisation of medically trained providers by 26.1% (DiD=26.1; p<0.01) among insured workers compared with uninsured workers. While accounting for covariates, the effect on utilisation significantly reduced to 18.4% (p<0.05). The DiD estimate showed that OOP expenditure among insured workers decreased by -3700 Bangladeshi taka and -1100 Bangladeshi taka compared with uninsured workers when using healthcare services from medically trained providers or all provider respectively, although not significant. The multiple two-part models also reported similar results. CONCLUSION The ESHI scheme significantly increased utilisation of medically trained providers among RMG workers. However, it has no significant effect on OOP expenditure. It can be recommended that an educational intervention be provided to RMG workers to improve their healthcare-seeking behaviours and increase their utilisation of ESHI-designated healthcare providers while keeping OOP payments low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayem Ahmed
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Economics and Policy, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marufa Sultana
- Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Felix Roth
- Swiss Micro Insurance Consultancy Group (SMCG), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Economics and Policy Research, Centre for Health, Informatics and Economic Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Md Zahid Hasan
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ziaul Islam
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Louis W Niessen
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Clas Rehnberg
- Health Economics and Policy, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ak Azad Khan
- Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Niklaus Gyr
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jahangir A M Khan
- Health Economics and Policy, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Khan MA, Islam Z, Jan AU, Khan K, Shah A. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Child Bearing Age Women in Dir Khyberpakhtunkhawa, Pakistan. PAK J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjz/20181127131122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hossain M, Ferdous TE, Islam Z, Billah SM, Bulbul MMI, Rahman MM, Ahmed T. Protocol for a quasiexperimental study testing the effectiveness of strengthening growth monitoring and promotion in community clinics for improving the nutritional status of under-two children in rural Bangladesh. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e032458. [PMID: 31601604 PMCID: PMC6797324 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Government of Bangladesh is implementing growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) through community clinics (CC) to improve the nutritional status of children. However, little primary evidence is available on the effectiveness of GMP when delivered through CCs. We aim to examine the effectiveness of GMP activities strengthened in CCs to improve the nutritional status of children under 2 years of age. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a quasiexperimental, two-arm, mixed methods study. In the intervention arm, a non-governmental organisation is providing support to strengthen GMP implementation in the 30 CCs. The comparison arm has no intervention to strengthen GMP implementation in the 30 CCs. Study participants will be under-two children and their caregivers, and CC service providers (community healthcare provider, CHCP). We will collect quantitative information on children and mothers' anthropometry, sociodemographic condition, food security, children's feeding practices, morbidity and vaccination history at baseline, and follow them up every third month thereafter for 12 months. We will collect qualitative information on (1) knowledge, skill and practice of CHCPs to implement GMP; (2) mothers/caregivers' perception, knowledge and experience of GMP from CCs; (3) experience and suggestions of programme managers about operational challenges and for improving quality of GMP service delivery; and (4) views of the concerned policy planners to strengthen GMP at the CC level. Qualitative information will be collected through key informant and in-depth interviews at baseline and endline. The primary outcome will be the change observed in length-for-age Z-score of children. A difference-in-difference and linear mixed effects analysis of quantitative data will be done. Thematic analysis will be conducted for qualitative information. Triangulation of data derived from different methods will be carried out. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, and results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03824756.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ziaul Islam
- Health System and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sk Masum Billah
- Maternal and Child Health Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md M Islam Bulbul
- National Nutrition Services (NNS), Institute of Public Health Nutrition (IPHN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mezanur Rahman
- Health, Nutrition and WASH, World Vision Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Public Health Nutrition, BRAC University James P Grant School of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Murshid ME, Riaz BK, Islam Z, Haque M. Assessment of Safety Status and Response Capacity of Selected Primary Health Care Hospitals in Bangladesh. Eurasian J Emerg Med 2019. [DOI: 10.4274/eajem.galenos.2019.27928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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22
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Sultana M, Ali N, Akram R, Jahir T, Mahumud RA, Sarker AR, Islam Z. Correction: Group prenatal care experiences among pregnant women in a Bangladeshi community. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220816. [PMID: 31365596 PMCID: PMC6668819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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23
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Sultana M, Ali N, Akram R, Jahir T, Mahumud RA, Sarker AR, Islam Z. Group prenatal care experiences among pregnant women in a Bangladeshi community. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218169. [PMID: 31188891 PMCID: PMC6561581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complications during pregnancy, childbirth, and following delivery remain significant challenges that contribute to maternal morbidity and mortality, thus affecting health systems worldwide. Group prenatal care (GPC) is an integrated approach incorporating peer support and health education that provides prenatal care in a group setting. The GPC approach was piloted in a district of Bangladesh to measure the feasibility and effectiveness of GPC compared to individual care. Understanding the experiences of women of receiving this grouped care approach is crucial to understand the perspectives, perception, and acceptability of the programme among mothers, which are lack in Bangladesh. The objective of the present study was to understand the core experiences and perspectives of mothers who participated in GPC sessions during their pregnancy period. Methods A qualitative research approach was used to understand the experiences of women receiving GPC. A total of 21 in-depth interviews were conducted in this study targeting pregnant mothers who attended all recommended GPC sessions. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained and experienced interviewers using a specific interview guideline to achieve detailed responses. Thematic analysis was conducted to analyse the data. Results Mothers appreciated receiving pregnancy care in group setting and expressed their preferences towards GPC compared to individual care. Themes included the comprehensiveness of GPC, prescheduled appointments and reduced waiting time, social gathering, coping with common discomforts, relationship with service providers, birth preparedness, and recommendations from participating mothers. The themes conveyed overall positive experiences of the participating mothers, with suggestions for further betterment of the programme. Nevertheless, the reported experiences of women involved in the study suggests that the inclusion of a specialist in group care, post-partum care, and family planning advice will be more beneficial in the GPC model. Conclusions The overall experiences of the women in the present study suggest that GPC is helpful for them, and it is useful to reduce complications during pregnancy. The GPC model promises movement towards family-supported care, as explained by the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marufa Sultana
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nausad Ali
- Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Raisul Akram
- Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tania Jahir
- Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ziaul Islam
- School of Commerce, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
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24
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Perry BI, Kular A, Brown L, Gajwani R, Jasani R, Islam Z, Birchwood M, Singh SP. The association between treatment beliefs and engagement in care in first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2019; 204:409-410. [PMID: 30100109 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B I Perry
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, United Kingdom; Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, United Kingdom.
| | - A Kular
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - L Brown
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - R Gajwani
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - R Jasani
- Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Z Islam
- LOROS Hospice, United Kingdom
| | - M Birchwood
- Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - S P Singh
- Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
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Ahmed S, Hasan MZ, Ahmed MW, Dorin F, Sultana M, Islam Z, Mirelman AJ, Rehnberg C, Khan JAM, Chowdhury ME. Evaluating the implementation related challenges of Shasthyo Suroksha Karmasuchi (health protection scheme) of the government of Bangladesh: a study protocol. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:552. [PMID: 30012139 PMCID: PMC6048757 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapidly increasing healthcare costs and the growing burden of non-communicable diseases have increased the out-of-pocket (OOP) spending (63.3% of total health expenditure) in Bangladesh. This increasing OOP spending for healthcare has catastrophic economic impact on households. To reduce this burden, the Health Economics Unit (HEU) of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has developed the Shasthyo Surokhsha Karmasuchi (SSK) health protection scheme for the below-poverty line (BPL) population. The key actors in the scheme are HEU, contracted scheme operator and hospital. Under this scheme, each enrolled household is provided 50,000 BDT (620 USD) coverage per year for healthcare services against a government financed premium of 1000 BDT (12 USD). This initiative faces some challenges e.g., delays in scheme activities, registering the targeted population, low utilization of services, lack of motivation of the providers, and management related difficulties. It is also important to estimate the financial requirement for nationwide scale-up of this project. We aim to identify these implementation-related challenges and provide feedback to the project personnel. METHODS This is a concurrent process documentation using mixed-method approaches. It will be conducted in the rural Kalihati Upazila where the SSK is being implemented. To validate the BPL population selection process, we will estimate the positive predictive value. A community survey will be conducted to assess the knowledge of the card holders about SSK services. From the SSK information management system, numbers of different services utilized by the card holders will be retrieved. Key-informant interviews with personnel from three key actors will be conducted to understand the barriers in the implementation of the project as per plan and gather their suggestions. To estimate the project costs, all inputs to be used will be identified, quantified and valued. The nationwide scale-up cost of the project will be estimated by applying economic modeling. DISCUSSION SSK is the first ever government initiated health protection scheme in Bangladesh. The study findings will enable decision makers to gain a better understanding of the key challenges in implementation of such scheme and provide feedback towards the successful implementation of the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayem Ahmed
- Universal Health Coverage Programme, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh. .,Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Md Zahid Hasan
- Universal Health Coverage Programme, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Wahid Ahmed
- Universal Health Coverage Programme, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Dorin
- Universal Health Coverage Programme, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Marufa Sultana
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Universal Health Coverage Programme, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Clas Rehnberg
- Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jahangir A M Khan
- Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mahbub Elahi Chowdhury
- Universal Health Coverage Programme, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
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Lin JQ, Liu X, Blackburn E, Wakimoto S, Ding H, Islam Z, Sinha SK. Quantitative Characterization of the Nanoscale Local Lattice Strain Induced by Sr Dopants in La_{1.92}Sr_{0.08}CuO_{4}. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:197001. [PMID: 29799254 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.197001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The nanometer scale lattice deformation brought about by the dopants in the high temperature superconducting cuprate La_{2-x}Sr_{x}CuO_{4} (x=0.08) was investigated by measuring the associated x-ray diffuse scattering around multiple Bragg peaks. A characteristic diffuse scattering pattern was observed, which can be well described by continuum elastic theory. With the fitted dipole force parameters, the acoustic-type lattice deformation pattern was reconstructed and found to be of similar size to lattice thermal vibration at 7 K. Our results address the long-term concern of dopant introduced local lattice inhomogeneity, and show that the associated nanometer scale lattice deformation is marginal and cannot, alone, be responsible for the patched variation in the spectral gaps observed with scanning tunneling microscopy in the cuprates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Q Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
| | - E Blackburn
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - S Wakimoto
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - H Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
| | - Z Islam
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - S K Sinha
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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27
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Ireen S, Raihan MJ, Choudhury N, Islam MM, Hossain MI, Islam Z, Rahman SMM, Ahmed T. Challenges and opportunities of integration of community based Management of Acute Malnutrition into the government health system in Bangladesh: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:256. [PMID: 29631574 PMCID: PMC5892001 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children is the most serious form of malnutrition and is associated with very high rates of morbidity and mortality. For sustainable SAM management, United Nations recommends integration of community based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) into the health system. The objective of the study was to assess the preparedness of the health system to implement CMAM in Bangladesh. METHODS The assessment was undertaken during January to May 2014 by conducting document review, key informant interviews, and direct observation. A total of 38 key informant interviews were conducted among government policy makers and program managers (n = 4), nutrition experts (n = 2), health and nutrition implementing partners (n = 2), development partner (n = 1), government health system staff (n = 5), government front line field workers (n = 22), and community members (n = 2). The assessment was based on: workforce, service delivery, financing, governance, information system, medical supplies, and the broad socio-political context. RESULTS The government of Bangladesh has developed inpatient and outpatient guidelines for the management of SAM. There are cadres of community health workers of government and non-government actors who can be adequately trained to conduct CMAM. Inpatient management of SAM is available in 288 facilities across the country. However, only 2.7% doctors and 3.3% auxiliary staff are trained on facility based management of SAM. In functional facilities, uninterrupted supply of medicines and therapeutic diet are not available. There is resistance and disagreement among nutrition stakeholders regarding import or local production of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). Nutrition coordination is fragile and there is no functional supra-ministerial coordination platform for multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder nutrition. CONCLUSION There is an enabling environment for CMAM intervention in Bangladesh although health system strengthening is needed considering the barriers that have been identified. Training of facility based health staff, government community workers, and ensuring uninterrupted supply of medicines and logistics to the functional facilities should be the immediate priorities. Availability of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) is a critical component of CMAM and government should promote in-country production of RUTF for effective integration of CMAM into the health system in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhia Ireen
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jyoti Raihan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nuzhat Choudhury
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Munirul Islam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Mustafizur Rahman
- Institute of Public Health Nutrition and National Nutrition Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Sarker AR, Sultana M, Mahumud RA, Ali N, Huda TM, Salim Uzzaman M, Haider S, Rahman H, Islam Z, Khan JAM, Van Der Meer R, Morton A. Economic costs of hospitalized diarrheal disease in Bangladesh: a societal perspective. Glob Health Res Policy 2018; 3:1. [PMID: 29318195 PMCID: PMC5755417 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-017-0056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrheal diseases are a major threat to human health and still represent a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although the burden of the diarrheal diseases is much lower in developed countries, it is a significant public health problem in low and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. Though diarrhea is preventable and managed with low-cost interventions, it is still the leading cause of morbidity according to the patient who sought care from public hospitals in Bangladesh indicating that significant resources are consumed in treating those patients. The aim of the study is to capture the inpatients and outpatient treatment cost of diarrheal disease and to measure the cost burden and coping mechanisms associated with diarrheal illness. Methods This study was conducted in six randomly selected district hospitals from six divisions (larger administrative units) in Bangladesh. The study was performed from the societal perspective which means all types of costs were identified, measured and valued no matter who incurred them. Cost analysis was estimated using the guideline proposed by the World Health Organization for estimating the economic burden of diarrheal diseases. The study adopted quantitative techniques to collect the household and hospital level data including structured and semi-structured questionnaires, observation checklists, analysis of hospital database, telephone interviews and compilation of service statistics. Results The average total societal cost of illness per episode was BDT 5274.02 (US $ 67.18) whereas the average inpatient and outpatient costs were BDT 8675.09 (US $ 110.51) and BDT 1853.96 (US $ 23.62) respectively. The cost burden was significantly highest for poorest households, 21.45% of household income, compared to 4.21% of the richest quintile. Conclusions Diarrheal diseases continue to be an overwhelming problem in Bangladesh. The economic impact of any public health interventions (either preventive or promotive) that can reduce the prevalence of diarrheal diseases can be estimated from the data generated from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marufa Sultana
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nausad Ali
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir M Huda
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Salim Uzzaman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabbir Haider
- Health Economics Unit, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hafizur Rahman
- Health Economics Unit, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Islam Z, Sarker SK, Jahan I, Farzana KS, Ahmed D, Faruque ASG, Guerry P, Poly F, Heikema AP, Endtz HP. Capsular genotype and lipooligosaccharide locus class distribution in Campylobacter jejuni from young children with diarrhea and asymptomatic carriers in Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 37:723-728. [PMID: 29270862 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni-related diarrheal diseases is one of the major health issues among young children (0-59 months old) in low-income countries. Monitoring of the capsular (capsule polysaccharide, CPS) types of virulent C. jejuni strains in regions where the disease is endemic is of great importance for the development of a customized capsule-based multivalent vaccine. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence of CPS genotypes among C. jejuni strains isolated from young children with enteritis (n = 152) and asymptomatic carriers matched by age, sex, and residence defined as the control group (n = 215) in Bangladesh. CPS genotyping was performed using a newly established multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and lipooligosaccharide (LOS) locus classes (A-E) were characterized using PCR as well. We identified 24 different CPS genotypes among the 367 isolates. Four prevalent capsular types, HS5/31 complex (n = 27, 18%), HS3 (n = 26, 17%), HS4A (n = 10, 7%), and HS8/17 (n = 10, 7%) covered almost 50% of the strains from enteritis patients and 43% of the isolates from controls. In combination, the CPS genotype and LOS class was not discriminative between cases and controls. Dominant capsular types previously identified in C. jejuni strains isolated from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome in Bangladesh were rarely detected in strains isolated from the young children. A similar distribution was evident among enteritis- and control-related strains when comparison was done between CPS types and LOS classes. This is the first systematic study presenting the distribution of CPS genotypes of C. jejuni strains isolated in Bangladesh from children with diarrhea and controls, with capsular genotypes HS5/31 complex, HS3, HS4A, and HS8/17 being prevalent in both. In conclusion, systematic studies are required to develop a multivalent capsule-based vaccine for children in low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Islam
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), GPO Box-128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - S K Sarker
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), GPO Box-128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - I Jahan
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), GPO Box-128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - K S Farzana
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), GPO Box-128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - D Ahmed
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), GPO Box-128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A S G Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - P Guerry
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - F Poly
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - A P Heikema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H P Endtz
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), GPO Box-128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France
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Willa K, Diao Z, Campanini D, Welp U, Divan R, Hudl M, Islam Z, Kwok WK, Rydh A. Nanocalorimeter platform for in situ specific heat measurements and x-ray diffraction at low temperature. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:125108. [PMID: 29289216 DOI: 10.1063/1.5016592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in electronics and nanofabrication have enabled membrane-based nanocalorimetry for measurements of the specific heat of microgram-sized samples. We have integrated a nanocalorimeter platform into a 4.5 T split-pair vertical-field magnet to allow for the simultaneous measurement of the specific heat and x-ray scattering in magnetic fields and at temperatures as low as 4 K. This multi-modal approach empowers researchers to directly correlate scattering experiments with insights from thermodynamic properties including structural, electronic, orbital, and magnetic phase transitions. The use of a nanocalorimeter sample platform enables numerous technical advantages: precise measurement and control of the sample temperature, quantification of beam heating effects, fast and precise positioning of the sample in the x-ray beam, and fast acquisition of x-ray scans over a wide temperature range without the need for time-consuming re-centering and re-alignment. Furthermore, on an YBa2Cu3O7-δ crystal and a copper foil, we demonstrate a novel approach to x-ray absorption spectroscopy by monitoring the change in sample temperature as a function of incident photon energy. Finally, we illustrate the new insights that can be gained from in situ structural and thermodynamic measurements by investigating the superheated state occurring at the first-order magneto-elastic phase transition of Fe2P, a material that is of interest for magnetocaloric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Willa
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Z Diao
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Campanini
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Welp
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - R Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M Hudl
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Z Islam
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - W-K Kwok
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - A Rydh
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Sultana M, Sheikh N, Mahumud RA, Jahir T, Islam Z, Sarker AR. Prevalence and associated determinants of malaria parasites among Kenyan children. Trop Med Health 2017; 45:25. [PMID: 29085254 PMCID: PMC5651573 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-017-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 80% of deaths attributed to malaria worldwide occurred mainly in Africa in 2015. Kenya is one of the major malaria endemic countries, making malaria the leading public health concern in this country. This study intended to document the prevalence of malaria and determine associated factors including socioeconomic status among children aged 6 months to 14 years in Kenya. Methods This study analyzed the secondary data extracted from the 2015 Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey (KMIS), a cross-sectional country representative survey. Associations of demographic, socioeconomic, community-based, and behavioral factors with the prevalence of malaria in children were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results Data from 7040 children aged 6 months to 14 years were analyzed. The prevalence of malaria showed an upward trend in terms of age, with the highest prevalence among children aged 11–14 years. Prevalence was also higher among rural children (10.16%) compared to urban children (2.93%), as well as poor children (11.05%) compared to rich children (3.23%). The likelihood of having malaria was higher among children aged 10–14 years (AOR = 4.47, 95% CI = 3.33, 6.02; P < 0.001) compared with children aged under 5 years. The presence of anemia (AOR = 3.52, 95% CI = 2.78, 4.45; P < 0.001), rural residence (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.31, 2.22; P < 0.001), lack of a hanging mosquito net (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.78, 3.19; P < 0.001), primary education level of the household head (AOR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.08, 2.25; P < 0.05), and other factors, such as the household having electricity and access to media such as television or radio, were also associated with the likelihood of infection. Conclusion This study demonstrated the need to focus on awareness programs to prevent malaria and to use existing knowledge in practice to control the malaria burden in Kenya. Furthermore, this study suggests that improving the information available through the mass media and introducing behavior change communication and intervention program specifically for those of poor socioeconomic status will help to reduce malaria cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marufa Sultana
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Nurnabi Sheikh
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Tania Jahir
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh.,University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Islam S, Nazeer G, Ying ZC, Islam Z, Manzoor R. Transitions in the flow patterns and aerodynamic characteristics of the flow around staggered rows of cylinders. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184169. [PMID: 28981539 PMCID: PMC5628813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-dimensional numerical study of flow across rows of identical square cylinders arranged in staggered fashion is carried out. This study will unreveal complex flow physics depending upon the Reynolds number (Re) and gap spacing (g) between the cylinders. The combined effect of Reynolds number and gap spacing on the flow physics around staggered rows of cylinders are numerically studied for 20 ≤ Re ≤ 140 and 1 ≤ g ≤ 6. We use the lattice Boltzmann method for numerical computations. It is found that with increase in gap spacing between the cylinders the critical Reynolds number for the onset of vortex shedding also increases. We observed a strong effect of Reynolds number at g = 2 and 4. Secondary cylinder interaction frequency disappears for large Reynolds number at g = 6 and 5 and the flow around cylinders are fully dominated by the primary vortex shedding frequency. This ensures that at large gap spacing with an increase in the Reynolds number the wakes interaction between and behind the cylinders is weaken. Furthermore, it also ensures that the wake interaction behind the cylinders is strongly influenced by the jets in the gap spacing between the cylinders. We also found that g = 2 is the critical gap spacing for flow across rows of staggered square cylinders for the considered range of Reynolds number. Depending on the Reynolds number we observed; synchronous, quasi-periodic-I, quasi-periodic-II, and chaotic flow patterns. In synchronous flow pattern, an in-phase and anti-phase characteristics of consecutive cylinders has been observed. The important physical parameters are also analyzed and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsul Islam
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Mathematics Department, Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ghazala Nazeer
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Mathematics Department, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zhou Chao Ying
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Swedish Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Raheela Manzoor
- Mathematics Department, Sardar Bakhadur Khan Women’s University, Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan
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Sarker AR, Sultana M, Mahumud RA, Ahmed S, Islam Z, Morton A, Khan JAM. Determinants of enrollment of informal sector workers in cooperative based health scheme in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181706. [PMID: 28750052 PMCID: PMC5531431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing access to affordable health care for the informal sector remains a considerable challenge for low income countries striving to make progress towards universal health coverage. The objective of the study is to identify the factors shaping the decision to enroll in a cooperative based health scheme for informal workers in Bangladesh and also help to identify the features of informal workers without health schemes and their likelihood of being insured. METHODS Data were derived from a cross-sectional in-house survey within the catchment area of a cooperative based health scheme in Bangladesh during April-June 2014, covering a total of 784 households (458 members and 326 non-members). Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with cooperative based health scheme and explanatory variables. FINDINGS This study found that a number of factors were significant determinants of health scheme participation including sex of household head, household composition, occupational category as well as involvement social financial safety net programs. CONCLUSION Findings from this study can be suggestive for policy-makers interested in scaling up health insurance for informal workers in Bangladesh. Shared funding from this large informal sector can generate new resources for healthcare, which is in line with the healthcare financing strategy of Bangladesh as well as the recommendation of the World Health Organization for developing social health insurance as part of the path to Universal Health Coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics and Financing Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Marufa Sultana
- Health Economics and Financing Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- Health Economics and Financing Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayem Ahmed
- Health Economics and Financing Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Health Economics and Financing Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alec Morton
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Jahangir A. M. Khan
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Mahumud RA, Sarker AR, Sultana M, Islam Z, Khan J, Morton A. Distribution and Determinants of Out-of-pocket Healthcare Expenditures in Bangladesh. J Prev Med Public Health 2017; 50:91-99. [PMID: 28372353 PMCID: PMC5398340 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.16.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As in many low-income and middle-income countries, out-of-pocket (OOP) payments by patients or their families are a key healthcare financing mechanism in Bangladesh that leads to economic burdens for households. The objective of this study was to identify whether and to what extent socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors of the population had an impact on OOP expenditures in Bangladesh. METHODS A total of 12 400 patients who had paid to receive any type of healthcare services within the previous 30 days were analyzed from the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey data, 2010. We employed regression analysis for identify factors influencing OOP health expenditures using the ordinary least square method. RESULTS The mean total OOP healthcare expenditures was US dollar (USD) 27.66; while, the cost of medicines (USD 16.98) was the highest cost driver (61% of total OOP healthcare expenditure). In addition, this study identified age, sex, marital status, place of residence, and family wealth as significant factors associated with higher OOP healthcare expenditures. In contrary, unemployment and not receiving financial social benefits were inversely associated with OOP expenditures. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study can help decision-makers by clarifying the determinants of OOP, discussing the mechanisms driving these determinants, and there by underscoring the need to develop policy options for building stronger financial protection mechanisms. The government should consider devoting more resources to providing free or subsidized care. In parallel with government action, the development of other prudential and sustainable risk-pooling mechanisms may help attract enthusiastic subscribers to community-based health insurance schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde Business School, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marufa Sultana
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Health Economics and Financing Research, Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jahangir Khan
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Health Economics Unit, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alec Morton
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde Business School, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Sultana M, Mahumud RA, Ali N, Ahmed S, Islam Z, Khan JAM, Sarker AR. The effectiveness of introducing Group Prenatal Care (GPC) in selected health facilities in a district of Bangladesh: study protocol. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17:48. [PMID: 28143611 PMCID: PMC5282623 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite high rates of antenatal care and relatively good access to health facilities, maternal and neonatal mortality remain high in Bangladesh. There is an immediate need for implementation of evidence-based, cost-effective interventions to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of the intervention namely Group Prenatal Care (GPC) on utilization of standard number of antenatal care, post natal care including skilled birth attendance and institutional deliveries instead of usual care. METHODS The study is quasi-experimental in design. We aim to recruit 576 pregnant women (288 interventions and 288 comparisons) less than 20 weeks of gestational age. The intervention will be delivered over around 6 months. The outcome measure is the difference in maternal service coverage including ANC and PNC coverage, skilled birth attendance and institutional deliveries between the intervention and comparison group. DISCUSSION Findings from the research will contribute to improve maternal and newborn outcome in our existing health system. Findings of the research can be used for planning a new strategy and improving the health outcome for Bangladeshi women. Finally addressing the maternal health goal, this study is able to contribute to strengthening health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marufa Sultana
- Health Economics and Financing Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- Health Economics and Financing Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Nausad Ali
- Health Economics and Financing Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sayem Ahmed
- Health Economics and Financing Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.,Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Health Economics and Financing Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Jahangir A M Khan
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.,Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics and Financing Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.,University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
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Islam Z, Sanin KI, Ahmed T. Improving case detection of tuberculosis among children in Bangladesh: lessons learned through an implementation research. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:131. [PMID: 28129755 PMCID: PMC5273826 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the Bangladesh National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTP), the proportion of childhood tuberculosis (TB) among all reported cases is only 3%. This is considerably lower compared to other high-burden countries. One of our previous studies identified substantial gaps at the primary care level related to capacity of service providers, supply of required logistics and community awareness about childhood TB. Therefore, we conducted an implementation study with the objectives to address those gaps. METHODS This implementation research was designed with pre and post-test evaluation at selected primary care facilities in urban and rural areas. Three interventions were implemented: (1) Training on childhood TB management for all categories of service providers (2) mass awareness campaign among primary and secondary school students and their teachers, mothers of <5y children, religious and community leaders and (3) facilitation of logistics supply at the study facilities. Training was conducted following the national guideline. We developed posters, leaflets, flipcharts and organized folksongs and street dramas as awareness campaign strategy. Quarterly follow up meetings were held with the facility managers of the study clinics. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted at the baseline and end line alongside review of service statistics to compare the change in community awareness and case detection of childhood TB. RESULTS Awareness regarding childhood TB among all target audience increased significantly showing better understanding of child TB symptoms, transmission, duration and treatment option. Overall proportion of TB case detection among children increased in all three sites compared to baseline as well as NTP estimate with relatively higher proportion in urban site. Majority of the children were suffering from extra-pulmonary TB and there were more female TB cases than male. However, supply and maintenance of necessary diagnostics and child friendly TB drugs remained suboptimal. CONCLUSION Through implementation research, detection of childhood TB cases increased in all study facilities exceeding the NTP's estimate. Community awareness on childhood TB improved significantly across all study sites as well. The NTP should implement strategies to raise community awareness alongside increasing the capacity of service providers and ensuring availability of diagnostics and pediatric TB drugs at the primary care level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziaul Islam
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Istiaque Sanin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
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Kessel CGV, Islam Z, Jacobs B, Kamga S, Reusken C, Mogling R, Islam B, Mohammed D, Koopmans M, Endtz H. Guillain-Barré syndrome during an outbreak of Zika virus in Bangladesh: A case-control study. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
Advances in computational and experimental methods in enzymology have aided comprehension of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions. The main difficulty in comparing computational findings to rate measurements is that the first examines a single energy barrier, while the second frequently reflects a combination of many microscopic barriers. We present here intrinsic kinetic isotope effects and their temperature dependence as a useful experimental probe of a single chemical step in a complex kinetic cascade. Computational predictions are tested by this method for two model enzymes: dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase. The description highlights the significance of collaboration between experimentalists and theoreticians to develop a better understanding of enzyme-catalyzed chemical conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Singh
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Z Islam
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - A Kohen
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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Islam Z, Islam M, Jacobs B, Jahan I, Mohammad Q, Endtz H. Campylobacter jejuni infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome: An emerging cause of acute flaccid paralysis after the eradication of poliomyelitis in Bangladesh. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Jahan I, Ahammad R, Khalid M, Sarker S, Islam M, Endtz H, Islam Z. Guillain–Barré syndrome in Bangladesh: The role TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Sarker AR, Sultana M, Mahumud RA, Ahmed S, Ahmed MW, Hoque ME, Islam Z, Gazi R, Khan JAM. Effects of occupational illness on labor productivity: A socioeconomic aspect of informal sector workers in urban Bangladesh. J Occup Health 2016; 58:209-15. [PMID: 27010089 PMCID: PMC5356968 DOI: 10.1539/joh.15-0219-fs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The informal sector is the dominant area of employment and the economy for any developing country including Bangladesh. The cost of productivity loss due to absence from work or presenteeism with illness has rarely been examined in the Bangladesh context. This current study, therefore, attempted to examine the impact of ill health of informal sector workers on labor productivity, future earning, and healthcare-related expenditure. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among three occupational groups of informal workers (rickshaw pullers, shopkeepers and restaurant workers) that were generally found in all urban areas in Bangladesh. A total of 557 informal workers were surveyed for this study. Results: Most of the respondents (57%) reported that they had been affected by some type of illness for the last six months. The overall average healthcare expenditure of informal workers was US$48.34, while restaurant workers expended more (US$53.61). Self reported sickness absenteeism was highest (50.37days) in the case of shop keepers, followed by rickshaw pullers (49.31 days), in the last six months. Considering the income loss due to illness in the past six months, the rickshaw pullers were exposed to the highest income loss (US$197.15), followed by the shop keepers (US$151.39). Conclusions: Although the informal sector contributes the most to the economy of Bangladesh, the workers in this sector have hardly any financial protection. This study provides critical clues to providing financial and social protection to informal sector workers in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
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Nawaz MA, Aman A, Rehman HU, Bibi Z, Ansari A, Islam Z, Khan IA, Qader SAU. Polyacrylamide Gel-Entrapped Maltase: An Excellent Design of Using Maltase in Continuous Industrial Processes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:383-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ahmed S, Hoque ME, Sarker AR, Sultana M, Islam Z, Gazi R, Khan JAM. Willingness-to-Pay for Community-Based Health Insurance among Informal Workers in Urban Bangladesh. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148211. [PMID: 26828935 PMCID: PMC4734618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reliance on out-of-pocket payment for healthcare may lead poor households to undertake catastrophic health expenditure, and risk-pooling mechanisms have been recommended to mitigate such burdens for households in Bangladesh. About 88% of the population of Bangladesh depends on work in the informal sector. We aimed to estimate willingness-to-pay (WTP) for CBHI and identify its determinants among three categories of urban informal workers rickshaw-pullers, shopkeepers and restaurant workers. METHODS The bidding game version of contingent valuation method was used to estimate weekly WTP. In three urban locations 557 workers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire during 2010 and 2011. Multiple-regression analysis was used to predict WTP by demographic and household characteristics, occupation, education level and past illness. RESULTS WTP for a CBHI scheme was expressed by 86.7% of informal workers. Weekly average WTP was 22.8 BDT [Bangladeshi Taka; 95% confidence interval (CI) 20.9-24.8] or 0.32 USD and varied significantly across occupational groups (p = 0.000) and locations (p = 0.003). WTP was highest among rickshaw-pullers (28.2 BDT or 0.40 USD; 95% CI: 24.7-31.7), followed by restaurant workers (20.4 BDT 0.29 USD; 95% CI: 17.0-23.8) and shopkeepers (19.2 BDT or 0.27 USD; 95% CI: 16.1-22.4). Multiple regression analysis identified monthly income, occupation, geographical location and educational level as the key determinants of WTP. WTP increased 0.196% with each 1% increase in monthly income, and was 26.9% lower among workers with up to a primary level of education versus those with higher than primary, but less than one year of education. CONCLUSION Informal workers in urban areas thus are willing to pay for CBHI and socioeconomic differences explain the magnitude of WTP. The policy maker might think introducing community-based model including public-community partnership model for healthcare financing of informal workers. Decision making regarding the implementation of such schemes should consider worker location and occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayem Ahmed
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marufa Sultana
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rukhsana Gazi
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jahangir A. M. Khan
- Health Economics & Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- James P Grant School of Public health, BRAC University and International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Sultana M, Sarker AR, Mahumud RA, Ahmed S, Ahmed W, Chakrovorty S, Rahman H, Islam Z, Khan JAM. Inequalities in Health Status from EQ-5D Findings: A Cross-Sectional Study in Low-Income Communities of Bangladesh. Int J Health Policy Manag 2016; 5:301-8. [PMID: 27239879 PMCID: PMC4851999 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2016.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring health status by using standardized and validated instrument has become a growing concern over the past few decades throughout the developed and developing countries. The aim of the study was to investigate the overall self-reported health status along with potential inequalities by using EuroQol 5 dimensions (EQ-5D) instrument among low-income people of Bangladesh. METHODS A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Chandpur district of Bangladesh. Bangla version of the EQ-5D questionnaire was employed along with socio-demographic information. EQ-5D questionnaire composed of 2-part measurements: EQ-5D descriptive system and the visual analogue scale (VAS). For measuring health status, UK-based preference weights were applied while higher score indicated better health status. For facilitating the consistency with EQ-5D score, VASs were converted to a scale with scores ranging from 0 to 1. Multiple logistic regression models were also employed to examine differences among EQ-5D dimensions. RESULTS A total of 1433 respondents participated in the study. The mean EQ-5D and VAS score was 0.76 and 0.77, respectively. The females were more likely to report any problem than the males (P < 0.001). Compared to the younger, elderly were more than 2-3 times likely to report any health problem in all EQ-5D dimensions (OR [odds ratio] = 3.17 for mobility, OR = 3.24 for self-care). However, the respondents of the poorest income group were significantly suffered more from every EQ-5D dimension than the richest income quintile. CONCLUSION Socio-economic and demographic inequalities in health status was observed in the study. Study suggests to do further investigation with country representative sample to measure the inequalities of overall health status. It would be helpful for policy-maker to find a new way aiming to reduce such inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marufa Sultana
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Center for Equity and Health Systems, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Center for Equity and Health Systems, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Center for Equity and Health Systems, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayem Ahmed
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Center for Equity and Health Systems, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wahid Ahmed
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Center for Equity and Health Systems, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanchita Chakrovorty
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Center for Equity and Health Systems, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hafizur Rahman
- Health Economics Unit, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Islam
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Center for Equity and Health Systems, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jahangir A. M. Khan
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Health Economics Unit, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Islam Z, Sarker AR, Anwar S, Kabir H, Gazi R. Costs of integrating demand-based reproductive health commodity model into the Government and NGO service delivery systems in Bangladesh: a supply side perspective. Springerplus 2015; 4:808. [PMID: 26722628 PMCID: PMC4689723 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To estimate additional total cost and average cost of integrating the demand-based reproductive health commodity model into the existing Government and NGO facilities in Bangladesh. Activity based cost analysis was conducted during 2006-2008 in two low performing rural sub-districts (Nabigong and Raipur sub-district) and one urban slum area in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Activity-based cost data were collected using ingredient approach, which comprised of listing all types of inputs by activity, quantities and prices for each input. Total cost was presented according to capital and recurrent items. The supply side perspective was considered for entire analysis. The total cost of integrating demand-based reproductive health commodity (DBRHC) model into the Government and NGO service delivery system was estimated to BDT 18,667,634 (US$274,524). The proportion of capital cost was 59 % and the recurrent cost was 41 % of the total cost. The average cost per beneficiaries was BDT 230 (US$3.38) only for introducing this model into the existing health system. The built-in interventions of DBRHC model were doable at low-cost at the selected Government and NGO settings at the grass-root level. The model has potential of further cost containment during scaling up-if the intervention costs are adjusted with the existing functionaries of the Government and NGOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziaul Islam
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahela Anwar
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Humayun Kabir
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rukhsana Gazi
- Health Economics and Financing Research Group, Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Gerber S, Jang H, Nojiri H, Matsuzawa S, Yasumura H, Bonn DA, Liang R, Hardy WN, Islam Z, Mehta A, Song S, Sikorski M, Stefanescu D, Feng Y, Kivelson SA, Devereaux TP, Shen ZX, Kao CC, Lee WS, Zhu D, Lee JS. Three-dimensional charge density wave order in YBa2Cu3O6.67 at high magnetic fields. Science 2015; 350:949-52. [PMID: 26541608 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac6257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Charge density wave (CDW) correlations have been shown to universally exist in cuprate superconductors. However, their nature at high fields inferred from nuclear magnetic resonance is distinct from that measured with x-ray scattering at zero and low fields. We combined a pulsed magnet with an x-ray free-electron laser to characterize the CDW in YBa2Cu3O6.67 via x-ray scattering in fields of up to 28 tesla. While the zero-field CDW order, which develops at temperatures below ~150 kelvin, is essentially two dimensional, at lower temperature and beyond 15 tesla, another three-dimensionally ordered CDW emerges. The field-induced CDW appears around the zero-field superconducting transition temperature; in contrast, the incommensurate in-plane ordering vector is field-independent. This implies that the two forms of CDW and high-temperature superconductivity are intimately linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gerber
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - H Jang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - H Nojiri
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - S Matsuzawa
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - H Yasumura
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - D A Bonn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - R Liang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - W N Hardy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Z Islam
- The Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - A Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - S Song
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - M Sikorski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - D Stefanescu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Y Feng
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - S A Kivelson
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T P Devereaux
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Z-X Shen
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C-C Kao
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - W-S Lee
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - D Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - J-S Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Sarker AR, Islam Z, Khan IA, Saha A, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Cravioto A, Clemens JD, Qadri F, Khan JAM. Estimating the cost of cholera-vaccine delivery from the societal point of view: A case of introduction of cholera vaccine in Bangladesh. Vaccine 2015; 33:4916-21. [PMID: 26232545 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholera is a major global public health problem that causes both epidemic and endemic disease. The World Health Organization recommends oral cholera vaccines as a public health tool in addition to traditional prevention practices and treatments in both epidemic and endemic settings. In many developing countries like Bangladesh, the major issue concerns the affordability of this vaccine. In February 2011, a feasibility study entitled, "Introduction of Cholera Vaccine in Bangladesh (ICVB)", was conducted for a vaccination campaign using inactivated whole-cell cholera vaccine (Shanchol) in a high risk area of Mirpur, Dhaka. Empirical data obtained from this trial was used to determine the vaccination cost for a fully immunized person from the societal perspective. A total of 123,661 people were fully vaccinated receiving two doses of the vaccine, while 18,178 people received one dose of the same vaccine. The total cost for vaccine delivery was US$ 492,238 giving a total vaccination cost per fully-vaccinated individual of US$ 3.98. The purchase cost of the vaccine accounted for 58% of the overall cost of vaccination. Attempts to reduce the per-dose cost of the vaccine are likely to have a large impact on the cost of similar vaccination campaigns in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Ziaul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Iqbal Ansary Khan
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), DGHS, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Amit Saha
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - John David Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Jahangir A M Khan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Heikema AP, Islam Z, Horst-Kreft D, Huizinga R, Jacobs BC, Wagenaar JA, Poly F, Guerry P, van Belkum A, Parker CT, Endtz HP. Campylobacter jejuni capsular genotypes are related to Guillain-Barré syndrome. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:852.e1-9. [PMID: 26070960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In about one in a thousand cases, a Campylobacter jejuni infection results in the severe polyneuropathy Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). It is established that sialylated lipo-oligosaccharides (LOS) of C. jejuni are a crucial virulence factor in GBS development. Frequent detection of C. jejuni with sialylated LOS in stools derived from patients with uncomplicated enteritis implies that additional bacterial factors should be involved. To assess whether the polysaccharide capsule is a marker for GBS, the capsular genotypes of two geographically distinct GBS-associated C. jejuni strain collections and an uncomplicated enteritis control collection were determined. Capsular genotyping of C. jejuni strains from the Netherlands revealed that three capsular genotypes, HS1/44c, HS2 and HS4c, were dominant in GBS-associated strains and capsular types HS1/44c and HS4c were significantly associated with GBS (p 0.05 and p 0.01, respectively) when compared with uncomplicated enteritis. In a GBS-associated strain collection from Bangladesh, capsular types HS23/36c, HS19 and HS41 were most prevalent and the capsular types HS19 and HS41 were associated with GBS (p 0.008 and p 0.02, respectively). Next, specific combinations of the LOS class and capsular genotypes were identified that were related to the occurrence of GBS. Multilocus sequence typing revealed restricted genetic diversity for strain populations with the capsular types HS2, HS19 and HS41. We conclude that capsular types HS1/44c, HS2, HS4c, HS19, HS23/36c and HS41 are markers for GBS. Besides a crucial role for sialylated LOS of C. jejuni in GBS pathogenesis, the identified capsules may contribute to GBS susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Heikema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Z Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - D Horst-Kreft
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Huizinga
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B C Jacobs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - F Poly
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - P Guerry
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - A van Belkum
- bioMérieux, R&D Microbiology, La Balme Les Grottes, France
| | - C T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - H P Endtz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France
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Modic KA, Smidt TE, Kimchi I, Breznay NP, Biffin A, Choi S, Johnson RD, Coldea R, Watkins-Curry P, McCandless GT, Chan JY, Gandara F, Islam Z, Vishwanath A, Shekhter A, McDonald RD, Analytis JG. Realization of a three-dimensional spin–anisotropic harmonic honeycomb iridate. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4203. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Islam Z, van Belkum A, Wagenaar JA, Cody AJ, de Boer AG, Sarker SK, Jacobs BC, Talukder KA, Endtz HP. Comparative population structure analysis of Campylobacter jejuni from human and poultry origin in Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:2173-81. [PMID: 24962195 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most important cause of antecedent infections leading to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS). The objective of the present study was to define the genetic diversity, population structure, and potential role of poultry in the transmission of Campylobacter to humans in Bangladesh. We determined the population structure of C. jejuni isolated from poultry (n = 66) and patients with enteritis (n = 39) or GBS (n = 10). Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) typing showed that 50/66 (76 %) C. jejuni strains isolated from poultry could be assigned to one of five LOS locus classes (A-E). The distribution of neuropathy-associated LOS locus classes A, B, and C were 30/50 (60 %) among the typable strains isolated from poultry. The LOS locus classes A, B, and C were significantly associated with GBS and enteritis-related C. jejuni strains more than for the poultry strains [(31/38 (82 %) vs. 30/50 (60 %), p < 0.05]. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) defined 15 sequence types (STs) and six clonal complexes (CCs) among poultry isolates, including one ST-3740 not previously documented. The most commonly identified type, ST-5 (13/66), in chicken was seen only once among human isolates (1/49) (p < 0.001). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) revealed three major clusters (A, B, and C) among C. jejuni isolated from humans and poultry. There seems to be a lack of overlap between the major human and chicken clones, which suggests that there may be additional sources for campylobacteriosis other than poultry in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Islam
- Emerging Diseases and Immunobiology Research Group, Centre for Food and Waterborne Diseases (CFWD), International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research (ICDDR,B), GPO Box 128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh,
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