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Chun M, Clarke R, Cairns BJ, Clifton D, Bennett D, Chen Y, Guo Y, Pei P, Lv J, Yu C, Yang L, Li L, Chen Z, Zhu T. Stroke risk prediction using machine learning: a prospective cohort study of 0.5 million Chinese adults. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2021; 28:1719-1727. [PMID: 33969418 PMCID: PMC8324240 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare Cox models, machine learning (ML), and ensemble models combining both approaches, for prediction of stroke risk in a prospective study of Chinese adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated models for stroke risk at varying intervals of follow-up (<9 years, 0-3 years, 3-6 years, 6-9 years) in 503 842 adults without prior history of stroke recruited from 10 areas in China in 2004-2008. Inputs included sociodemographic factors, diet, medical history, physical activity, and physical measurements. We compared discrimination and calibration of Cox regression, logistic regression, support vector machines, random survival forests, gradient boosted trees (GBT), and multilayer perceptrons, benchmarking performance against the 2017 Framingham Stroke Risk Profile. We then developed an ensemble approach to identify individuals at high risk of stroke (>10% predicted 9-yr stroke risk) by selectively applying either a GBT or Cox model based on individual-level characteristics. RESULTS For 9-yr stroke risk prediction, GBT provided the best discrimination (AUROC: 0.833 in men, 0.836 in women) and calibration, with consistent results in each interval of follow-up. The ensemble approach yielded incrementally higher accuracy (men: 76%, women: 80%), specificity (men: 76%, women: 81%), and positive predictive value (men: 26%, women: 24%) compared to any of the single-model approaches. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Among several approaches, an ensemble model combining both GBT and Cox models achieved the best performance for identifying individuals at high risk of stroke in a contemporary study of Chinese adults. The results highlight the potential value of expanding the use of ML in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chun
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin J Cairns
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council, Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Clifton
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford-Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Suzhou, China
| | - Derrick Bennett
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council, Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Pei
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Sciences Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Medical Research Council, Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Tian T, Lv J, Jin G, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang L, Chen Y, Shen H, Chen Z, Hu Z, Li L. Tea consumption and risk of stroke in Chinese adults: a prospective cohort study of 0.5 million men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:197-206. [PMID: 31711152 PMCID: PMC7223259 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cohort studies have explored the relation between tea consumption and stroke risk; however, the conclusions have been inconsistent. In addition, evidence is lacking in China, where the patterns of tea consumption and main types of tea consumed differ substantially from those in high-income countries. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically assess the association of tea consumption with the risk of stroke based on a Chinese large-scale cohort study. METHODS A total of 487,377 participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank were included in the present study. Detailed information about tea consumption (including frequency, duration, amount, and tea type) was self-reported at baseline. After ∼4.3 million person-years of follow-up, 38,727 incident cases of stroke were recorded, mainly through linkage with mortality and morbidity registries and based on the national health insurance system. RESULTS Overall, 128,280 adults (26.3%) reported drinking tea almost daily (41.4% men, 15.9% women), predominantly green tea (86.7%). Tea consumption had an inverse and dose-response relation with the risk of stroke (Ptrend < 0.001). Compared with nonconsumers, those who consumed tea occasionally, weekly, and daily had adjusted HRs and 95% CIs of 0.96 (0.94, 0.99), 0.94 (0.90, 0.98), and 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) respectively, with little difference by stroke type. Among those who consumed tea daily, the HRs for stroke decreased with the increasing duration and amount of tea consumed (all P < 0.001). These inverse associations were significant for green tea but not for other types of tea. Among men, but not women, the inverse relations could be detected, and similar inverse associations could be found for male noncurrent alcohol-consumers and noncurrent smokers as well. CONCLUSIONS Among Chinese adults, higher consumption of tea, especially green tea, was associated with a lower risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Bian
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Fan M, Lv J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang S, Yang L, Chen Y, Huang Y, Chen B, Fan L, Chen J, Chen Z, Qi L, Li L. Association Between Active Commuting and Incident Cardiovascular Diseases in Chinese: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012556. [PMID: 31576770 PMCID: PMC6818036 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Active commuting is related to a higher level of physical activity but more exposure to ambient air pollutants. With the rather serious air pollution in urban China, we aimed to examine the association between active commuting and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the Chinese population. Methods and Results A total of 104 170 urban commuters without major chronic diseases at baseline were included from China Kadoorie Biobank. Self-reported commuting mode was defined as nonactive commuting, work at home or near home, walking, and cycling. Multivariable Cox regression was used to examine associations between commuting mode and cardiovascular disease. Overall, 47.2% of the participants reported nonactive commuting, 13.4% reported work at home or work near home, 20.1% reported walking, and 19.4% reported cycling. During a median follow-up of 10 years, we identified 5374 incidents of ischemic heart disease, 664 events of hemorrhagic stroke, and 4834 events of ischemic stroke. After adjusting for sex, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, sedentary time, body mass index, comorbidities, household air pollution, passive smoking, and other domain physical activity, walking (hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84-0.96) and cycling (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.74-0.88) were associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease than nonactive commuting. Cycling was associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.84-1.00). No significant association was found of walking or cycling with hemorrhagic stroke. The associations of commuting mode with major cardiovascular disease were consistent among men and women and across different levels of other domain physical activity. Conclusions In urban China, cycling was associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke. Walking was associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- Department of EpidemiologySchool of Public Health and Tropical MedicineTulane UniversityNew OrleansLA
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University)Ministry of EducationBeijingChina
- Peking University Institute of Environmental MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zheng Bian
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Songchun Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU)Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU)Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Yuelong Huang
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and PreventionHunanChina
| | - Biyun Chen
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and PreventionHunanChina
| | - Lei Fan
- Henan Center for Disease Control and PreventionHenanChina
| | - Junshi Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk AssessmentBeijingChina
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU)Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of EpidemiologySchool of Public Health and Tropical MedicineTulane UniversityNew OrleansLA
- Department of NutritionHarvard School of Public HealthBostonMA
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
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Meng R, Lv J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang L, Chen Y, Zhang H, Chen X, Chen J, Chen Z, Qi L, Li L. Prenatal famine exposure, adulthood obesity patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:399-408. [PMID: 29161448 PMCID: PMC5913613 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal exposure to famine and adulthood obesity have been independently related to the risk of type 2 diabetes; however, little is known about the joint effects of these risk factors at different stages of life on adulthood diabetes risk. Methods The analysis included 88 830 participants of the China Kadoorie Biobank, who were born around the time of the Chinese Great Famine and without diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or cancer at baseline. We defined famine exposure subgroups as nonexposed (born between 1 October 1962 and 30 September 964), fetal-exposed (born between 1 October 1959 and 30 September 1961) and early-childhood exposed (born between 1 October 1956 and 30 September 1958). General obesity was assessed by body mass index (BMI: overweight ≥ 24.0, obesity ≥ 28.0) and abdominal obesity assessed by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, men/women: moderate ≥ 0.90/0.85, high ≥ 0.95/0.90). Results During a median 7.3 years (642 552 person-years) of follow-up, we identified 1372 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. Compared with nonexposed and early-childhood exposed participants combined as a single comparison group, fetal-exposed participants showed an increased risk of diabetes in adulthood [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-1.45]. The association between general obesity and diabetes was consistent across subgroups according to famine exposure (P for interaction > 0.05). A stronger association between abdominal obesity and diabetes was observed in the fetal-exposed subgroup than in other subgroups (P for interaction = 0.025 in the whole population). This interaction was more obvious in women (P = 0.013) but not in men (P = 0.699). Compared with normal-BMI and -WHR participants, those with both general (BMI ≥ 24.0) and abdominal (WHR ≥ 0.90/0.85) obesity in adulthood had 5.32 (95% CI: 3.81-7.43)-, 3.13 (2.48-3.94)- and 4.43 (3.45-5.68)-fold higher risks if these were carried during, before and after times of famine, respectively. Conclusions Coexistence of prenatal experience of undernutrition and abdominal obesity in adulthood was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruogu Meng
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Bian
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yiping Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hui Zhang
- Maiji Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Maiji, China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Junshi Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lu Qi
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liming Li
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Dong W, Pan X, Yu C, Lv J, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang L, Chen Y, Wu T, Chen Z, Pan A, Li L. Self-Rated Health Status and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in the China Kadoorie Biobank Study: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e006595. [PMID: 28939702 PMCID: PMC5634301 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-rated health (SRH) is a strong predictor of mortality in different populations. However, the associations between SRH measures and risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) have not been extensively explored, especially in a Chinese population. METHODS AND RESULTS More than 500 000 adults from 10 cities in China were followed from baseline (2004-2008) through December 31, 2013. Global and age-comparative SRH were reported from baseline questionnaires. Incident IHD cases were identified through links to well-established disease registry systems and the national health insurance system. During 3 423 542 person-years of follow-up, we identified 24 705 incident cases of IHD. In multivariable-adjusted models, both global and age-comparative SRH was significantly associated with incident IHD. Compared with excellent SRH, the hazard ratios for good, fair, and poor SRH were 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98-1.07), 1.32 (95% CI, 1.27-1.37), and 1.76 (95% CI, 1.68-1.85), respectively. Compared with better age-comparative SRH, the hazard ratios for same and worse age-comparative SRH were 1.23 (95% CI, 1.19-1.27) and 1.78 (95% CI, 1.70-1.86), respectively. The associations persisted in all subgroup analyses, although they were slightly modified by study location, education, and income levels. CONCLUSIONS A simple questionnaire for self-assessment of health status was significantly associated with incident IHD in Chinese adults. Individuals and healthcare providers can use SRH measures as a convenient tool for assessing future IHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating)School of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiong‐Fei Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating)School of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthBeijing UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthBeijing UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zheng Bian
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU)Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU)Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating)School of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU)Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - An Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating)School of Public HealthTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthBeijing UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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Bragg F, Li L, Smith M, Guo Y, Chen Y, Millwood I, Bian Z, Walters R, Chen J, Yang L, Collins R, Peto R, Lu Y, Yu B, Xie X, Lei Y, Luo G, Chen Z. Associations of blood glucose and prevalent diabetes with risk of cardiovascular disease in 500 000 adult Chinese: the China Kadoorie Biobank. Diabet Med 2014; 31:540-51. [PMID: 24344928 PMCID: PMC4114560 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the relationship of self-reported diabetes, and of random blood glucose levels among individuals without known diabetes, with the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Chinese adults. METHODS We examined cross-sectional data from the China Kadoorie Biobank of 0.5 million people aged 30-79 years recruited from 10 diverse regions of China in the period 2004-2008. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios of prevalent cardiovascular disease associated with self-reported diabetes, and with measured random blood glucose levels among participants with no history of diabetes, adjusting simultaneously for age, sex, area, education, smoking, alcohol, blood pressure and physical activity. RESULTS A total of 3.2% of participants had self-reported diabetes (men 2.9%; women 3.3%) and 2.8% had screen-detected diabetes (men 2.6%; women 2.8%), i.e. they had no self-reported history of diabetes but a blood glucose level suggestive of a diagnosis of diabetes. Compared with individuals without a history of diabetes, the odds ratios associated with self-reported diabetes were 2.18 (95% CI 2.06-2.30) and 1.88 (95% CI 1.75-2.01) for prevalent ischaemic heart disease and stroke/transient ischaemic attack, respectively. Among participants without self-reported diabetes there was a positive association between random blood glucose and ischaemic heart disease and stroke/transient ischaemic attack prevalence (P for trend <0.0001). Below the diabetic threshold (<11.1 mmol/l) each additional 1 mmol/l of random blood glucose was associated with 4% (95% CI 2-5%) and 5% (95% CI 3-7%) higher odds of prevalent ischaemic heart disease and stroke/transient ischaemic attack, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this adult Chinese population, self-reported diabetes was associated with a doubling of the odds of prevalent cardiovascular disease. Below the threshold for diabetes there was still a modest, positive association between random blood glucose and prevalent cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bragg
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit
(CTSU) Nuffield Department of Population Health University of OxfordUK
| | - L. Li
- Department of Public Health Beijing UniversityBeijing China
- Correspondence to: Zhengming Chen.
E‐mail: or Liming Li. E‐mail:
| | - M. Smith
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit
(CTSU) Nuffield Department of Population Health University of OxfordUK
| | - Y. Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Y. Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit
(CTSU) Nuffield Department of Population Health University of OxfordUK
| | - I. Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit
(CTSU) Nuffield Department of Population Health University of OxfordUK
| | - Z. Bian
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - R. Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit
(CTSU) Nuffield Department of Population Health University of OxfordUK
| | - J. Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk
Assessment Beijing China
| | - L. Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit
(CTSU) Nuffield Department of Population Health University of OxfordUK
| | - R. Collins
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit
(CTSU) Nuffield Department of Population Health University of OxfordUK
| | - R. Peto
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit
(CTSU) Nuffield Department of Population Health University of OxfordUK
| | - Y. Lu
- Suzhou Centre for Disease Control and
Prevention Suzhou China
| | - B. Yu
- Nangang Centre for Disease Control and
Prevention Harbin China
| | - X. Xie
- Liuyang Centre for Disease Control and
Prevention Liuyang China
| | - Y. Lei
- Maiji Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Tianshui China
| | - G. Luo
- Pengzhou Centre for Disease Control and
Prevention Pengzhou China
| | - Z. Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit
(CTSU) Nuffield Department of Population Health University of OxfordUK
- Correspondence to: Zhengming Chen.
E‐mail: or Liming Li. E‐mail:
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