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Addinsall AB, Cacciani N, Moruzzi N, Akkad H, Maestri A, Berggren PO, Widegren A, Bergquist J, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Larsson L. Ruxolitinib: A new hope for ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14128. [PMID: 38551103 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM Mechanical ventilation (MV) results in diminished diaphragm size and strength, termed ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD). VID increases dependence, prolongs weaning, and increases discharge mortality rates. The Janus kinase (JAK)/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathway is implicated in VIDD, upregulated following MV. JAK/STAT inhibition alleviates chronic muscle wasting conditions. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of Ruxolitinib, an FDA approved JAK1/2 inhibitor (JI) for the treatment of VIDD. METHODS Rats were subjected to 5 days controlled MV (CMV) with and without daily Ruxolitinib gavage. Muscle fiber size and function were assessed. RNAseq, mitochondrial morphology, respirometry, and mass spectrometry were determined. RESULTS CMV significantly reduced diaphragm size and specific force by 45% (p < 0.01), associated with a two-fold P-STAT3 upregulation (p < 0.001). CMV disrupted mitochondrial content and reduced the oxygen consumption rate (p < 0.01). Expression of the motor protein myosin was unaffected, however CMV alters myosin function via post-translational modifications (PTMs). Daily administration of JI increased animal survival (40% vs. 87%; p < 0.05), restricted P-STAT3 (p < 0.001), and preserved diaphragm size and specific force. JI was associated with preserved mitochondrial content and respiratory function (p < 0.01), and the reversal or augmentation of myosin deamidation PTMs of the rod and head region. CONCLUSION JI preserved diaphragm function, leading to increased survival in an experimental model of VIDD. Functional enhancement was associated with maintenance of mitochondrial content and respiration and the reversal of ventilator-induced PTMs of myosin. These results demonstrate the potential of repurposing Ruxolitinib for treatment of VIDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Addinsall
- Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Cacciani
- Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noah Moruzzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hazem Akkad
- Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alice Maestri
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Widegren
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Muscle Biology Program, Viron Molecular Medicine Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lars Larsson
- Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Muscle Biology Program, Viron Molecular Medicine Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Papadakos KS, Gorji-Bahri G, Gialeli C, Hedner C, Hagerling C, Svensson MC, Jeremiasen M, Borg D, Fristedt R, Jirström K, Blom AM. The prognostic and potentially immunomodulatory role of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in patients with gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:93. [PMID: 38563861 PMCID: PMC10987352 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a novel regulator of the tumor microenvironment. Studies in colon cancer and pancreatobiliary adenocarcinoma have revealed COMP expression to be associated with decreased infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Herein, the expression of COMP was investigated in gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma with particular reference to its the relationship with the immune microenvironment. METHODS COMP expression was evaluated in tissue microarrays representing primary tumors from 159 patients with chemo- and radiotherapy naïve esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma and 67 matched samples of lymph node metastases using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, collagen fibers were stained with Sirius Red and evaluated with the FIJI macro TWOMBLI algorithm. RESULTS The expression of COMP in cancer cells in the entire cohort was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) (p = 0.013) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.029), while COMP expression in the stroma was correlated with shorter RFS (p = 0.042). Similar correlations were found for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, whereas COMP expression was not prognostic in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Further, in the entire cohort, the expression of COMP in the stroma was correlated with exclusion of different populations of immune cells (CD8+, CD3+, FoxP3+, CD20+) from the tumor microenvironment. Finally, higher density and alignment of collagen fibers were correlated with the expression of COMP in the stroma. CONCLUSIONS Expression of COMP in gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma was correlated with shorter OS and RFS. A reduced number of immune cells infiltrated the tumor microenvironment when COMP expression was detected. This phenomenon could be attributed to the denser collagen deposits, a hallmark of tumor fibrosis observed in COMP-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos S Papadakos
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Inga Maria Nilsson's Street 53, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gilar Gorji-Bahri
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Inga Maria Nilsson's Street 53, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Chrysostomi Gialeli
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Inga Maria Nilsson's Street 53, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
- Cardiovascular Research - Translational Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Hedner
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Maria C Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Jeremiasen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Borg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard Fristedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna M Blom
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Inga Maria Nilsson's Street 53, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden.
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Iribarren C, Savolainen O, Sapnara M, Törnblom H, Simrén M, Magnusson MK, Öhman L. Temporal stability of fecal metabolomic profiles in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14741. [PMID: 38243381 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of the fecal metabolome to serve as a biomarker for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) depends on its stability over time. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the temporal dynamics of the fecal metabolome, and the potential relationship with stool consistency, in patients with IBS and healthy subjects. METHODS Fecal samples were collected in two cohorts comprising patients with IBS and healthy subjects. For Cohort A, fecal samples collected during 5 consecutive days were analyzed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). For Cohort B, liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) was used to analyze fecal samples collected at week 0 (healthy and IBS) and at week 4 (patients only). Stool consistency was determined by the Bristol Stool Form scale. KEY RESULTS Fecal samples were collected from Cohort A (seven healthy subjects and eight IBS patients), and Cohort B (seven healthy subjects and 11 IBS patients). The fecal metabolome of IBS patients was stable short-term (Cohort A, 5 days and within the same day) and long-term (Cohort B, 4 weeks). A similar trend was observed over 5 days in the healthy subjects of Cohort A. The metabolome dissimilarity was larger between than within participants over time in both healthy subjects and IBS patients. Further analyses showed that patients had greater range of stool forms (types) than healthy subjects, with no apparent influence on metabolomic dynamics. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES The fecal metabolome is stable over time within IBS patients as well as healthy subjects. This supports the concept of a stable fecal metabolome in IBS despite fluctuations in stool consistency, and the use of single timepoint sampling to further explore how the fecal metabolome is related to IBS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Iribarren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Otto Savolainen
- Chalmers Mass Spectrometry Infrastructure, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria Sapnara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Törnblom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Functional Gastrointestinal and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria K Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Öhman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Shahim B, Xu H, Haugaa K, Zetterberg H, Jurga J, Religa D, Eriksdotter M. Cholinesterase inhibitors are associated with reduced mortality in patients with Alzheimer's disease and previous myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2024; 10:128-136. [PMID: 38224338 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are the first-line symptomatic pharmacologic treatment for patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the target organ for this group of drugs is the brain, inhibition of the enzyme may affect cardiac function through vagotonic and anti-inflammatory effects. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of ChEIs on outcomes in patients with AD who have experienced myocardial infarction (MI) prior to the AD diagnosis. METHODS Patients who had experienced MI before they were diagnosed with AD or Alzheimer's mixed dementia between 2008 and 2018 were identified from the Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem, www.svedem.se), which was linked to the National Patient Registry to obtain data on MI and mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression model among a propensity score-matched dataset was performed to assess the association between ChEI treatment and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Of 3198 patients with previous MI and a diagnosis of AD or mixed dementia, 1705 (53%) were on treatment with ChEIs. Patients treated with ChEIs were more likely to be younger and have a better overall cardiovascular (CV) risk profile. The incidence rate of all-cause death (per 1000 patient-years) in the propensity-matched cohort of 1016 ChEI users and 1016 non-users was 168.6 in patients on treatment with ChEIs compared with 190.7 in patients not on treatment with ChEIs. In this propensity-matched cohort, treatment with ChEIs was associated with a significantly lower risk of all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.71-0.92) and a greater reduction with higher doses of ChEIs. While in the unadjusted analysis, ChEIs were associated with a lower risk of both CV and non-CV death, only the association with non-CV death remained significant after accounting for baseline differences. CONCLUSION Treatment with ChEIs was associated with a significantly reduced risk of all-cause death, driven by lower rates of non-CV death in a nationwide cohort of patients with previous MI and a diagnosis of AD or mixed dementia. These associations were greater with higher ChEI doses. CONDENSED ABSTRACT We assessed the association between cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and clinical outcomes in a nationwide cohort of patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI) and a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or mixed dementi. In propensity-matched analysis, treatment with ChEIs was associated with a 19% reduction in all-cause death driven by non-cardiovascular death. The reduction in all-cause death was greater with the higher doses of ChEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahira Shahim
- Heart, Vascular and Neuro Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Haugaa
- Heart, Vascular and Neuro Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 41345 Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Juliane Jurga
- Heart, Vascular and Neuro Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dorota Religa
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Eriksdotter
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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Hainzl T, Bonde M, Almqvist F, Johansson J, Sauer-Eriksson A. Structural insights into CodY activation and DNA recognition. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:7631-7648. [PMID: 37326020 PMCID: PMC10415144 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulence factors enable pathogenic bacteria to infect host cells, establish infection, and contribute to disease progressions. In Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) and Enterococcus faecalis (Ef), the pleiotropic transcription factor CodY plays a key role in integrating metabolism and virulence factor expression. However, to date, the structural mechanisms of CodY activation and DNA recognition are not understood. Here, we report the crystal structures of CodY from Sa and Ef in their ligand-free form and their ligand-bound form complexed with DNA. Binding of the ligands-branched chain amino acids and GTP-induces conformational changes in the form of helical shifts that propagate to the homodimer interface and reorient the linker helices and DNA binding domains. DNA binding is mediated by a non-canonical recognition mechanism dictated by DNA shape readout. Furthermore, two CodY dimers bind to two overlapping binding sites in a highly cooperative manner facilitated by cross-dimer interactions and minor groove deformation. Our structural and biochemical data explain how CodY can bind a wide range of substrates, a hallmark of many pleiotropic transcription factors. These data contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying virulence activation in important human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hainzl
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre of Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mari Bonde
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- QureTech Bio, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Almqvist
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre of Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Johansson
- Umeå Centre of Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Molecular Infection Medicine, Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Elisabeth Sauer-Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre of Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Caputo M, Xia Y, Anand SK, Cansby E, Andersson E, Marschall HU, Königsrainer A, Peter A, Mahlapuu M. STE20-type kinases MST3 and MST4 promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma: Evidence from human cell culture and expression profiling of liver biopsies. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23105. [PMID: 37490000 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300397rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most fatal and fastest growing malignancies. Recently, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, cell injury (hepatocyte ballooning), and different stages of fibrosis, has emerged as a major catalyst for HCC. Because the STE20-type kinases, MST3 and MST4, have been described as critical molecular regulators of NASH pathophysiology, we here focused on determining the relevance of these proteins in human HCC. By analyzing public datasets and in-house cohorts, we found that hepatic MST3 and MST4 expression was positively correlated with the incidence and severity of HCC. We also found that the silencing of both MST3 and MST4, but also either of them individually, markedly suppressed the tumorigenesis of human HCC cells including attenuated proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mechanistic investigations revealed lower activation of STAT3 signaling in MST3/MST4-deficient hepatocytes and identified GOLGA2 and STRIPAK complex as the binding partners of both MST3 and MST4. These findings reveal that MST3 and MST4 play a critical role in promoting the progression of HCC and suggest that targeting these kinases may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sumit Kumar Anand
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emmelie Cansby
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Margit Mahlapuu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lee YI, Cacciani N, Wen Y, Zhang X, Hedström Y, Thompson W, Larsson L. Direct electrical stimulation impacts on neuromuscular junction morphology on both stimulated and unstimulated contralateral soleus. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023. [PMID: 37060275 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence of crosstalk between organs. The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a peripheral chemical synapse whose function and morphology are sensitive to acetylcholine (ACh) release and muscle depolarization. In an attempt to improve our understanding of NMJ plasticity and muscle crosstalk, the effects of unilateral direct electrical stimulation of a hindlimb muscle on the NMJ were investigated in rats exposed long-term post-synaptic neuromuscular blockade. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to post-synaptic blockade of neuromuscular transmission by systemic administration of α-cobrotoxin and mechanically ventilated for up to 8 days and compared with untreated sham operated controls and animals exposed to unilateral chronic electrical stimulation 12 h/day for 5 or 8 days. RESULTS NMJs produced axonal and glial sprouts (growth of processes that extend beyond the confines of the synapse defined by high-density aggregates of acetylcholine receptors [AChRs]) in response to post-synaptic neuromuscular blockade, but less than reported after peripheral denervation or pre-synaptic blockade. Direct electrical soleus muscle stimulation reduced the terminal Schwann cell (tSC) and axonal sprouting in both stimulated and non-stimulated contralateral soleus. Eight days chronic stimulation reduced (P < 0.001) the number of tSC sprouts on stimulated and non-stimulated soleus from 6.7 ± 0.5 and 6.9 ± 0.5 sprouts per NMJ, respectively, compared with 10.3 ± 0.9 tSC per NMJ (P < 0.001) in non-stimulated soleus from rats immobilized for 8 days. A similar reduction of axonal sprouts (P < 0.001) was observed in stimulated and non-stimulated contralateral soleus in response to chronic electrical stimulation. RNAseq-based gene expression analyses confirmed a restoring effect on both stimulated and unstimulated contralateral muscle. The cross-over effect was paralleled by increased cytokine/chemokine levels in stimulated and contralateral unstimulated muscle as well as in plasma. CONCLUSIONS Motor axon terminals and terminal Schwann cells at NMJs of rats subjected to post-synaptic neuromuscular blockade exhibited sprouting responses. These axonal and glial responses were likely dampened by a muscle-derived myokines released in an activity-dependent manner with both local and systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Il Lee
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicola Cacciani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ya Wen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvette Hedström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wesley Thompson
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lars Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Viron Molecular Medicine Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Bäckström D, Granåsen G, Mo SJ, Riklund K, Trupp M, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Forsgren L, Domellöf ME. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac040. [PMID: 35350553 PMCID: PMC8947320 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of cognitive decline is heterogeneous in the three most common idiopathic parkinsonian diseases: Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. The causes for this heterogeneity are not fully understood, and there are no validated biomarkers that can accurately identify patients who will develop dementia and when. In this population-based, prospective study, comprehensive neuropsychological testing was performed repeatedly in new-onset, idiopathic parkinsonism. Dementia was diagnosed until 10 years and participants (N = 210) were deeply phenotyped by multimodal clinical, biochemical, genetic and brain imaging measures. At baseline, before the start of dopaminergic treatment, mild cognitive impairment was prevalent in 43.4% of the patients with Parkinson disease, 23.1% of the patients with multiple system atrophy and 77.8% of the patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Longitudinally, all three diseases had a higher incidence of cognitive decline compared with healthy controls, but the types and severity of cognitive dysfunctions differed. In Parkinson disease, psychomotor speed and attention showed signs of improvement after dopaminergic treatment, while no such improvement was seen in other diseases. The 10-year cumulative probability of dementia was 54% in Parkinson disease and 71% in progressive supranuclear palsy, while there were no cases of dementia in multiple system atrophy. An easy-to-use, multivariable model that predicts the risk of dementia in Parkinson disease within 10 years with high accuracy (area under the curve: 0.86, P < 0.001) was developed. The optimized model adds CSF biomarkers to four easily measurable clinical features at baseline (mild cognitive impairment, olfactory function, motor disease severity and age). The model demonstrates a highly variable but predictable risk of dementia in Parkinson disease, e.g. a 9% risk within 10 years in a patient with normal cognition and CSF amyloid-β42 in the highest tertile, compared with an 85% risk in a patient with mild cognitive impairment and CSF amyloid-β42 in the lowest tertile. Only small or no associations with cognitive decline were found for factors that could be easily modifiable (such as thyroid dysfunction). Risk factors for cognitive decline in multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy included signs of systemic inflammation and eye movement abnormalities. The predictive model has high accuracy in Parkinson disease and might be used for the selection of patients into clinical trials or as an aid to improve the prevention of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bäckström
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Correspondence to: David Bäckström Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences Umeå University, Section of Neurology Norrlands Universitetssjukhus Umeå, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Gabriel Granåsen
- Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susanna Jakobson Mo
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Katrine Riklund
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Miles Trupp
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Virdin J, Vegh T, Jouffray JB, Blasiak R, Mason S, Österblom H, Vermeer D, Wachtmeister H, Werner N. The Ocean 100: Transnational corporations in the ocean economy. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/3/eabc8041. [PMID: 33523873 PMCID: PMC7806236 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ocean economy is growing as commercial use of the ocean accelerates, while progress toward achieving international goals for ocean conservation and sustainability is lagging. In this context, the private sector is increasingly recognized as having the capacity to hamper efforts to achieve aspirations of sustainable ocean-based development or alternatively to bend current trajectories of ocean use by taking on the mantle of corporate biosphere stewardship. Here, we identify levels of industry concentration to assess where this capacity rests. We show that the 10 largest companies in eight core ocean economy industries generate, on average, 45% of each industry's total revenues. Aggregating across all eight industries, the 100 largest corporations (the "Ocean 100") account for 60% of total revenues. This level of concentration in the ocean economy presents both risks and opportunities for ensuring sustainability and equity of global ocean use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Virdin
- Duke University Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - T Vegh
- Duke University Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J-B Jouffray
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Blasiak
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Mason
- Duke University Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Vermeer
- Duke University Fuqua School of Business, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Wachtmeister
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N Werner
- Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, USA
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