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Zhang C, Li K, Xu SN, Zhang JK, Ma MH, Liu Y. Higher serum carotenoid concentrations were associated with the lower risk of cancer-related death: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutr Res 2024; 126:88-98. [PMID: 38642420 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The study focuses on the association between serum carotenoids and cancer-related death. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2006 and 2017-2018), the study encompasses 10,277 participants older than age 20 years, with recorded baseline characteristics and serum carotenoid concentrations (including α-carotene, trans-β-carotene, cis-β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, trans-lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin). We hypothesized that serum carotenoid concentrations were negatively associated with cancer-related death. The weighted chi-square analyses indicate significant negative correlations between higher serum concentrations of α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, trans-lycopene, and total carotenoids, and the risk of cancer-related deaths. Using weighted Cox regression analysis, this study confirms that α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, trans-lycopene, and total carotenoids, as continuous or categorical variables, are inversely related to cancer mortality (P < .0001). Furthermore, considering competitive risk events, lower concentrations of serum β-cryptoxanthin (Fine-Gray P = 1.12e-04), trans-lycopene (P = 5.68e-14), and total carotenoids (P = .03) are associated with an increased risk of cancer-related deaths. The research reveals a crucial inverse relationship between serum carotenoid concentrations and cancer-related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China
| | - Shu-Ning Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China
| | - Jia-Kui Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, PR China
| | - Ming-Hui Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming 525000, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China.
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Qin Z, Liu M, Ren X, Zeng W, Luo Z, Zhou J. De Novo Biosynthesis of Lutein in Yarrowia lipolytica. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:5348-5357. [PMID: 38412053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Lutein is a high-value tetraterpenoid carotenoid that is widely used in feed, cosmetics, food, and drugs. Microbial synthesis of lutein is an important method for green and sustainable production, serving as an alternative to plant extraction methods. However, an inadequate precursor supply and low catalytic efficiency of key pathway enzymes are the main reasons for the low efficacy of microbial synthesis of lutein. In this study, some strategies, such as enhancing the MVA pathway and localizing α-carotene synthase OluLCY within the subcellular organelles in Yarrowia lipolytica, were adopted to enhance the synthesis of precursor α-carotene, which resulted in a 10.50-fold increase in α-carotene titer, reaching 38.50 mg/L. Subsequently, by improving hydroxylase activity with truncated N-terminal transport peptide and locating hydroxylases to subcellular organelles, the final strain L9 producing 75.25 mg/L lutein was obtained. Eventually, a lutein titer of 675.40 mg/L (6.13 mg/g DCW) was achieved in a 5 L bioreactor by adding the antioxidant 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenol. This study realizes de novo synthesis of lutein in Y. lipolytica for the first time and achieves the highest lutein titer reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mengsu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengshan Luo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Li F, Wang G, Zhang Y. Association between carotenoid intake and periodontitis in diabetic patients. J Nutr Sci 2024; 13:e11. [PMID: 38572367 PMCID: PMC10988174 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the association between dietary carotenoid intake and periodontitis in diabetic patients. Data on diabetic patients were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2014 for this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake of carotenoids was assessed through the first 24-hour dietary recall interview. Full-mouth periodontal examinations were conducted by trained dental examiners. Subgroup analysis was conducted in terms of age, gender, the number of missing teeth, cardiovascular disease, smoking, and anti-diabetic drugs. Totally 1914 diabetic patients were included, with 1281 (66.93%) in the periodontitis group. After adjusting for age, gender, race, education, smoking, dental implants, hepatitis, and the number of missing teeth, α-carotene intake ≥55.82 mcg was associated with lower odds of periodontitis than α-carotene intake <55.82 mcg [OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.53-0.91, P = 0.010]; lutein and zeaxanthin intake ≥795.95 mcg was associated with decreased odds of periodontitis than lutein and zeaxanthin intake <795.95 mcg (OR = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.57-0.98, P = 0.039). The association between carotenoid intake and periodontitis varied across different subpopulations. In diabetes, dietary intake of α-carotene and lutein and zeaxanthin was inversely associated with the odds of periodontitis, which may facilitate clinical periodontitis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Li
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Shungeng Branch, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Wang
- Department of Conservative and Endodontic Dentistry, East Branch, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanda North Road Branch, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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Lu Y, Zhao W, Xie P, Lin S, Li J, Tse LA, Lu J, Ren Z, Liu X. The role of dietary carotenoids in preventing the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2024; 94:10-18. [PMID: 36200170 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims: Experimental studies showed that carotenoids had anti-carcinogenic properties, but epidemiological studies on the association between dietary carotenoids and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) risk were limited, and the findings were inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the roles of intake of dietary carotenoids in the development of ESCC among a rural Chinese population. Methods: A population-based case-control study was conducted in Southwest China. A total of 915 incident ESCC cases and 925 community-based controls were included. A validated food frequency questionnaire with 76-item was adopted to collect information about dietary consumption. Intake of dietary calories and each carotenoid was calculated according to the China food composition tables. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by a logistic regression model, with adjustments for age, gender, body mass index, family cancer history, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, education, marital status, prudent pattern score, and total calories. Results: In comparison to the highest with lowest intake quartiles, intake of total carotenes (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.52-0.96, Ptrend: 0.024), α-carotene (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.46-0.83, Ptrend: 0.014), β-carotene (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.46-0.86, P-trend: 0.005), and the sum of lutein and zeaxanthin (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.29-0.56, Ptrend<0.001) was significantly associated with a decreased risk of ESCC after adjustment for confounders. Conclusions: The results indicated that a higher intake of total carotene, α-carotene, β-carotene, and the sum of lutein and zeaxanthin was associated with a lower risk of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Lu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Xi'an Aerospace General Hospital, China
| | - Sihao Lin
- School of Management, Putian University, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Yanting Cancer Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Lap Ah Tse
- JC School of Public Health and Primary care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zefang Ren
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Sakanari M, Ohta M, Nagano M, Umeki Y, Nanri A. Antioxidant Vitamin Intake and LOX-Index in Japanese Municipal Workers. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2024; 70:36-43. [PMID: 38417850 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.70.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Antioxidant vitamin intake has been reported to be associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases. To date, however, no study has examined the association between antioxidant vitamin intake and LOX-index, a predictive biomarker of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the cross-sectional association between antioxidant vitamin (α-carotene, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and vitamin C) intake and LOX-index in Japanese municipal workers. Participants were 346 workers (171 men and 175 women aged 19-71 y) who received a health check-up and participated in a nutrition and health survey. Antioxidant vitamin intake was assessed using a validated brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. LOX-index was calculated by multiplying serum concentrations of the soluble form of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 by those of LOX-1 ligands containing apolipoprotein B. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the geometric mean of LOX-index according to tertile of each antioxidant vitamin intake. Overall, α-carotene, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and vitamin C intake were not associated with LOX-index. However, in stratified analyses by sex, geometric means of LOX-index tended to decrease with antioxidant vitamin intake in women, but not in men. The geometric means of LOX-index for the lowest through highest tertile of α-carotene intake were 771 (604-984), 639 (511-799), and 564 (469-677) (p for trend=0.07). Our results suggest that there is no association between antioxidant vitamin intake and LOX-index in Japanese workers. The suggestive inverse association between antioxidant vitamin intake and LOX-index in women warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirai Sakanari
- Graduate School of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
| | - Masanori Ohta
- Graduate School of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
| | - Mayumi Nagano
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
| | - Yoko Umeki
- Graduate School of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
| | - Akiko Nanri
- Graduate School of Health and Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
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Ojobor CC, O'Brien GM, Siervo M, Ogbonnaya C, Brandt K. Carrot intake is consistently negatively associated with cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-13. [PMID: 38104588 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2287176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Carrots are main dietary sources of several potential anti-cancer compounds, including polyacetylenes, while β-carotene has shown no benefits in controlled cancer trials. Accordingly, associations between carrot intake and cancer incidence were quantified, where necessary using α-carotene as a non-causal biomarker of carrot consumption, by searching for studies published before June 2022 reporting risk estimates for relationships of cancer incidence with carrot intake or α-carotene intake or α-carotene plasma concentration, supplemented with hand searches of included studies and reviews. Meta-analyses comparing highest and lowest reported intakes in prospective studies using a random-effects model estimated summary relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), separately for carrot intake or α-carotene plasma concentration, and the corresponding dose-responses. Of 198 observational studies, in 50 prospective studies with 52000 cases recording carrot intake, the cancer-risk was substantially reduced (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.87-0.94, p ˂ 0·00004). In 30 prospective studies with 9331 cases reporting plasma α-carotene levels, summary RR was 0.80 (0.72-0.89, p ˂ 0·00006). For both exposure types, inter-study heterogeneity was moderate, interaction with cancer types insignificant, and the dose-response significant (p ˂ 0·01). In conclusion, carrot consumption is robustly associated with decreased cancer-risk; carrot consumption should be encouraged, and the causal mechanisms further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Ojobor
- Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gerard M O'Brien
- Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chibueze Ogbonnaya
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, Institute of Child Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsten Brandt
- Human Nutrition & Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Fang H, Liu J, Ma R, Zou Y, Ho SH, Chen J, Xie Y. Functional Characterization of Lycopene β- and ε-Cyclases from a Lutein-Enriched Green Microalga Chlorella sorokiniana FZU60. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:418. [PMID: 37504949 PMCID: PMC10381880 DOI: 10.3390/md21070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a high-value carotenoid with many human health benefits. Lycopene β- and ε-cyclases (LCYB and LCYE, respectively) catalyze the cyclization of lycopene into distinct downstream branches, one of which is the lutein biosynthesis pathway, via α-carotene. Hence, LCYB and LCYE are key enzymes in lutein biosynthesis. In this study, the coding genes of two lycopene cyclases (CsLCYB and CsLCYE) of a lutein-enriched marine green microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana FZU60, were isolated and identified. A sequence analysis and computational modeling of CsLCYB and CsLCYE were performed using bioinformatics to identify the key structural domains. Further, a phylogenetic analysis revealed that CsLCYB and CsLCYE were homogeneous to the proteins of other green microalgae. Subcellular localization tests in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that CsLCYB and CsLCYE localized in chloroplasts. A pigment complementation assay in Escherichia coli revealed that CsLCYB could efficiently β-cyclize both ends of lycopene to produce β-carotene. On the other hand, CsLCYE possessed a strong ε-monocyclase activity for the production of δ-carotene and a weak ε-bicyclic activity for the production of ε-carotene. In addition, CsLCYE was able to catalyze lycopene into β-monocyclic γ-carotene and ultimately produced α-carotene with a β-ring and an ε-ring via γ-carotene or δ-carotene. Moreover, the co-expression of CsLCYB and CsLCYE in E. coli revealed that α-carotene was a major product, which might lead to the production of a high level of lutein in C. sorokiniana FZU60. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for performing metabolic engineering to improve lutein biosynthesis and accumulation in C. sorokiniana FZU60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ruijuan Ma
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yiping Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Youping Xie
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Ropelewska E, Szwejda-Grzybowska J. The Estimation of Chemical Properties of Pepper Treated with Natural Fertilizers Based on Image Texture Parameters. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112123. [PMID: 37297366 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cultivar and fertilization can affect the physicochemical properties of pepper fruit. This study aimed at estimating the content of α-carotene, β-carotene, total carotenoids, and the total sugars of unfertilized pepper and samples treated with natural fertilizers based on texture parameters determined using image analysis. Pearson's correlation coefficients, scatter plots, regression equations, and coefficients of determination were determined. For red pepper Sprinter F1, the correlation coefficient (R) reached 0.9999 for a texture from color channel B and -0.9999 for a texture from channel Y for the content of α-carotene, -0.9998 (channel a) for β-carotene, 0.9999 (channel a) and -0.9999 (channel L) for total carotenoids, as well as 0.9998 (channel R) and -0.9998 (channel a) for total sugars. The image textures of yellow pepper Devito F1 were correlated with the content of total carotenoids and total sugars with the correlation coefficient reaching -0.9993 (channel b) and 0.9999 (channel Y), respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) of up to 0.9999 for α-carotene content and the texture from color channel Y for pepper Sprinter F1 and 0.9998 for total sugars and the texture from color channel Y for pepper Devito F1 were found. Furthermore, very high coefficients of correlation and determination, as well as successful regression equations regardless of the cultivar were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ropelewska
- Fruit and Vegetable Storage and Processing Department, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Justyna Szwejda-Grzybowska
- Fruit and Vegetable Storage and Processing Department, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
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Zhong Q, Sun W, Qin Y, Xu H. Association of Dietary α-Carotene and β-Carotene Intake with Low Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrients 2023; 15. [PMID: 36615894 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the relationships of dietary α-carotene and β-carotene intake with cognitive function. The data were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. A total of 2009 participants were included in this analysis. Dietary α-carotene and β-carotene intake were averaged by two 24-h dietary recalls. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Word Learning subset (CERAD W-L), Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) were used to evaluate cognitive function. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were applied to explore the associations of dietary α-carotene and β-carotene intake with cognitive performance. After adjusting for all confounding factors, compared with individuals in the lowest quartile of β-carotene dietary intake, those in the highest quartile had lower risks of both CERAD W-L decline [odds ratio (OR) = 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44-0.90] and AFT decline (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.47-0.94). In addition, the third quartile of β-carotene dietary intake had a significantly decreased risk of lower DSST (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.48-0.83). Compared with the lowest quartile of α-carotene intake, the OR of AFT decline in the highest intake quartile was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.94). For males, both dietary α-carotene and β-carotene intake were associated with a decreased risk of AFT decline (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.25-0.71; OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.30-0.85, respectively). For females, dietary α-carotene intake was associated with a decreased risk of CERAD W-L decline (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.91) and dietary β-carotene intake was associated with decreased risks of both CERAD W-L and AFT decline (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.21-0.64; OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37-0.91, respectively). Our results suggested that higher dietary α-carotene and β-carotene intake had inverse effects on cognitive function decline among older adults.
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Zhao Z, Chen J, Ci F, Pang H, Cheng N, Xing A. α-Carotene: a valuable carotenoid in biological and medical research. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:5606-5617. [PMID: 35478460 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
α-Carotene, one of the C40 carotenes, is a natural lipid-soluble terpene. The chemical structure of α-carotene is based on the unsaturated polyene chain skeleton, with an ε-ring and a β-ring on each side of the skeleton. α-Carotene is widely found in dietary fruits and vegetables, and the concentration depends on the plant species. In addition, processing methods and storage conditions used in the food and medical industries can alter the concentration of α-carotene in raw materials. This review of α-carotene summarizes the major studies on chemical structure, source, extraction, detection, biosynthesis, processing effect, bioactivity, medicine, and biotechnology. Whether α-carotene supplementation or a diet rich in fruits and vegetables has a positive effect on the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases is the focus of this study. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhao
- Department of Environmental and Food Engineering, Liuzhou Vocational and Technical College, Liuzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental and Food Engineering, Liuzhou Vocational and Technical College, Liuzhou, China
| | - FangFang Ci
- Weihai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Weihai, China
| | - He Pang
- Ningbo Innolux Optoelectronics Ltd, Innolux Display Group, Innolux Corporation, Ningbo, China
| | - Ning Cheng
- Department of Environmental and Food Engineering, Liuzhou Vocational and Technical College, Liuzhou, China
| | - Aijia Xing
- Department of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology (Rongcheng Campus), Weihai, China
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11
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Novikov VS, Kuzmin VV, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Sagitova EA, Prokhorov KA, Ustynyuk LY, Nikolaeva GY. Relations between the Raman spectra and molecular structure of selected carotenoids: DFT study of α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene and lycopene. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 270:120755. [PMID: 34973611 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using the density functional theory (DFT), we calculated the structures and Raman spectra of trans-isomers of α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene and lycopene as well as trans-isomers of modified β-carotene and lycopene molecules with substituted end or/and side groups. The DFT calculations showed that the position of the CC stretching band depends mainly on the number of conjugated CC bonds and decreases with an increase in the conjugation length. The weak dependence of the position of the CC stretching band on the structure of the carotenoid side and end groups suggests that this band can be used to evaluate the conjugation length for trans-isomers of various molecules containing polyene chains. The CC stretching band shifts towards lower wavenumbers with growth of the conjugation length or masses of the end groups and to higher wavenumbers in the presence of the side CH3 groups. The intensities of the CC and CC stretching bands are enhanced with growth of the conjugation length or masses of the end groups. The presence of the side CH3 groups results in bending of the carotenoid backbone, splitting and dumping of intensities of the CC and CC stretching bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Novikov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - V V Kuzmin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M E Darvin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - E A Sagitova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Prokhorov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - L Yu Ustynyuk
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1(3), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - G Yu Nikolaeva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Konecki T, Juszczak A, Cichocki M. Can Diet Prevent Urological Cancers? An Update on Carotenoids as Chemopreventive Agents. Nutrients 2022; 14:1367. [PMID: 35405980 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urological cancers, namely prostate, bladder, kidney, testicular, and penile cancers, are common conditions that constitute almost one-quarter of all malignant diseases in men. Urological cancers tend to affect older individuals, and their development is influenced by modifiable metabolic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors. Phytochemicals may have cancer-fighting properties and protect against cancer development, slow its spread, and reduce the risk of cancer deaths in humans. This paper aims to review the current literature in regard to the effects of carotenoids in reducing urological cancer risk.
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13
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Brewczyński A, Jabłońska B, Kentnowski M, Mrowiec S, Składowski K, Rutkowski T. The Association between Carotenoids and Head and Neck Cancer Risk. Nutrients 2021; 14:88. [PMID: 35010963 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) includes oral cavity cancer (OCC), pharyngeal cancer (PC), and laryngeal cancer (LC). It is one of the most frequent cancers in the world. Smoking and alcohol consumption are the typical well-known predictors of HNC. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an increasing etiological factor for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). Moreover, food and nutrition play an important role in HNC etiology. According to the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research, an intake of non-starchy vegetables and fruits could decrease HNC risk. The carotenoids included in vegetables and fruits are well-known antioxidants which have anti-mutagenic and immune regulatory functions. Numerous studies have shown the relationship between carotenoid intake and a lower HNC risk, but the role of carotenoids in HNC risk is not well defined. The goal of this review is to present the current literature regarding the relationship between various carotenoids and HNC risk.
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14
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Li T, Deng YJ, Liu JX, Duan AQ, Liu H, Xiong AS. DcCCD4 catalyzes the degradation of α-carotene and β-carotene to affect carotenoid accumulation and taproot color in carrot. Plant J 2021; 108:1116-1130. [PMID: 34547154 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important natural pigments that give bright colors to plants. The difference in the accumulation of carotenoids is one of the key factors in the formation of various colors in carrot taproots. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), including CCD and 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, are the main enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids in plants. Seven CCD genes have been annotated from the carrot genome. In this study, through expression analysis, we found that the expression level of DcCCD4 was significantly higher in the taproot of white carrot (low carotenoid content) than orange carrot (high carotenoid content). The overexpression of DcCCD4 in orange carrots caused the taproot color to be pale yellow, and the contents of α- and β-carotene decreased sharply. Mutant carrot with loss of DcCCD4 function exhibited yellow color (the taproot of the control carrot was white). The accumulation of β-carotene was also detected in taproot. Functional analysis of the DcCCD4 enzyme in vitro showed that it was able to cleave α- and β-carotene at the 9, 10 (9', 10') double bonds. In addition, the number of colored chromoplasts in the taproot cells of transgenic carrots overexpressing DcCCD4 was significantly reduced compared with that in normal orange carrots. Results showed that DcCCD4 affects the accumulation of carotenoids through cleavage of α- and β-carotene in carrot taproot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ao-Qi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
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15
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Borel P, Hammaz F, Morand-Laffargue L, Creton B, Halimi C, Sabatier D, Desmarchelier C. Using black soldier fly larvae reared on fruits and vegetables waste as a sustainable dietary source of provitamin a carotenoids. Food Chem 2021; 359:129911. [PMID: 33951608 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We showed that black soldier fly larvae reared on fruits and vegetables rich in provitamin A carotenoids can accumulate significant amounts of these vitamin A precursors. Using a simulated gastro-intestinal digestion model, we demonstrated that α- and β-carotene from the larvae are as bioaccessible as from the fruits and vegetables they were reared on. We calculated that provitamin A carotenoid-rich larvae have the capacity to provide more vitamin A than fruits and vegetables rich in these molecules. Remarkably, the incorporation of usual quantities of these larvae in feed could cover the needs of several production animals for this vitamin. Thus, our findings suggest that rearing black soldier fly larvae on by-products or waste rich in provitamin A carotenoids could be a sustainable strategy to recycle a fraction of vitamin A back into the food chain and could represent a new approach to fight against vitamin A deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRAE, Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille, France.
| | - Faiza Hammaz
- C2VN, INRAE, Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille, France
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16
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Olmedilla-Alonso B, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Beltrán-de-Miguel B, Estévez-Santiago R. Dietary β-Cryptoxanthin and α-Carotene Have Greater Apparent Bioavailability Than β-Carotene in Subjects from Countries with Different Dietary Patterns. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2639. [PMID: 32872544 PMCID: PMC7551262 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β-carotene, α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin are greater contributors to vitamin A intake than retinol in the human diet for most people around the world. Their contribution depends on several factors, including bioavailability and capacity of conversion into retinol. There is an increasing body of research showing that the use of retinol activity equivalents or retinol equivalents could lead to the underestimation of the contribution of β-cryptoxanthin and of α-carotene. The aim is to assess their apparent bioavailability by comparing concentrations in blood to their dietary intakes and identifying the major food contributors to their dietary intake. Dietary intake (3-day 24-h records) and serum concentrations (by HPLC) were calculated in normolipemic subjects with adequate retinol status (≥1.1 µmol/L) from our studies (n = 633) and apparent bioavailability calculated from 22 other studies (n = 29,700). Apparent bioavailability was calculated as the ratio of concentration in the blood to carotenoid intake. Apparent bioavailabilities for α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were compared to those for β-carotene. Eating comparable amounts of α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene foods resulted in 55% greater α-carotene (95% CI 35, 90) and 686% higher β-cryptoxanthin (95% CI 556, 1016) concentrations than β-carotene in blood. This suggests differences in the apparent bioavailability of α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin and even larger differences with β-cryptoxanthin, greater than that of β-carotene. Four fruits (tomato, orange, tangerine, red pepper) and two vegetables (carrot, spinach) are the main contributors to their dietary intake (>50%) in Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elena Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Beltrán-de-Miguel
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rocío Estévez-Santiago
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Faculty of Experimental Science, Francisco de Vitoria University, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Yuan C, Fondell E, Ascherio A, Okereke OI, Grodstein F, Hofman A, Willett WC. Long-Term Intake of Dietary Carotenoids Is Positively Associated with Late-Life Subjective Cognitive Function in a Prospective Study in US Women. J Nutr 2020; 150:1871-1879. [PMID: 32386230 PMCID: PMC7330480 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A protective association of dietary carotenoids with cognitive function has been suggested, but most studies have been relatively small with limited periods of follow-up. OBJECTIVES We examined prospectively long-term intakes of carotenoids in relation to subjective cognitive function (SCF), a self-reported, validated indicator of cognitive dysfunction. METHODS Among 49,493 female registered nurses with a mean age of 48 y in 1984, we used multinomial logistic regression to estimate the ORs and 95% CIs relating intakes of carotenoids to self-reported SCF in 2012 and 2014. Mean intakes of carotenoids were calculated from 7 repeated FFQs collected in 1984, 1986, and every 4 y afterwards until 2006. Self-reported SCF was assessed by a 7-item questionnaire on changes in memory and cognition; validity was supported by strong associations with Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype and concurrent cognitive function and cognitive decline measured by telephone-based neuropsychological tests. The mean values of scores assessed in 2012 and 2014 were categorized as "good" (0 points, 40.8%), "moderate" (0.5-2.5 points, 46.9%), and "poor" (3-7 points, 12.3%). RESULTS Higher intake of total carotenoids was associated with substantially lower odds of moderate or poor cognitive function after controlling for other dietary and nondietary risk factors and total energy intake. Comparing the top with the bottom quintile of total carotenoids, the multivariable ORs were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.93; P-trend < 0.001) for moderate SCF and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.75; P-trend < 0.001) for poor SCF. This lower OR was also seen for carotenoids consumed 28 y before SCF assessment. Similar associations were found for total β-carotene, dietary β-carotene, α-carotene, lycopene, lutein + zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin. The significant associations for β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein + zeaxanthin persisted after mutual adjustment for each other. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a long-term beneficial role of carotenoid consumption on cognitive function in women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elinor Fondell
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia I Okereke
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Wu S, Liu Y, Michalek JE, Mesa RA, Parma DL, Rodriguez R, Mansour AM, Svatek R, Tucker TC, Ramirez AG. Carotenoid Intake and Circulating Carotenoids Are Inversely Associated with the Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:630-643. [PMID: 31800007 PMCID: PMC7231589 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some evidence indicates that carotenoids may reduce the risk of bladder cancer (BC), but the association is unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies investigating the relation between carotenoid intake or circulating carotenoid concentrations and BC risk in men and women. All relevant epidemiologic studies were identified by a search of PubMed and Scopus databases, and the Cochrane Library from inception to April 2019 with no restrictions. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled RRs and their 95% CIs across studies for high compared with low categories of intake or circulating concentrations. We also performed a dose-response meta-analysis using the Greenland and Longnecker method and random-effects models. A total of 22 studies involving 516,740 adults were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RRs of BC for the highest compared with the lowest category of carotenoid intake and circulating carotenoid concentrations were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.03) and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.12, 1.07), respectively. The pooled RR of BC for the highest compared with lowest circulating lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.84). Dose-response analysis showed that BC risk decreased by 42% for every 1 mg increase in daily dietary β-cryptoxanthin intake (RR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.94); by 76% for every 1 μmol/L increase in circulating concentration of α-carotene (RR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.67); by 27% for every 1 μmol/L increase in circulating concentration of β-carotene (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.94); and by 56% for every 1 μmol/L increase in circulating concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin (RR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.67). Dietary β-cryptoxanthin intake and circulating concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein and zeaxanthin were inversely associated with BC risk. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42019133240.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Wu
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Address correspondence to SW (E-mail: )
| | - Yanning Liu
- John B. Alexander High School, Laredo, TX, USA
| | - Joel E Michalek
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ruben A Mesa
- Mays Cancer Center at University of Texas Health San Antonio MD Anderson, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dorothy Long Parma
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Institute for Health Promotion Research, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ronald Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed M Mansour
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Svatek
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thomas C Tucker
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amelie G Ramirez
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Institute for Health Promotion Research, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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19
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Isola G, Polizzi A, Muraglie S, Leonardi R, Lo Giudice A. Assessment of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Profiles in Saliva and Serum in Patients with Periodontitis and Ischemic Heart Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2956. [PMID: 31817129 PMCID: PMC6950653 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C and antioxidants play a crucial role in endothelial function and may be a link for the known interaction of periodontitis and ischemic heart disease (CAD). This pilot study evaluates the association of gingival health, periodontitis, CAD, or both conditions with salivary and serum vitamin C and antioxidant levels. The clinical and periodontal characteristics, serum, and saliva samples were collected from 36 patients with periodontitis, 35 patients with CAD, 36 patients with periodontitis plus CAD, and 36 healthy controls. Levels of vitamin C, antioxidants, and C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed with a commercially available kit. The median concentrations of salivary and serum vitamin C and antioxidants (α-tocopherol, β-carotene, lutein, and lycopene) were significantly lower in the CAD group (p < 0.001) and in the periodontitis plus CAD group (p < 0.001) compared to periodontitis patients and controls. In univariate models, periodontitis (p = 0.034), CAD (p < 0.001), and hs-CRP (p < 0.001) were significantly negatively associated with serum vitamin C; whereas, in a multivariate model, only hs-CRP remained a significant predictor of serum vitamin C (p < 0.001). In a multivariate model, the significant predictors of salivary vitamin C levels were triglycerides (p = 0.028) and hs-CRP (p < 0.001). Patients with CAD and periodontitis plus CAD presented lower levels of salivary and serum vitamin C compared to healthy subjects and periodontitis patients. hs-CRP was a significant predictor of decreased salivary and serum vitamin C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy (S.M.); (R.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Alessandro Polizzi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy (S.M.); (R.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Simone Muraglie
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy (S.M.); (R.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy (S.M.); (R.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Antonino Lo Giudice
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy (S.M.); (R.L.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, School of Dentistry, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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20
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Buniowska M, Arrigoni E, Znamirowska A, Blesa J, Frígola A, Esteve MJ. Liberation and Micellarization of Carotenoids from Different Smoothies after Thermal and Ultrasound Treatments. Foods 2019; 8:E492. [PMID: 31615051 PMCID: PMC6835373 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of a varied diet rich in fruit and vegetables helps prevent and treat certain chronic diseases. The development of smoothies based on derivatives from fruit and vegetables rich in bioactive compounds can help increase the consumption of these foods, and therefore, contribute to the prevention of various health problems. However, during the processing of the fruit and vegetable smoothies, these properties may change. The elaboration of smoothies is based on fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids: Carrot juice-papaya-mango (smoothie A) and carrot juice-pumpkin-mango (smoothie B). The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the application of different thermal technologies (mild and intensive heat treatment) and non-conventional technologies (ultrasound) on carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein and β-cryptoxantin) and determine the physiochemical parameters of derivatives from fruit and vegetable smoothies. In addition, the bioaccessibility of carotenoids is also evaluated through a process of in vitro simulated digestion. With regard to the bioaccessibility of the fruit and vegetable smoothies analyzed, a positive effect of temperature on liberation and micellarization was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Buniowska
- Department of Dairy Technology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, ul. Ćwiklinskiej 2D, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Eva Arrigoni
- Agroscope, Institute of Food Sciences, Schloss 1, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Agata Znamirowska
- Department of Dairy Technology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, ul. Ćwiklinskiej 2D, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Jesús Blesa
- Nutrition and Food Science, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Ana Frígola
- Nutrition and Food Science, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - María J Esteve
- Nutrition and Food Science, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Bationo JF, Zeba AN, Abbeddou S, Coulibaly ND, Sombier OO, Sheftel J, Bassole IHN, Barro N, Ouedraogo JB, Tanumihardjo SA. Serum Carotenoids Reveal Poor Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Schoolchildren in Burkina Faso. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1422. [PMID: 30287727 PMCID: PMC6213241 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of fruits and vegetables are well-documented. Those rich in provitamin A carotenoids are good sources of vitamin A. This cross-sectional study indirectly assessed fruit and vegetable intakes using serum carotenoids in 193 schoolchildren aged 7 to 12 years in the Western part of Burkina Faso. The mean total serum carotenoid concentration was 0.23 ± 0.29 µmol/L, which included α- and β-carotene, lutein, and β-cryptoxanthin, and determined with serum retinol concentrations in a single analysis with high performance liquid chromatography. Serum retinol concentration was 0.80 ± 0.35 µmol/L with 46% of children (n = 88) having low values <0.7 µmol/L. Total serum carotene (the sum of α- and β-carotene) concentration was 0.13 ± 0.24 µmol/L, well below the reference range of 0.9⁻3.7 µmol carotene/L used to assess habitual intake of fruits and vegetables. Individual carotenoid concentrations were determined for α-carotene (0.01 ± 0.05 µmol/L), β-carotene (0.17 ± 0.24 µmol/L), β-cryptoxanthin (0.07 ± 0.06 µmol/L), and lutein (0.06 ± 0.05 µmol/L). These results confirm the previously measured high prevalence of low serum vitamin A concentrations and adds information about low serum carotenoids among schoolchildren suggesting that they have low intakes of provitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augustin N Zeba
- Institute de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Post Office Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Nadine D Coulibaly
- Institute de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Post Office Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Olivier O Sombier
- Institute de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Post Office Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jesse Sheftel
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Nutritional Sciences Department; Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | - Nicolas Barro
- Université Ouaga 1 Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jean Bosco Ouedraogo
- Institute de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Post Office Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Nutritional Sciences Department; Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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22
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Cooperstone JL, Goetz HJ, Riedl KM, Harrison EH, Schwartz SJ, Kopec RE. Relative contribution of α-carotene to postprandial vitamin A concentrations in healthy humans after carrot consumption. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:59-66. [PMID: 28515067 PMCID: PMC5486200 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.150821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Asymmetric α-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid, is cleaved to produce retinol (vitamin A) and α-retinol (with negligible vitamin A activity). The vitamin A activity of α-carotene-containing foods is likely overestimated because traditional analytic methods do not separate α-retinol derivatives from active retinol.Objective: This study aimed to accurately characterize intestinal α-carotene cleavage and its relative contribution to postprandial vitamin A in humans after consumption of raw carrots.Design: Healthy adults (n = 12) consumed a meal containing 300 g raw carrot (providing 27.3 mg β-carotene and 18.7 mg α-carotene). Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions of plasma were isolated and extracted, and α-retinyl palmitate (αRP) and retinyl palmitate were measured over 12 h postprandially via high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The complete profile of all α-retinyl esters and retinyl esters was measured at 6 h, and total absorption of α- and β-carotene was calculated.Results: αRP was identified and quantified in every subject. No difference in preference for absorption of β- over α-carotene was observed (adjusting for dose, 28% higher, P = 0.103). After absorption, β-carotene trended toward preferential cleavage compared with α-carotene (22% higher, P = 0.084). A large range of provitamin A carotenoid conversion efficiencies was observed, with α-carotene contributing 12-35% of newly converted vitamin A (predicted contribution = 25.5%). In all subjects, a majority of α-retinol was esterified to palmitic acid (as compared with other fatty acids).Conclusions: α-Retinol is esterified in the enterocyte and transported in the blood analogous to retinol. The percentage of absorption of α-carotene from raw carrots was not significantly different from β-carotene when adjusting for dose, although a trend toward higher cleavage of β-carotene was observed. The results demonstrate large interindividual variability in α-carotene conversion. The contribution of newly absorbed α-carotene to postprandial vitamin A should not be estimated but should be measured directly to accurately assess the vitamin A capacity of α-carotene-containing foods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01432210.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ken M Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology and
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Division of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | | | - Rachel E Kopec
- Division of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and .,Security and Quality of Products of Plant Origin, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 408, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Avignon, France
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23
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Farook VS, Reddivari L, Mummidi S, Puppala S, Arya R, Lopez-Alvarenga JC, Fowler SP, Chittoor G, Resendez RG, Kumar BM, Comuzzie AG, Curran JE, Lehman DM, Jenkinson CP, Lynch JL, DeFronzo RA, Blangero J, Hale DE, Duggirala R, Vanamala JKP. Genetics of serum carotenoid concentrations and their correlation with obesity-related traits in Mexican American children. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:52-58. [PMID: 28515064 PMCID: PMC5486195 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.144006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary intake of phytonutrients present in fruits and vegetables, such as carotenoids, is associated with a lower risk of obesity and related traits, but the impact of genetic variation on these associations is poorly understood, especially in children.Objective: We estimated common genetic influences on serum carotenoid concentrations and obesity-related traits in Mexican American (MA) children.Design: Obesity-related data were obtained from 670 nondiabetic MA children, aged 6-17 y. Serum α- and β-carotenoid concentrations were measured in ∼570 (α-carotene in 565 and β-carotene in 572) of these children with the use of an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-photodiode array. We determined heritabilities for both carotenoids and examined their genetic relation with 10 obesity-related traits [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, fat mass (FM), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting insulin and glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance] by using family data and a variance components approach. For these analyses, carotenoid values were inverse normalized, and all traits were adjusted for significant covariate effects of age and sex.Results: Carotenoid concentrations were highly heritable and significant [α-carotene: heritability (h2) = 0.81, P = 6.7 × 10-11; β-carotene: h2 = 0.90, P = 3.5 × 10-15]. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, we found significant (P ≤ 0.05) negative phenotypic correlations between carotenoid concentrations and the following traits: BMI, WC, FM, and triglycerides (range: α-carotene = -0.19 to -0.12; β-carotene = -0.24 to -0.13) and positive correlations with HDL cholesterol (α-carotene = 0.17; β-carotene = 0.24). However, when the phenotypic correlations were partitioned into genetic and environmental correlations, we found marginally significant (P = 0.051) genetic correlations only between β-carotene and BMI (-0.27), WC (-0.30), and HDL cholesterol (0.31) after accounting for multiple comparisons. None of the environmental correlations were significant.Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that the serum carotenoid concentrations were under strong additive genetic influences based on variance components analyses, and that the common genetic factors may influence β-carotene and obesity and lipid traits in MA children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya S Farook
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX; Departments of
| | | | - Srinivas Mummidi
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX; Departments of
| | - Sobha Puppala
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX; Departments of
| | - Rector Arya
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX; Departments of
| | - Juan Carlos Lopez-Alvarenga
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX; Departments of
| | | | - Geetha Chittoor
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC; and
| | - Roy G Resendez
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX; Departments of
| | - Birunda Mohan Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX; Departments of
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX; Departments of
| | | | - Christopher P Jenkinson
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX; Departments of
| | - Jane L Lynch
- Pediatrics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX; Departments of
| | - Daniel E Hale
- Pediatrics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX; Departments of
| | - Jairam KP Vanamala
- Food Science and,Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Penn State University, University Park, PA
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Borel P, Desmarchelier C. Genetic Variations Associated with Vitamin A Status and Vitamin A Bioavailability. Nutrients 2017; 9:E246. [PMID: 28282870 PMCID: PMC5372909 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood concentration of vitamin A (VA), which is present as different molecules, i.e., mainly retinol and provitamin A carotenoids, plus retinyl esters in the postprandial period after a VA-containing meal, is affected by numerous factors: dietary VA intake, VA absorption efficiency, efficiency of provitamin A carotenoid conversion to VA, VA tissue uptake, etc. Most of these factors are in turn modulated by genetic variations in genes encoding proteins involved in VA metabolism. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with blood concentrations of retinol and β-carotene, as well as with β-carotene bioavailability. These genetic variations likely explain, at least in part, interindividual variability in VA status and in VA bioavailability. However, much work remains to be done to identify all of the SNPs involved in VA status and bioavailability and to assess the possible involvement of other kinds of genetic variations, e.g., copy number variants and insertions/deletions, in these phenotypes. Yet, the potential usefulness of this area of research is exciting regarding the proposition of more personalized dietary recommendations in VA, particularly in populations at risk of VA deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Borel
- NORT, Aix-Marseille Université, INRA, INSERM, 13005 Marseille, France.
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25
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Mondloch S, Gannon BM, Davis CR, Chileshe J, Kaliwile C, Masi C, Rios-Avila L, Gregory JF, Tanumihardjo SA. High provitamin A carotenoid serum concentrations, elevated retinyl esters, and saturated retinol-binding protein in Zambian preschool children are consistent with the presence of high liver vitamin A stores. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:497-504. [PMID: 26178727 PMCID: PMC6546228 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of micronutrient status are needed to best define deficiencies and excesses of essential nutrients. OBJECTIVE We evaluated several supporting biomarkers of vitamin A status in Zambian children to determine whether any of the biomarkers were consistent with high liver retinol stores determined by using retinol isotope dilution (RID). DESIGN A randomized, placebo-controlled, biofortified maize efficacy trial was conducted in 140 rural Zambian children from 4 villages. A series of biomarkers were investigated to better define the vitamin A status of these children. In addition to the assessment of total-body retinol stores (TBSs) by using RID, tests included analyses of serum carotenoids, retinyl esters, and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) by using high-pressure liquid chromatography, retinol-binding protein by using ELISA, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity by using a colorimetric assay. RESULTS Children (n = 133) were analyzed quantitatively for TBSs by using RID. TBSs, retinyl esters, some carotenoids, and PLP differed by village site. Serum carotenoids were elevated above most nonintervened reference values for children. α-Carotene, β-carotene, and lutein values were >95th percentile from children in the US NHANES III, and 13% of children had hypercarotenemia (defined as total carotenoid concentration >3.7 μmol/L). Although only 2% of children had serum retinyl esters >10% of total retinol plus retinyl esters, 16% of children had >5% as esters, which was consistent with high liver retinol stores. Ratios of serum retinol to retinol-binding protein did not deviate from 1.0, which indicated full saturation. ALT activity was low, which was likely due to underlying vitamin B-6 deficiency, which was confirmed by very low serum PLP concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The finding of hypervitaminosis A in Zambian children was supported by high circulating concentrations of carotenoids and mildly elevated serum retinyl esters. ALT-activity assays may be compromised with co-existing vitamin B-6 deficiency. Nutrition education to improve intakes of whole grains and animal-source foods may enhance vitamin B-6 status in Zambians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mondloch
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Bryan M Gannon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Christopher R Davis
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Chisela Kaliwile
- National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; and
| | - Cassim Masi
- National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; and
| | | | | | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI;
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26
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Park CH, Chae SC, Park SY, Kim JK, Kim YJ, Chung SO, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Park SU. Anthocyanin and Carotenoid Contents in Different Cultivars of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat.) Flower. Molecules 2015; 20:11090-102. [PMID: 26083041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200611090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The flowers of twenty-three cultivars of Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat. were investigated to determine anthocyanin and carotenoid levels and to confirm the effects of the pigments on the flower colors using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The cultivars contained the anthocyanins cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3g) and cyanidin 3-(3ʺ-malonoyl) glucoside (C3mg) and the following carotenoids: lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, 13-cis-β-carotene, α-carotene, trans-β-carotene, and 9-cis-β-carotene. The cultivar “Magic” showed the greatest accumulation of total and individual anthocyanins, including C3g and C3gm. On the other hand, the highest level of lutein and zeaxanthin was noted in the cultivar “Il Weol”. The cultivar “Anastasia” contained the highest amount of carotenoids such as trans-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and 13-cis-β-carotene. The highest accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin and α-carotene was noted in the cultivar “Anastasia” and “Il Weol”. Our results suggested that ‘Magic”, “Angel” and “Relance’ had high amounts of anthocyanins and showed a wide range of red and purple colors in their petals, whereas “Il Weol’, “Popcorn Ball’ and “Anastasia” produced higher carotenoid contents and displayed yellow or green petal colors. Interestingly, “Green Pang Pang”, which contained a high level of anthocyanins and a medium level of carotenoids, showed the deep green colored petals. “Kastelli”, had high level of carotenoids as well as a medium level of anthocyanins and showed orange and red colored petals. It was concluded that each pigment is responsible for the petal’s colors and the compositions of the pigments affect their flower colors and that the cultivars could be a good source for pharmaceutical, floriculture, and pigment industries.
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Sluijs I, Cadier E, Beulens JWJ, van der A DL, Spijkerman AMW, van der Schouw YT. Dietary intake of carotenoids and risk of type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:376-381. [PMID: 25716098 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carotenoids may reduce diabetes risk, due to their antioxidant properties. However, the association between dietary carotenoids intake and type 2 diabetes risk is still unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine whether higher dietary carotenoid intakes associate with reduced type 2 diabetes risk. METHODS AND RESULTS Data from 37,846 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition- Netherlands study were analyzed. Dietary intakes of β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein & zeaxanthin and the sum of these carotenoids were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Incident type 2 diabetes was mainly self-reported, and verified against general practitioner information. Mean ±SD total carotenoid intake was 10 ± 4 mg/day. During a mean ±SD follow-up of 10 ± 2 years, 915 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were ascertained. After adjustment for age, sex, diabetes risk factors, dietary intake, waist circumference and BMI, higher β-carotene intakes associated inversely with diabetes risk [Hazard Ratio quartile 4 versus quartile 1 (HR(Q4)): 0.78 (95%CI:0.64,0.95), P-linear trend 0.01]. For α-carotene, a borderline significant reduced risk was observed, with a HR(Q4) of 0.85 (95%CI:0.70,1.03), and P-linear trend 0.05. β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein & zeaxanthin, and the sum of all carotenoids did not associate with diabetes risk. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that diets high in β-carotene and α-carotene are associated with reduced type 2 diabetes in generally healthy men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - E Cadier
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J W J Beulens
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D L van der A
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A M W Spijkerman
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Y T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
Carotenoids are natural pigments synthesized by plants and photosynthetic microorganisms, some of which, like β-carotene, are precursors of vitamin A, and others such as lutein and lycopene might function in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration and prostate cancer, respectively. Mass spectrometry provides high sensitivity and selectivity for the identification and quantitative analysis of carotenoids in biological samples, and previous studies have described how atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) offers distinct advantages over electrospray and fast atom bombardment for the analysis of specific carotenoids. Since APCI product ion tandem mass spectra have been reported for only a few carotenoids, a detailed investigation of twelve carotenes and xanthophylls was carried out using both positive ion and negative ion APCI tandem mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation. Using protonated molecules as precursor ions in positive ion mode and radical anions in negative ion mode, characteristic fragment ions were identified that may be used to distinguish between carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. van Breemen
- Corresponding author: Richard B. van Breemen, Ph.D., Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, Tel: 312-996-9353, FAX: 312-996-7107,
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29
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Donaldson MS. A carotenoid health index based on plasma carotenoids and health outcomes. Nutrients 2011; 3:1003-22. [PMID: 22292108 DOI: 10.3390/nu3121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While there have been many studies on health outcomes that have included measurements of plasma carotenoids, this data has not been reviewed and assembled into a useful form. In this review sixty-two studies of plasma carotenoids and health outcomes, mostly prospective cohort studies or population-based case-control studies, are analyzed together to establish a carotenoid health index. Five cutoff points are established across the percentiles of carotenoid concentrations in populations, from the tenth to ninetieth percentile. The cutoff points (mean ± standard error of the mean) are 1.11 ± 0.08, 1.47 ± 0.08, 1.89 ± 0.08, 2.52 ± 0.13, and 3.07 ± 0.20 µM. For all cause mortality there seems to be a low threshold effect with protection above every cutoff point but the lowest. But for metabolic syndrome and cancer outcomes there tends to be significant positive health outcomes only above the higher cutoff points, perhaps as a triage effect. Based on this data a carotenoid health index is proposed with risk categories as follows: very high risk: <1 µM, high risk: 1-1.5 µM, moderate risk: 1.5-2.5 µM, low risk: 2.5-4 µM, and very low risk: >4 µM. Over 95 percent of the USA population falls into the moderate or high risk category of the carotenoid health index.
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30
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Kim J, DellaPenna D. Defining the primary route for lutein synthesis in plants: the role of Arabidopsis carotenoid beta-ring hydroxylase CYP97A3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3474-9. [PMID: 16492736 PMCID: PMC1413914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511207103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein, a dihydroxy derivative of alpha-carotene (beta,epsilon-carotene), is the most abundant carotenoid in photosynthetic plant tissues where it plays important roles in light-harvesting complex-II structure and function. The synthesis of lutein from lycopene requires at least four distinct enzymatic reactions: beta- and epsilon-ring cyclizations and hydroxylation of each ring at the C-3 position. Three carotenoid hydroxylases have already been identified in Arabidopsis, two nonheme diiron beta-ring monooxygenases (the B1 and B2 loci) that primarily catalyze hydroxylation of the beta-ring of beta,beta-carotenoids and one heme-containing monooxygenase (CYP97C1, the LUT1 locus) that catalyzes hydroxylation of the epsilon-ring of beta,epsilon-carotenoids. In this study, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis CYP97A3 (the LUT5 locus) encodes a fourth carotenoid hydroxylase with major in vivo activity toward the beta-ring of alpha-carotene (beta,epsilon-carotene) and minor activity on the beta-rings of beta-carotene (beta,beta-carotene). A cyp97a3-null allele, lut5-1, causes an accumulation of alpha-carotene at a level equivalent to beta-carotene in wild type, which is stably incorporated into photosystems, and a 35% reduction in beta-carotene-derived xanthophylls. That lut5-1 still produces 80% of wild-type lutein levels, indicating at least one of the other carotene hydroxylases, can partially compensate for the loss of CYP97A3 activity. From these data, we propose a model for the preferred pathway for lutein synthesis in plants: ring cyclizations to form alpha-carotene, beta-ring hydroxylation of alpha-carotene by CYP97A3 to produce zeinoxanthin, followed by epsilon-ring hydroxylation of zeinoxanthin by CYP97C1 to produce lutein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyul Kim
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- Michigan State University–Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319
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