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Morovati H, Jokari M, Eslami S, Zomorodian K, Taeri K, Khalaf N, Khodadadi H. Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility profiles of etiologic agents of oral candidiasis among HIV-positive patients: A multicenter study. Curr Med Mycol 2023; 9:10-16. [PMID: 38375522 PMCID: PMC10874477 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.2023.345058.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a serious risk factor for oral candidiasis (OC). In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the frequency of Candida species collected from the oropharyngeal cavity of HIV-positive patients and the sensitivity of these isolates to antifungal drugs. Materials and Methods Oral samples were collected from 169 HIV-positive patients. In addition to culture-based methods, a molecular assay via the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was applied to identify isolates using the MspI restriction enzyme. The disk diffusion method determined the susceptibility of isolated yeasts to common antifungal drugs according to the CLSI M44-A2 protocol. Results In total, 81 participants (47.92%) were positive for OC, and Candida albicans was the most prevalent yeast (53.98%). The median age of patients was 36 years old (IQR=10.5; 17-59), and it was found that women are 27% more susceptible to HIV-associated OC (OR=1.268; 95% CI: 0.685-2.348). Patients who received antifungal therapy had a 97.3% reduced chance for OC (OR: 0.027; 95% CI: 0.008-0.091; P-value: 0.000). Antifungal therapy reduced the risk of OC by 97.3% (OR=0.027; 95% CI=0.008-0.091; P=0.000), and antiretroviral therapy decreased the chance of OC 4.42 times (OR=4.423; 95% CI=1.697-11.528; P=0.002). The resistance rates for antifungals, namely fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B, and nystatin were 15.93%, 8.85%, 7.96%, 5.31%, and 4.42%, respectively. Conclusion Although several decades have passed since the emergence of HIV/AIDS, little information is available about fungal colonization and infections in this population. Further investigations are suggested using novel and reference molecular identification methods, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and sequencing, respectively. In addition, more reliable methods for antifungal susceptibility testing are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Morovati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Malihe Jokari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saba Eslami
- Central Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Katayoun Taeri
- Behavioral Disease Council Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nesa Khalaf
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Khodadadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Thobakgale C, Jost S. Editorial: Innate immune responses in HIV controllers. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159278. [PMID: 36875132 PMCID: PMC9975703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Thobakgale
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Jost
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Hussien A, Boka A, Fantu A. Vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus infection and associated factors among married women in northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Korean J Women Health Nurs 2022; 28:307-316. [PMID: 36617482 PMCID: PMC9830114 DOI: 10.4069/kjwhn.2022.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and associated factors among married women in northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional survey (n=657) was conducted from April 1 to 15,2020, in Metema District, northwest Ethiopia, in four randomly selected kebele administrations (thelowest level of local government). The inclusion criteria were married women aged ≥18 years residing with their husbands. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associatedwith married women's vulnerability to HIV infection. RESULTS Participants were on average 33.70±9.50 years and nearly one-fourth (n=148, 22.5%) wereidentified as vulnerable to HIV infection (i.e., experienced sexually transmitted disease symptoms oran extramarital affair of either spouse within the past 12 months). Only 18.9% reported sexual communication with their husband. Respondents who did not discuss the risk of HIV infection withtheir husbands had fivefold odds of vulnerability (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 5.02; 95% confidenceinterval [CI], 1.43-17.5). Those who did not have premarital sex (AOR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.05-0.77)had no worries about HIV infection (AOR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08-0.94), sufficient income (AOR,0.56; 95% CI, 0.16-0.86), and less than four children (AOR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50-0.97) had decreased odds of being vulnerable to HIV than their counterparts. CONCLUSION Not discussing risk of HIV infection with husband was a major factor of vulnerabilityto HIV infection as was premarital sex, worry about HIV, income, and number of children. Measuresto strengthen couple's sexual communication and support economical stability is important for decreasing HIV vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiya Hussien
- College of Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Abdissa Boka
- College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,Corresponding author Abdissa Boka College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O.BOX: 4412, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251-912433511 E-mail:
| | - Asnake Fantu
- College of Health Sciences, Ethiopian Defense University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Samet JH, Tsui JI, Cheng DM, Liebschutz JM, Lira MC, Walley AY, Colasanti JA, Forman LS, Root C, Shanahan CW, Sullivan MM, Bridden CL, Abrams C, Harris C, Outlaw K, Armstrong WS, del Rio C. Improving the Delivery of Chronic Opioid Therapy Among People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e2052-e2058. [PMID: 32697847 PMCID: PMC8492355 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is prevalent among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH); managing pain with chronic opioid therapy (COT) is common. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) providers often diverge from prescribing guidelines. METHODS This 2-arm, unblinded, cluster-randomized clinical trial assessed whether the Targeting Effective Analgesia in Clinics for HIV (TEACH) intervention improves guideline-concordant care compared to usual care for PLWH on COT. The trial was implemented from 2015 to 2018 with 12-month follow-up at safety-net hospital-based HIV clinics in Boston and Atlanta. We enrolled 41 providers and their 187 patients on COT. Prescribers were randomized 1:1 to either a 12-month intervention consisting of a nurse care manager with an interactive electronic registry, opioid education, academic detailing, and access to addiction specialists or a control condition consisting of usual care. Two primary outcomes were assessed through electronic medical records: ≥2 urine drug tests and any early COT refills by 12 months. Other outcomes included possible adverse consequences. RESULTS At 12 months, the TEACH intervention arm had higher odds of ≥2 urine drug tests than the usual care arm (71% vs 20%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 13.38 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 5.85-30.60]; P < .0001). We did not detect a statistically significant difference in early refills (22% vs 30%; AOR, 0.55 [95% CI, .26-1.15]; P = .11), pain severity (6.30 vs 5.76; adjusted mean difference, 0.10 [95% CI, -1.56 to 1.75]; P = .91), or HIV viral load suppression (86.9% vs 82.1%; AOR, 1.21 [95% CI, .47-3.09]; P = .69). CONCLUSIONS TEACH is a promising intervention to improve adherence to COT guidelines without evident adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Samet
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Grayken Center for Addiction, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith I Tsui
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Debbie M Cheng
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane M Liebschutz
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marlene C Lira
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Grayken Center for Addiction, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Y Walley
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Grayken Center for Addiction, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan A Colasanti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Leah S Forman
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christin Root
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher W Shanahan
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret M Sullivan
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carly L Bridden
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Grayken Center for Addiction, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Abrams
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Catherine Harris
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kishna Outlaw
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wendy S Armstrong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carlos del Rio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Torayraju P, Kalidindi K, Hartgill U, Moi H. Retrospective Study of the Effectiveness of Azithromycin Single Dose Versus One-week Doxycycline for Anorectal Chlamydia in Men Who Have Sex with Men. Acta Derm Venereol 2021; 101:adv00396. [PMID: 33491098 PMCID: PMC9366676 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-3750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
Syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) share transmission routes. Syphilis infection can increase the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV in key populations. The aims of this study were to investigate the risk factors and co-infection patterns for HIV, HBV and HCV in patients with syphilis. A retrospective study was conducted of 2,412 patients with syphilis (1,922 (79.68%) with latent syphilis, 336 (13.93%) with secondary syphilis, 78 (3.23%) with primary syphilis, 72 (2.99%) with tertiary syphilis, and 4 (0.17%) with congenital syphilis). Positive results were observed in 8.21% (134/1,620) of patients tested for HIV, 5.75% (82/1,427) for HBV, and 1.02% (14/1,374) for HCV, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that male sex (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 26.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 10.37–65.36), age < 55 years, especially age group 25–34-years (AOR 8.06; 95% CI 4.16–15.61), diagnosed at the Department of Infectious Disease (AOR 19.16; 95% CI 9.74–37.69), patients from Southern China, which is a geographical area south of the Qinling-Huaihe line (AOR 1.86; 95% CI 1.06–3.26) and having a rapid plasma reagin titre ≥ 1:32 (AOR 1.88; 95% CI 1.12–3.15) were independently associated with HIV infection. Risk factors for HBV co-infection in patients with syphilis, including male sex (AOR 1.78; 95% CI 1.12–2.83) and living in Southern China (AOR 4.66; 95% CI, 2.36–9.17) were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zi Gong
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 100730 Beijing, China
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Bailin SS, McGinnis KA, McDonnell WJ, So-Armah K, Wellons M, Tracy RP, Doyle MF, Mallal S, Justice AC, Freiberg MS, Landay AL, Wanjalla C, Koethe JR. T Lymphocyte Subsets Associated With Prevalent Diabetes in Veterans With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:252-262. [PMID: 32052044 PMCID: PMC7323499 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher proportion of circulating memory CD4+ T cells is associated with prevalent diabetes mellitus in the general population. Given the broad changes in adaptive immunity, including memory T-cell expansion, and rising prevalence of diabetes in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population, we assessed whether similar relationships were present in persons with HIV (PWH). METHODS Multiple CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets were measured by flow cytometry, and prevalent diabetes cases were adjudicated by 2 physicians for PWH and HIV-negative participants in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. Multivariable logistic regression models evaluated the association of T-cell subsets and diabetes stratified by HIV status, adjusted for cytomegalovirus serostatus and traditional risk factors. RESULTS Among 2385 participants (65% PWH, 95% male, 68% African American), higher CD45RO+ memory CD4+ T cells and lower CD38+ CD4+ T cells were associated with prevalent diabetes, and had a similar effect size, in both the PWH and HIV-negative (P ≤ .05 for all). Lower CD38+CD8+ T cells were also associated with diabetes in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets associated with diabetes are similar in PWH and HIV-negative individuals, suggesting that diabetes in PWH may be related to chronic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Bailin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathleen A McGinnis
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wyatt J McDonnell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kaku So-Armah
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Wellons
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Margaret F Doyle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Simon Mallal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew S Freiberg
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Celestine Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John R Koethe
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Struvay S, Plum PE, Pirard C, Meuris C, Sauvage AS. [Ten years ahead in infectious diseases : AIDS/ HIV towards stopping transmission]. Rev Med Liege 2020; 75:356-361. [PMID: 32496679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to end the AIDS pandemic, new infections must be avoided. This prevention can be divided into four axes depending on the risk of exposure to the HIV virus. Over the past decade, new prevention strategies supported by various studies have emerged. These are effective when they are used in combination. Some are not without risk or even controversial according to some authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Struvay
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Liège, Belgique
| | - P E Plum
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Liège, Belgique
| | - C Pirard
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Liège, Belgique
| | - C Meuris
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Liège, Belgique
| | - A S Sauvage
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Liège, Belgique
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Savchenko SE, Dyadyk OO, Chaika KV, Onyshchyk LM, Vorobey LI, Zhykharskyi RV, Bondaruk VP. Pathomorphological characteristics and immunohistochemical features of placentae from hiv-positive pregnant women with fetal growth retardation. Wiad Lek 2020; 73:215-219. [PMID: 32248147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: To study the pathomorphological characteristics and immunohistochemical features of placentae from human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV-positive) pregnant women with FGR. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The study material was 32 placentae, including 12 placentae from HIV-positive pregnant women with FGR (study group), 10 placentae from HIVpositivepregnant women without FGR (comparison group) and 10 placentae from HIV-negative women with physiological pregnancy (control group). An immunohistochemical study was performed using monoclonal antibodies (MCA) against CD31+ and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RESULTS Results: Pathomorphologic changes of the placentae from HIV-positive pregnant women with FGR were characterized by edema in the umbilical cord tissue, partial dissection of the vascular wall fibers, dysmucoidosis; intracellular edema and hemorrhage in the fetal membrane tissues. In the placentae tissue it was found marked manifestations of degenerative changes in the form of the areas of fibrinoid necrosis, pronounced manifestations of dysmucoidosis, vacuolation of the villi stroma, an increase in the number of avascular villi and immature villi of small caliber with the phenomena of syncytiotrophoblast focal hyperplasia. An immunohistochemical study with MCA against CD31+ revealed the expression (optical density) of the vascular endothelial cells up to 2 points, and the expression level up to 3 points in the isolated areas with the appearance of the expression on the villi surface and in their thickness. During immunohistochemical studies with VEGF the expression level and its optical density increased up to 2-3 points, in some areas the expression of deposits were detected on the villi surface, in their thickness and in the intervillous space. CONCLUSION Conclusions: The comparative pathomorphological and immunohistochemical study of the placentae demonstrated more significant changes in the group of HIV-positive pregnant women with FGR. In the placentae of HIV-positive pregnant women with FGR immunohistochemical examinations revealed a high level of CD31+ and VEGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii E Savchenko
- Shupyk National Medical Academy Of Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena O Dyadyk
- Shupyk National Medical Academy Of Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kyrylo V Chaika
- Shupyk National Medical Academy Of Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Ludmila I Vorobey
- Shupyk National Medical Academy Of Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Abstract
HIV infection has been associated with alterations in gut microbiota and related microbial metabolite production. However, the mechanisms of how these functional microbial metabolites may affect HIV immunopathogenesis and comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and other metabolic diseases, remain largely unknown. Here we review the current understanding of gut microbiota and related metabolites in the context of HIV infection. We focus on several bacteria-produced metabolites, including tryptophan catabolites, short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and discuss their implications in HIV infection and comorbidities. We also prospect future studies using integrative multiomics approaches to better understand host-microbiota-metabolites interactions in HIV infection, and facilitate integrative medicine utilizing the microbiota in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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