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Moye ZD, Woolston J, Abbeele PVAND, Duysburgh C, Verstrepen L, DAS CR, Marzorati M, Sulakvelidze A. A Bacteriophage Cocktail Eliminates Salmonella Typhimurium from the Human Colonic Microbiome while Preserving Cytokine Signaling and Preventing Attachment to and Invasion of Human Cells by Salmonella In Vitro. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1336-1349. [PMID: 31313962 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella strains continue to be a major cause of foodborne illness globally. One intriguing approach to reducing the risk of salmonellosis is the direct ingestion of phages targeting Salmonella to enhance natural gut resilience and provide protection during foodborne disease outbreaks. We evaluated the ability of a prophylactically administered bacteriophage cocktail, the foodborne outbreak pill (FOP) targeting Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella, to resolve a Salmonella infection in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME), a simulated gut platform populated by the human intestinal microbiome of healthy donors. The FOP preparation eliminated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from the colon compartment of the SHIME platform but health-associated metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and lactate, remained stable or increased in a donor-dependent manner. In studies of human intestinal cells, pretreatment of Salmonella Typhimurium with the FOP cocktail preserved lipopolysaccharide-stimulated signaling in a Caco-2-THP-1 Transwell system and prevented destruction of the Caco-2 monolayer by Salmonella. Adhesion and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by Salmonella-a critical factor in Salmonella pathogenesis-was blunted when the bacteria were incubated with the FOP preparation before addition to the monolayer. The FOP phage cocktail was effective for (i) eliminating Salmonella from a simulated human gut without disturbing the indigenous microbiota and (ii) reducing the risk of invasion by Salmonella into the intestinal epithelia. These results suggest that the FOP preparation may be of value for reducing the risk of salmonellosis in humans, e.g., during foodborne disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Moye
- 1 Intralytix, Inc., The Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
| | - Joelle Woolston
- 1 Intralytix, Inc., The Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chythanya Rajanna DAS
- 1 Intralytix, Inc., The Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
| | - Massimo Marzorati
- 2 ProDigest, BVBA, Technologiepark 3, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,3 Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Sulakvelidze
- 1 Intralytix, Inc., The Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
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Bridges DF, Tadepalli S, Anderson R, Zhang R, Wu VCH. Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium on Blueberries through Brief Exposure to Antimicrobial Solutions Coupled with Freezing. J Food Prot 2019; 82:926-930. [PMID: 31081691 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Freezing after brief exposure to antimicrobial solutions increases bacterial reduction. Lactic acid combined with freezing reduced L. monocytogenes to unrecoverable levels. Most wash treatments maintained visual qualities of blueberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Bridges
- 1 Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-1078 [V.C.H.W.])
| | - Shravani Tadepalli
- 2 Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6190-479X [S.T.])
| | - Ryan Anderson
- 2 Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6190-479X [S.T.])
| | - Rong Zhang
- 2 Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6190-479X [S.T.])
| | - Vivian C H Wu
- 1 Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-1078 [V.C.H.W.])
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Masud S, Prajsnar TK, Torraca V, Lamers GE, Benning M, Van Der Vaart M, Meijer AH. Macrophages target Salmonella by Lc3-associated phagocytosis in a systemic infection model. Autophagy 2019; 15:796-812. [PMID: 30676840 PMCID: PMC6526873 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune defense against intracellular pathogens, like Salmonella, relies heavily on the autophagy machinery of the host. This response is studied intensively in epithelial cells, the target of Salmonella during gastrointestinal infections. However, little is known of the role that autophagy plays in macrophages, the predominant carriers of this pathogen during systemic disease. Here we utilize a zebrafish embryo model to study the interaction of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium with the macroautophagy/autophagy machinery of macrophages in vivo. We show that phagocytosis of live but not heat-killed Salmonella triggers recruitment of the autophagy marker GFP-Lc3 in a variety of patterns labeling tight or spacious bacteria-containing compartments, also revealed by electron microscopy. Neutrophils display similar GFP-Lc3 associations, but genetic modulation of the neutrophil/macrophage balance and ablation experiments show that macrophages are critical for the defense response. Deficiency of atg5 reduces GFP-Lc3 recruitment and impairs host resistance, in contrast to atg13 deficiency, indicating that Lc3-Salmonella association at this stage is independent of the autophagy preinitiation complex and that macrophages target Salmonella by Lc3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). In agreement, GFP-Lc3 recruitment and host resistance are impaired by deficiency of Rubcn/Rubicon, known as a negative regulator of canonical autophagy and an inducer of LAP. We also found strict dependency on NADPH oxidase, another essential factor for LAP. Both Rubcn and NADPH oxidase are required to activate a Salmonella biosensor for reactive oxygen species inside infected macrophages. These results identify LAP as the major host protective autophagy-related pathway responsible for macrophage defense against Salmonella during systemic infection. Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related gene; BECN1: Beclin 1; CFU: colony forming units; CYBA/P22PHOX: cytochrome b-245, alpha chain; CYBB/NOX2: cytochrome b-245 beta chain; dpf: days post fertilization; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hfp: hours post fertilization; hpi: hours post infection; IRF8: interferon regulatory factor 8; Lcp1/L-plastin: lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; mCherry: red fluorescent protein; mpeg1: macrophage expressed gene 1; mpx: myeloid specific peroxidase; NADPH oxidase: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; NCF4/P40PHOX: neutrophil cytosolic factor 4; NTR-mCherry: nitroreductase-mCherry fusion; PTU: phenylthiourea; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB-1 inducible coiled coin 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; RUBCN/RUBICON: RUN and cysteine rich domain containing BECN1-interacting protein; SCV: Salmonella-containing vacuole; S. Typhimurium/S.T: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; Tg: transgenic; TSA: tyramide signal amplification; ULK1/2: unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1/2; UVRAG: UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; wt: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrah Masud
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda E.M. Lamers
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Benning
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Patel S, Wall DM, Castillo A, McCormick BA. Caspase-3 cleavage of Salmonella type III secreted effector protein SifA is required for localization of functional domains and bacterial dissemination. Gut Microbes 2019; 10:172-187. [PMID: 30727836 PMCID: PMC6546311 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1506668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SifA is a bi-functional Type III Secretion System (T3SS) effector protein that plays an important role in Salmonella virulence. The N-terminal domain of SifA binds SifA-Kinesin-Interacting-Protein (SKIP), and via an interaction with kinesin, forms tubular membrane extensions called Sif filaments (Sifs) that emanate from the Salmonella Containing Vacuole (SCV). The C-terminal domain of SifA harbors a WxxxE motif that functions to mimic active host cell GTPases. Taken together, SifA functions in inducing endosomal tubulation in order to maintain the integrity of the SCV and promote bacterial dissemination. Since SifA performs multiple, unrelated functions, the objective of this study was to determine how each functional domain of SifA becomes processed. Our work demonstrates that a linker region containing a caspase-3 cleavage motif separates the two functional domains of SifA. To test the hypothesis that processing of SifA by caspase-3 at this particular site is required for function and proper localization of the effector protein domains, we developed two tracking methods to analyze the intracellular localization of SifA. We first adapted a fluorescent tag called phiLOV that allowed for type-III secretion system (T3SS) mediated delivery of SifA and observation of its intracellular colocalization with caspase-3. Additionally, we created a dual-tagging strategy that permitted tracking of each of the SifA functional domains following caspase-3 cleavage to different subcellular locations. The results of this study reveal that caspase-3 cleavage of SifA is required for the proper localization of functional domains and bacterial dissemination. Considering the importance of these events in Salmonella pathogenesis, we conclude that caspase-3 cleavage of effector proteins is a more broadly applicable effector processing mechanism utilized by Salmonella to invade and persist during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA,CONTACT Beth McCormick Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS8-2011, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Daniel M. Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Antonio Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Beth A. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Jayeola V, Jeong S, Almenar E, Marks BP, Vorst KL, Brown JW, Ryser ET. Predicting the Growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in Diced Celery, Onions, and Tomatoes during Simulated Commercial Transport, Retail Storage, and Display. J Food Prot 2019; 82:287-300. [PMID: 30682265 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is arguably the most important factor affecting microbial proliferation in fresh-cut produce. In this study, growth of Listeria monocytogenes in diced onions and celery and Salmonella Typhimurium in diced tomatoes was determined in modified atmosphere packages and snap-fit containers using three fluctuating temperature scenarios for transport, retail storage, and display. As expected, L. monocytogenes growth in diced onions and celery varied depending on the extent of temperature abuse, with exposure to high and intermediate temperature-abuse scenarios generally being growth supportive. A Baranyi primary model with a square-root secondary model for maximum growth rate, and a linear model for maximum population density, were used to estimate Listeria growth under fluctuating temperature. Accuracy and acceptability of the model prediction were evaluated in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) and acceptable prediction zone (APZ), respectively. Overall, growth predictions for L. monocytogenes were more accurate for celery (RMSE, 0.28 to 0.47) than onions (RMSE, 0.42 to 1.53) under the fluctuating temperature scenarios tested. However, both predictions yielded APZ values that ranged from 82 to 100% for celery and 36 to 78% for onions. In contrast, Salmonella Typhimurium populations increased more than 1 log CFU/g in diced tomatoes under the three fluctuating temperature scenarios studied. Overall, these diced products packaged under a high-oxygen atmosphere showed decreased pathogen growth compared with product stored in a passive modified atmosphere. Findings from this study will be particularly useful in assessing the risk associated with consumption of diced celery, tomatoes, and onions and in designing effective packaging strategies to minimize pathogen growth in fresh-cut produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Jayeola
- 1 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1337-2658 [E.T.R.]), East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sanghyup Jeong
- 2 Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Eva Almenar
- 3 School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Bradley P Marks
- 2 Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Keith L Vorst
- 4 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - J Wyatt Brown
- 5 Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Cal Poly, San Luis, Obispo, California 93407, USA
| | - Elliot T Ryser
- 1 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1337-2658 [E.T.R.]), East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Yüksel FN, Buzrul S, Akçelik M, Akçelik N. Inhibition and eradication of Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm using P22 bacteriophage, EDTA and nisin. Biofouling 2018; 34:1046-1054. [PMID: 30621457 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1538412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
P22 phage >105 PFU ml-1 could be used to inhibit Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm formation by 55-80%. Concentrations of EDTA >1.25 mM and concentrations of nisin >1,200 µg ml-1 were also highly effective in reducing S. Typhimurium biofilm formation (≥96% and ≥95% reductions were observed, respectively). A synergistic effect was observed when EDTA and nisin were combined whereas P22 phage in combination with nisin had no synergistic impact on biofilm formation. Triple combination of P22 phage, EDTA and nisin could be also used to inhibit biofilm formation (≥93.2%) at a low phage titer (102 PFU ml-1), and low EDTA (1.25 mM) and nisin (9.375 µg ml-1) concentrations. A reduction of 70% in the mature biofilm was possible when 107 PFU ml-1 of P22 phage, 20 mM of EDTA and 150 μg ml-1 of nisin were used in combination. This study revealed that it could be possible to reduce biofilm formation by S. Typhimurium by the use of P22 phage, EDTA and nisin, either alone or in combination. Although, removal of the mature biofilm was more difficult, the triple combination could be successfully used for mature biofilm of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sencer Buzrul
- b Department of Food Engineering , Konya Food and Agriculture University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Mustafa Akçelik
- a Department of Biology , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nefise Akçelik
- c Biotechnology Institute , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
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