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Li X, Ormsby MJ, Fallata G, Meikle LM, Walker D, Xu D, Wall DM. PF-431396 hydrate inhibition of kinase phosphorylation during adherent-invasive Escherichia coli infection inhibits intra-macrophage replication and inflammatory cytokine release. Microbiology (Reading) 2023; 169. [PMID: 37311220 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) have been implicated in the aetiology of Crohn's disease (CD). They are characterized by an ability to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells, and to replicate intracellularly in macrophages resulting in inflammation. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) has previously been identified as a risk locus for inflammatory bowel disease and a regulator of intestinal inflammation. It is overexpressed in patients with colorectal cancer, a major long-term complication of CD. Here we show that Pyk2 levels are significantly increased during AIEC infection of murine macrophages while the inhibitor PF-431396 hydrate, which blocks Pyk2 activation, significantly decreased intramacrophage AIEC numbers. Imaging flow cytometry indicated that Pyk2 inhibition blocked intramacrophage replication of AIEC with no change in the overall number of infected cells, but a significant reduction in bacterial burden per cell. This reduction in intracellular bacteria resulted in a 20-fold decrease in tumour necrosis factor α secretion by cells post-AIEC infection. These data demonstrate a key role for Pyk2 in modulating AIEC intracellular replication and associated inflammation and may provide a new avenue for future therapeutic intervention in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Michael J Ormsby
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
- Present address: Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK49 4LA, UK
| | - Ghaith Fallata
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
- Department of Basic Science, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lynsey M Meikle
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Daniel Walker
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Damo Xu
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Daniel M Wall
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Hulme H, Meikle LM, Strittmatter N, Swales J, Hamm G, Brown SL, Milling S, MacDonald AS, Goodwin RJ, Burchmore R, Wall DM. Mapping the Influence of the Gut Microbiota on Small Molecules across the Microbiome Gut Brain Axis. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2022; 33:649-659. [PMID: 35262356 PMCID: PMC9047441 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbes exert influence across the microbiome-gut-brain axis through neurotransmitter production, induction of host immunomodulators, or the release or induction of other microbial or host molecules. Here, we used mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), a label-free imaging tool, to map molecular changes in the gut and brain in germ-free, antibiotic-treated and control mice. We determined spatial distribution and relative quantification of neurotransmitters and their precursors in response to the microbiome. Using untargeted MSI, we detected a significant change in the levels of four identified small molecules in the brains of germ-free animals compared to controls. However, antibiotic treatment induced no significant changes in these same metabolites in the brain after 1 week of treatment. This work exemplifies the utility of MSI as a tool for the study of known and discovery of novel, mediators of microbiome-gut-brain axis communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hulme
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsey M. Meikle
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Strittmatter
- Imaging
and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K.
| | - John Swales
- Imaging
and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K.
| | - Gregory Hamm
- Imaging
and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K.
| | - Sheila L. Brown
- Lydia
Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology,
Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, U.K.
| | - Simon Milling
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. MacDonald
- Lydia
Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology,
Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, U.K.
| | - Richard J.A. Goodwin
- Imaging
and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K.
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Wall
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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3
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Johnson SA, Ormsby MJ, Wessel HM, Hulme HE, Bravo‐Blas A, McIntosh A, Mason S, Coffelt SB, Tait SW, Mowat AM, Milling SW, Blyth K, Wall DM. Monocytes mediate Salmonella Typhimurium-induced tumor growth inhibition in a mouse melanoma model. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:3228-3238. [PMID: 34633664 PMCID: PMC9214623 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of bacteria as an alternative cancer therapy has been reinvestigated in recent years. SL7207: an auxotrophic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium aroA mutant with immune-stimulatory potential has proven a promising strain for this purpose. Here, we show that systemic administration of SL7207 induces melanoma tumor growth arrest in vivo, with greater survival of the SL7207-treated group compared to control PBS-treated mice. Administration of SL7207 is accompanied by a change in the immune phenotype of the tumor-infiltrating cells toward pro-inflammatory, with expression of the TH 1 cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12 significantly increased. Interestingly, Ly6C+ MHCII+ monocytes were recruited to the tumors following SL7207 treatment and were pro-inflammatory. Accordingly, the abrogation of these infiltrating monocytes using clodronate liposomes prevented SL7207-induced tumor growth inhibition. These data demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for infiltrating inflammatory monocytes underlying bacterial-mediated tumor growth inhibition. This information highlights a possible novel role for monocytes in controlling tumor growth, contributing to our understanding of the immune responses required for successful immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Síle A. Johnson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Ormsby
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Hannah M. Wessel
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Heather E. Hulme
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Alberto Bravo‐Blas
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Anne McIntosh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Susan Mason
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Seth B. Coffelt
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen W.G. Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Allan McI. Mowat
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon W.F. Milling
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
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Hulme H, Meikle LM, Strittmatter N, van der Hooft JJJ, Swales J, Bragg RA, Villar VH, Ormsby MJ, Barnes S, Brown SL, Dexter A, Kamat MT, Komen JC, Walker D, Milling S, Osterweil EK, MacDonald AS, Schofield CJ, Tardito S, Bunch J, Douce G, Edgar JM, Edrada-Ebel R, Goodwin RJA, Burchmore R, Wall DM. Microbiome-derived carnitine mimics as previously unknown mediators of gut-brain axis communication. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaax6328. [PMID: 32195337 PMCID: PMC7065903 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations to the gut microbiome are associated with various neurological diseases, yet evidence of causality and identity of microbiome-derived compounds that mediate gut-brain axis interaction remain elusive. Here, we identify two previously unknown bacterial metabolites 3-methyl-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate and 4-(trimethylammonio)pentanoate, structural analogs of carnitine that are present in both gut and brain of specific pathogen-free mice but absent in germ-free mice. We demonstrate that these compounds are produced by anaerobic commensal bacteria from the family Lachnospiraceae (Clostridiales) family, colocalize with carnitine in brain white matter, and inhibit carnitine-mediated fatty acid oxidation in a murine cell culture model of central nervous system white matter. This is the first description of direct molecular inter-kingdom exchange between gut prokaryotes and mammalian brain cells, leading to inhibition of brain cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hulme
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lynsey M. Meikle
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nicole Strittmatter
- Imaging and data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | | | - John Swales
- Imaging and data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Ryan A. Bragg
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Victor H. Villar
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Michael J. Ormsby
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stephanie Barnes
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, and The Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sheila L. Brown
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Alex Dexter
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Maya T. Kamat
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jasper C. Komen
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Daniel Walker
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Simon Milling
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Emily K. Osterweil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, and The Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Andrew S. MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Chris J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Saverio Tardito
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Josephine Bunch
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gillian Douce
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Julia M. Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel
- Natural Products Metabolomics Group, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Richard J. A. Goodwin
- Imaging and data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniel M. Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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5
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Ormsby MJ, Johnson SA, Carpena N, Meikle LM, Goldstone RJ, McIntosh A, Wessel HM, Hulme HE, McConnachie CC, Connolly JPR, Roe AJ, Hasson C, Boyd J, Fitzgerald E, Gerasimidis K, Morrison D, Hold GL, Hansen R, Walker D, Smith DGE, Wall DM. Propionic Acid Promotes the Virulent Phenotype of Crohn's Disease-Associated Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli. Cell Rep 2020; 30:2297-2305.e5. [PMID: 32075765 PMCID: PMC7034058 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) is a bacterium-derived intestinal antimicrobial and immune modulator used widely in food production and agriculture. Passage of Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) through a murine model, in which intestinal PA levels are increased to mimic the human intestine, leads to the recovery of AIEC with significantly increased virulence. Similar phenotypic changes are observed outside the murine model when AIEC is grown in culture with PA as the sole carbon source; such PA exposure also results in AIEC that persists at 20-fold higher levels in vivo. RNA sequencing identifies an upregulation of genes involved in biofilm formation, stress response, metabolism, membrane integrity, and alternative carbon source utilization. PA exposure also increases virulence in a number of E. coli isolates from Crohn's disease patients. Removal of PA is sufficient to reverse these phenotypic changes. Our data indicate that exposure to PA results in AIEC resistance and increased virulence in its presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsby
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Síle A Johnson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Nuria Carpena
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Lynsey M Meikle
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Robert J Goldstone
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Anne McIntosh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Hannah M Wessel
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Heather E Hulme
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ceilidh C McConnachie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - James P R Connolly
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andrew J Roe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Conor Hasson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Joseph Boyd
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Eamonn Fitzgerald
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Douglas Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G75 0QF, UK
| | - Georgina L Hold
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Hansen
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Daniel Walker
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - David G E Smith
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Daniel M Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Clay SL, Bravo-Blas A, Wall DM, MacLeod MKL, Milling SWF. Regulatory T cells control the dynamic and site-specific polarization of total CD4 T cells following Salmonella infection. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:946-957. [PMID: 32457450 PMCID: PMC7567643 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) control inflammation and maintain mucosal homeostasis, but their functions during infection are poorly understood. Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells can be identified by master transcription factors (TFs) T-bet, GATA3, and RORγT; Tregs also express these TFs. While T-bet+ Tregs can selectively suppress Th1 cells, it is unclear whether distinct Treg populations can alter Th bias. To address this, we used Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium to induce nonlethal colitis. Following infection, we observed an early colonic Th17 response within total CD4 T cells, followed by a Th1 bias. The early Th17 response, which contains both Salmonella-specific and non-Salmonella-specific cells, parallels an increase in T-bet+ Tregs. Later, Th1 cells and RORγT+ Tregs dominate. This reciprocal dynamic may indicate that Tregs selectively suppress Th cells, shaping the immune response. Treg depletion 1-2 days post-infection shifted the early Th17 response to a Th1 bias; however, Treg depletion 6-7 days post-infection abrogated the Th1 bias. Thus, Tregs are necessary for the early Th17 response, and for a maximal Th1 response later. These data show that Tregs shape the overall tissue CD4 T cell response and highlight the potential for subpopulations of Tregs to be used in targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slater L. Clay
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Alberto Bravo-Blas
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK ,grid.23636.320000 0000 8821 5196Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow and Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Daniel M. Wall
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK
| | - Megan K. L. MacLeod
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK
| | - Simon W. F. Milling
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XInstitute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK
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7
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Ormsby MJ, Logan M, Johnson SA, McIntosh A, Fallata G, Papadopoulou R, Papachristou E, Hold GL, Hansen R, Ijaz UZ, Russell RK, Gerasimidis K, Wall DM. Inflammation associated ethanolamine facilitates infection by Crohn's disease-linked adherent-invasive Escherichia coli. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:325-332. [PMID: 31036531 PMCID: PMC6557746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The predominance of specific bacteria such as adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) within the Crohn's disease (CD) intestine remains poorly understood with little evidence uncovered to support a selective pressure underlying their presence. Intestinal ethanolamine is however readily accessible during periods of intestinal inflammation, and enables pathogens to outcompete the host microbiota under such circumstances. METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) to determine expression of genes central to ethanolamine metabolism; transmission electron microscopy to detect presence of bacterial microcompartments (MCPs); in vitro infections of both murine and human macrophage cell lines examining intracellular replication of the AIEC-type strain LF82 and clinical E. coli isolates in the presence of ethanolamine; determination of E. coli ethanolamine utilization (eut) operon transcription in faecal samples from healthy patients, patients with active CD and the same patients in remission following treatment. RESULTS Growth on the intestinal short chain fatty acid propionic acid (PA) stimulates significantly increased transcription of the eut operon (fold change relative to glucose: >16.9; p-value <.01). Additionally ethanolamine was accessible to intra-macrophage AIEC and stimulated significant increases in growth intracellularly when it was added extracellularly at concentrations comparable to those in the human intestine. Finally, qRT-PCR indicated that expression of the E. coli eut operon was increased in children with active CD compared to healthy controls (fold change increase: >4.72; P < .02). After clinical remission post-exclusive enteral nutrition treatment, the same CD patients exhibited significantly reduced eut expression (Pre vs Post fold change decrease: >15.64; P < .01). INTERPRETATION Our data indicates a role for ethanolamine metabolism in selecting for AIEC that are consistently overrepresented in the CD intestine. The increased E. coli metabolism of ethanolamine seen in the intestine during active CD, and its decrease during remission, indicates ethanolamine use may be a key factor in shaping the intestinal microbiome in CD patients, particularly during times of inflammation. FUND: This work was funded by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) grants BB/K008005/1 & BB/P003281/1 to DMW; by a Tenovus Scotland grant to MJO; by Glasgow Children's Hospital Charity, Nestle Health Sciences, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and Catherine McEwan Foundation grants awarded to KG; and by a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) fellowship (NE/L011956/1) to UZI. The IBD team at the Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow are supported by the Catherine McEwan Foundation and Yorkhill IBD fund. RKR and RH are supported by NHS Research Scotland Senior fellowship awards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsby
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Logan
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Rankine Building, 79-85 Oakfield Ave, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Síle A Johnson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Anne McIntosh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ghaith Fallata
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Rodanthi Papadopoulou
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - Eleftheria Papachristou
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina L Hold
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Australia
| | - Richard Hansen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Umer Z Ijaz
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Rankine Building, 79-85 Oakfield Ave, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard K Russell
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
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8
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Hulme H, Kamat M, Meikle L, Swales J, Bragg R, Torres VV, Ormsby M, Tardito S, Douce G, Van Der Hooft J, Edgar J, Edrada-Ebel R, Goodwin RJA, Burchmore R, Wall DM. Gut microbiota derived mitochondrial inhibitors cross the blood brain barrier and localise white matter. Access Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Kamat
- 1University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Saverio Tardito
- 3Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Julia Edgar
- 1University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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9
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Johnson SA, Ormsby MJ, McIntosh A, Tait SWG, Blyth K, Wall DM. Author Correction: Increasing the bactofection capacity of a mammalian expression vector by removal of the f1 ori. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:112. [PMID: 30783214 PMCID: PMC7608218 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Síle A Johnson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Michael J Ormsby
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Anne McIntosh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Daniel M Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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10
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Patel S, Wall DM, Castillo A, McCormick BA. Caspase-3 cleavage of Salmonella type III secreted effector protein SifA is required for localization of functional domains and bacterial dissemination. Gut Microbes 2019; 10:172-187. [PMID: 30727836 PMCID: PMC6546311 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1506668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SifA is a bi-functional Type III Secretion System (T3SS) effector protein that plays an important role in Salmonella virulence. The N-terminal domain of SifA binds SifA-Kinesin-Interacting-Protein (SKIP), and via an interaction with kinesin, forms tubular membrane extensions called Sif filaments (Sifs) that emanate from the Salmonella Containing Vacuole (SCV). The C-terminal domain of SifA harbors a WxxxE motif that functions to mimic active host cell GTPases. Taken together, SifA functions in inducing endosomal tubulation in order to maintain the integrity of the SCV and promote bacterial dissemination. Since SifA performs multiple, unrelated functions, the objective of this study was to determine how each functional domain of SifA becomes processed. Our work demonstrates that a linker region containing a caspase-3 cleavage motif separates the two functional domains of SifA. To test the hypothesis that processing of SifA by caspase-3 at this particular site is required for function and proper localization of the effector protein domains, we developed two tracking methods to analyze the intracellular localization of SifA. We first adapted a fluorescent tag called phiLOV that allowed for type-III secretion system (T3SS) mediated delivery of SifA and observation of its intracellular colocalization with caspase-3. Additionally, we created a dual-tagging strategy that permitted tracking of each of the SifA functional domains following caspase-3 cleavage to different subcellular locations. The results of this study reveal that caspase-3 cleavage of SifA is required for the proper localization of functional domains and bacterial dissemination. Considering the importance of these events in Salmonella pathogenesis, we conclude that caspase-3 cleavage of effector proteins is a more broadly applicable effector processing mechanism utilized by Salmonella to invade and persist during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA,CONTACT Beth McCormick Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street AS8-2011, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Daniel M. Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Antonio Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Beth A. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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11
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Bravo-Blas A, Utriainen L, Clay SL, Kästele V, Cerovic V, Cunningham AF, Henderson IR, Wall DM, Milling SWF. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Travels to Mesenteric Lymph Nodes Both with Host Cells and Autonomously. J Immunol 2018; 202:260-267. [PMID: 30487173 PMCID: PMC6305795 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella infection is a globally important cause of gastroenteritis and systemic disease and is a useful tool to study immune responses in the intestine. Although mechanisms leading to immune responses against Salmonella have been extensively studied, questions remain about how bacteria travel from the intestinal mucosa to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), a key site for Ag presentation. In this study, we used a mouse model of infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) to identify changes in intestinal immune cells induced during early infection. We then used fluorescently labeled STM to identify interactions with immune cells from the site of infection through migration in lymph to the MLN. We show that viable STM can be carried in the lymph by any subset of migrating dendritic cells but not by macrophages. Moreover, approximately half of the STM in lymph are not associated with cells at all and travel autonomously. Within the MLN, STM associates with dendritic cells and B cells but predominantly with MLN-resident macrophages. In conclusion, we describe the routes used by STM to spread systemically in the period immediately postinfection. This deeper understanding of the infection process could open new avenues for controlling it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bravo-Blas
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Lotta Utriainen
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Slater L Clay
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Verena Kästele
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon W F Milling
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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12
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Ormsby MJ, Johnson SA, Wall DM. Draft Genome Sequence of the Commensal Escherichia coli Strain F-18. Genome Announc 2016; 4:e01416-16. [PMID: 28007857 PMCID: PMC5180385 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01416-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Escherichia coli strain F-18, originally isolated from the feces of a healthy individual in 1977. The draft genome is 5,246,829 bp, with a G+C content of 50.50%, and it encodes 4,933 predicted coding sequences (CDSs), 10 rRNAs, and 84 tRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsby
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Síle A Johnson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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13
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Wall DM, Straccialini B, Allen E, Nolan P, Herrmann C, O'Kiely P, Murphy JD. Investigation of effect of particle size and rumen fluid addition on specific methane yields of high lignocellulose grass silage. Bioresour Technol 2015; 192:266-271. [PMID: 26038332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work examines the digestion of advanced growth stage grass silage. Two variables were investigated: particle size (greater than 3 cm and less than 1cm) and rumen fluid addition. Batch studies indicated particle size and rumen fluid addition had little effect on specific methane yields (SMYs). In continuous digestion of 3 cm silage the SMY was 342 and 343 L CH4 kg(-1)VS, respectively, with and without rumen fluid addition. However, digester operation was significantly affected through silage floating on the liquor surface and its entanglement in the mixing system. Digestion of 1cm silage with no rumen fluid addition struggled; volatile fatty acid concentrations rose and SMYs dropped. The best case was 1cm silage with rumen fluid addition, offering higher SMYs of 371 L CH4 kg(-1)VS and stable operation throughout. Thus, physical and biological treatments benefited continuous digestion of high fibre grass silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wall
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - B Straccialini
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - E Allen
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - P Nolan
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - C Herrmann
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Marine Renewable Energy (MaREI) Centre, Ireland
| | - P O'Kiely
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - J D Murphy
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Marine Renewable Energy (MaREI) Centre, Ireland.
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14
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Fyfe CD, Grinter R, Josts I, Mosbahi K, Roszak AW, Cogdell RJ, Wall DM, Burchmore RJS, Byron O, Walker D. Structure of protease-cleaved Escherichia coli α-2-macroglobulin reveals a putative mechanism of conformational activation for protease entrapment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:1478-86. [PMID: 26143919 PMCID: PMC4498604 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715008548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial α-2-macroglobulins have been suggested to function in defence as broad-spectrum inhibitors of host proteases that breach the outer membrane. Here, the X-ray structure of protease-cleaved Escherichia coli α-2-macroglobulin is described, which reveals a putative mechanism of activation and conformational change essential for protease inhibition. In this competitive mechanism, protease cleavage of the bait-region domain results in the untethering of an intrinsically disordered region of this domain which disrupts native interdomain interactions that maintain E. coli α-2-macroglobulin in the inactivated form. The resulting global conformational change results in entrapment of the protease and activation of the thioester bond that covalently links to the attacking protease. Owing to the similarity in structure and domain architecture of Escherichia coli α-2-macroglobulin and human α-2-macroglobulin, this protease-activation mechanism is likely to operate across the diverse members of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron D Fyfe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Rhys Grinter
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Inokentijs Josts
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Khedidja Mosbahi
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Aleksander W Roszak
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Richard J Cogdell
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Daniel M Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Richard J S Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Olwyn Byron
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Daniel Walker
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
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15
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Wall DM, McCormick BA. Bacterial secreted effectors and caspase-3 interactions. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1746-56. [PMID: 25262664 PMCID: PMC4257569 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a critical process that intrinsically links organism survival to its ability to induce controlled death. Thus, functional apoptosis allows organisms to remove perceived threats to their survival by targeting those cells that it determines pose a direct risk. Central to this process are apoptotic caspases, enzymes that form a signalling cascade, converting danger signals via initiator caspases into activation of the executioner caspase, caspase-3. This enzyme begins disassembly of the cell by activating DNA degrading enzymes and degrading the cellular architecture. Interaction of pathogenic bacteria with caspases, and in particular, caspase-3, can therefore impact both host cell and bacterial survival. With roles outside cell death such as cell differentiation, control of signalling pathways and immunomodulation also being described for caspase-3, bacterial interactions with caspase-3 may be of far more significance in infection than previously recognized. In this review, we highlight the ways in which bacterial pathogens have evolved to subvert caspase-3 both through effector proteins that directly interact with the enzyme or by modulating pathways that influence its activation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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16
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Dunne KA, Allam A, McIntosh A, Houston SA, Cerovic V, Goodyear CS, Roe AJ, Beatson SA, Milling SW, Walker D, Wall DM. Increased S-nitrosylation and proteasomal degradation of caspase-3 during infection contribute to the persistence of adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) in immune cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68386. [PMID: 23861899 PMCID: PMC3701656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) have been implicated as a causative agent of Crohn’s disease (CD) due to their isolation from the intestines of CD sufferers and their ability to persist in macrophages inducing granulomas. The rapid intracellular multiplication of AIEC sets it apart from other enteric pathogens such as Salmonella Typhimurium which after limited replication induce programmed cell death (PCD). Understanding the response of infected cells to the increased AIEC bacterial load and associated metabolic stress may offer insights into AIEC pathogenesis and its association with CD. Here we show that AIEC persistence within macrophages and dendritic cells is facilitated by increased proteasomal degradation of caspase-3. In addition S-nitrosylation of pro- and active forms of caspase-3, which can inhibit the enzymes activity, is increased in AIEC infected macrophages. This S-nitrosylated caspase-3 was seen to accumulate upon inhibition of the proteasome indicating an additional role for S-nitrosylation in inducing caspase-3 degradation in a manner independent of ubiquitination. In addition to the autophagic genetic defects that are linked to CD, this delay in apoptosis mediated in AIEC infected cells through increased degradation of caspase-3, may be an essential factor in its prolonged persistence in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl A. Dunne
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amr Allam
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne McIntosh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A. Houston
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Roe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Scott A. Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon W. Milling
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Walker
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Herbert KE, Gambell P, Link EK, Mouminoglu A, Wall DM, Harrison SJ, Ritchie DS, Seymour JF, Prince HM. Pegfilgrastim compared with filgrastim for cytokine-alone mobilization of autologous haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 2012; 48:351-6. [PMID: 22858510 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2012.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) mobilization, using cytokine-alone, is a well-tolerated regimen with predictable mobilization kinetics. Single-dose pegfilgrastim mobilizes HSPC efficiently; however, there is surprisingly little comparative data on its use without chemotherapy for HSPC mobilization. Pegfilgrastim-alone and filgrastim-alone mobilization regimens were compared in 52 patients with haematological malignancy. Pegfilgrastim 12 mg (n=20) or 6 mg (n=2) was administered Day 1 (D1) in 22 patients (lymphoma n=17; myeloma n=5). Thirty historical controls (lymphoma n=18; myeloma n=12) received filgrastim 10 mcg/kg daily from D1. Peripheral blood (PB) CD34(+) counts reached threshold (5 × 10(6)/L) and apheresis commenced on D4(4-5) and D4(4-6). Median PB CD34(+) cell count on D1 of apheresis was similar (26.0 × 10(6)/L (2.5-125.0 × 10(6)/L) and 16.2 × 10(6)/L (2.6-50.7 × 10(6)/L); P=0.06), for pegfilgrastim and filgrastim groups, respectively. Target yield (2 × 10(6) per kg CD34(+) cells) was collected in 20/22 (91%) pegfilgrastim patients and 24/30 (80%) in the filgrastim group (P=0.44), in a similar median number of aphereses (3(1-4) versus 3(2-6), respectively; P=0.85). A higher proportion of pegfilgrastim patients tended to yield 4 × 10(6) per kg CD34(+) cells; 16/22 (73%) versus 14/30 (47%) filgrastim patients (P=0.09). One pegfilgrastim patient developed hyperleukocytosis that resolved without incident. Pegfilgrastim-alone is a simple, well-tolerated, and attractive option for outpatient-based HSPC mobilization with similar mobilization kinetics and efficacy to regular filgrastim.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Herbert
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Abstract
When one considers the organism Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), one usually thinks of the Gram-negative enteric pathogen that causes the severe food borne illness, gastroentertitis. In this context, the idea of Salmonella being exploited as a cancer therapeutic seems pretty remote. However, there has been an escalating interest in the development of tumor-therapeutic bacteria for use in the treatment of a variety of cancers. This strategy takes advantage of the remarkable ability of certain bacteria to preferentially replicate and accumulate within tumors. In the case of S. Typhimurium, this organism infects and selectively grows within implanted tumors, achieving tumor/normal tissue ratios of approximately 1,000:1. Salmonella also has some attractive properties well suited for the design of a chemotherapeutic agent. In particular, this pathogen can easily be manipulated to carry foreign genes, and since this species is a facultative anaerobe, it is able to survival in both oxygenated and hypoxic conditions, implying this organism could colonize both small metastatic lesions as well as larger tumors. These observations are the impetus to a burgeoning field focused on the development of Salmonella as a clinically useful anti-cancer agent. We will discuss three cutting edge technologies employing Salmonella to target tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Wall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - C.V. Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, United States of America
| | - Beth A. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, United States of America
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19
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Srikanth CV, Wall DM, Maldonado-Contreras A, Shi H, Zhou D, Demma Z, Mumy KL, McCormick BA. Salmonella pathogenesis and processing of secreted effectors by caspase-3. Science 2010; 330:390-393. [PMID: 20947770 DOI: 10.1126/science.1194598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes food poisoning resulting in gastroenteritis. The S. Typhimurium effector Salmonella invasion protein A (SipA) promotes gastroenteritis by functional motifs that trigger either mechanisms of inflammation or bacterial entry. During infection of intestinal epithelial cells, SipA was found to be responsible for the early activation of caspase-3, an enzyme that is required for SipA cleavage at a specific recognition motif that divided the protein into its two functional domains and activated SipA in a manner necessary for pathogenicity. Other caspase-3 cleavage sites identified in S. Typhimurium appeared to be restricted to secreted effector proteins, which indicates that this may be a general strategy used by this pathogen for processing of its secreted effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Srikanth
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Daniel M Wall
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ana Maldonado-Contreras
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Haining Shi
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Daoguo Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Zachary Demma
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Karen L Mumy
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Beth A McCormick
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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20
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Jones KL, Brown LE, Eriksson EMY, Ffrench RA, Latour PA, Loveland BE, Wall DM, Roberts SK, Jackson DC, Gowans EJ. Human dendritic cells pulsed with specific lipopeptides stimulate autologous antigen-specific T cells without the addition of exogenous maturation factors. J Viral Hepat 2008; 15:761-72. [PMID: 18637077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2008.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Serum-free culture conditions to generate immature human monocyte-derived DC (Mo-DC) were optimized, and the parameters that influence their maturation after exposure to lipopeptides containing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell epitopes were examined. The lipopeptides contained a single CD4(+) helper T-cell epitopes, one of a number of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted cytotoxic T-cell epitope and the lipid Pam2Cys. To ensure complete maturation of the Mo-DC, we examined (i) the optimal lipopeptide concentration, (ii) the optimal Mo-DC density and (iii) the appropriate period of exposure of the Mo-DC to the lipopeptides. The results showed that a high dose of lipopeptide (30 microm) was no more efficient at upregulating maturation markers on Mo-DC than a low dose (6 microm). There was an inverse relationship between Mo-DC concentration and the mean fluorescence intensity of maturation markers. In addition, at the higher cell concentrations, the chemotactic capacity of the Mo-DC towards a cognate ligand, CCL21, was reduced. Thus, high cell concentrations during lipopeptide exposure were detrimental to Mo-DC maturation and function. The duration of exposure of Mo-DC to the lipopeptides had little effect on phenotype, although Mo-DC exposed to lipopeptides for 48 rather than 4 h showed an increased ability to stimulate autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells to release interferon-gamma in the absence of exogenous maturation factors. These findings reveal conditions for generating mature antigen-loaded DC suitable for targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Jones
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia
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21
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Siccardi D, Mumy KL, Wall DM, Bien JD, McCormick BA. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium modulates P-glycoprotein in the intestinal epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G1392-400. [PMID: 18403618 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00599.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Studies over the last decade have shown that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is able to preferentially locate to sites of tumor growth and modulate (shrink) the growth of many cancers. Given this unique association between S. typhimurium and cancer cells, the objective of this study was to investigate the capacity of this microorganism to modulate the plasma membrane multidrug resistance (MDR) protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-binding cassette transporter responsible for effluxing many cancer drugs. Using an in vitro model of S. typhimurium infection of polarized human cancer intestinal cell lines, we have found that this enteric pathogen functionally downregulates the efflux capabilities of P-gp. Specifically, we show that S. typhimurium infection of human intestinal cancer cells results in the enhanced intracellular accumulation of a number of P-gp substrates that corresponds to the posttranscriptional downregulation of P-gp expression. Furthermore, cells expressing small interfering RNAs against MDR1, the gene encoding P-gp, were significantly more susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of bacterial infection. This result is consistent with our observation that S. typhimurium was significantly less able to invade cells overexpressing MDR1. Taken together, these results reveal a novel role for P-gp in the maintenance of homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract in regard to bacterial infection. Thus the regulation of P-gp by S. typhimurium has important implications not only for the development of new cancer therapeutics aimed at reversing drug resistance but also in the understanding of how microbes have evolved diverse strategies to interact with their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Siccardi
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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22
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Wall DM, Nadeau WJ, Pazos MA, Shi HN, Galyov EE, McCormick BA. Identification of theSalmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium SipA domain responsible for inducing neutrophil recruitment across the intestinal epithelium. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:2299-313. [PMID: 17697195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In human intestinal disease induced by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) transepithelial migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) rapidly follows attachment of the bacteria to the epithelial apical membrane. Previously, we have shown that the S. typhimurium effector protein, SipA, plays a pivotal role in signalling epithelial cell responses that lead to the transepithelial migration of PMNs. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the functional domain of SipA that regulates this signalling event. SipA was divided into two fragments: the SipAb C-terminal fragment(426-684) (259 AA), which binds actin, and the SipAa fragment(2-425) (424 AA), which a role has yet to be described. In both in vitro and in vivo models of S. typhimurium-induced intestinal inflammation the SipAa fragment exhibited a profound ability to induce PMN transmigration, whereas the SipAb actin-binding domain failed to induce PMN transmigration. Subsequent mapping of the SipAa domain identified a 131-amino-acid region (SipAa3(294-424)) responsible for modulating PMN transepithelial migration. Interestingly, neither intracellular translocation nor actin association of SipA was necessary for its ability to induce PMN transepithelial migration. As these results indicate SipA has at least two separate functional domains, we speculate that during infection S. typhimurium requires delivery of SipA to both extracellular and intracellular spaces to maximize pro-inflammatory responses and mechanisms of bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Wall
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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23
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Wall DM, Prince HM. The International Society for Cellular Therapy annual meeting comes to Sydney in 2007. Cytotherapy 2007; 9:207-8. [PMID: 17464750 DOI: 10.1080/14653240701303334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Wall DM, McCormick BA. Identification of the Salmonella typhimurium SipA functional domain required for intestinal inflammation. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a587-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Wall
- Mucosal ImmunologyMassachusetts General HospitalCNY 114 16th Street (114‐3503)CharelstownMA02129
| | - Beth A McCormick
- Mucosal ImmunologyMassachusetts General HospitalCNY 114 16th Street (114‐3503)CharlestownMA02129
- Microbiology and Microbial GeneticsHarvard Medical School200 Longwood Ave.BostonMA02114
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25
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Thompson M, Wall DM, Hicks RJ, Prince HM. In vivo tracking for cell therapies. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 49:339-48. [PMID: 16407817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The success of a particular cellular therapy regime requires the therapeutic agent to migrate expeditiously to the intended target in sufficient numbers and to provoke a desirable response. There are many variables associated with the production, administration and host that need to be investigated to maximize the resulting therapeutic benefit. The large number of factors which may contribute to, or detract from, treatment efficacy can make therapy optimization an arduous procedure. Direct visualization of in vivo migration patterns using nuclear medicine techniques greatly assists the appraisal of the multitude of variables. Conventional radionuclide cell labeling is a proven, simple and sensitive technique which can provide whole body biodistribution information. Labeling with a PET isotope offers greater sensitivity, much improved 3-dimensional resolution and quantification. In general, current efforts are increasingly concentrating on this technology. Imaging studies can supply definitive evidence of successful targeting and allow quantification of the degree of migration to a particular site. Incorporating tracking studies into clinical trials of cell-based therapy at the earliest stage can provide proof of mechanism of the therapy and permit evaluation of the many contributory variables, even on a patient-by-patient basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thompson
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 1 A'Beckett Street, East Melbourne, Australia 8006
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26
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Wall DM, Duffy PS, Dupont C, Prescott JF, Meijer WG. Isocitrate lyase activity is required for virulence of the intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6736-41. [PMID: 16177351 PMCID: PMC1230931 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.10.6736-6741.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is an important pathogen of foals, causing severe pyogranulomatous pneumonia. Virulent R. equi strains grow within macrophages, a process which remains poorly characterized. A potential source of carbon for intramacrophage R. equi is membrane lipid-derived fatty acids, which following beta oxidation are assimilated via the glyoxylate bypass. To assess the importance of isocitrate lyase, the first enzyme of the glyoxylate bypass, in virulence of a foal isolate of R. equi, a mutant was constructed by a strategy of single homologous recombination using a suicide plasmid containing an internal fragment of the R. equi aceA gene encoding isocitrate lyase. Complementation of the resulting mutant with aceA showed that the mutant was specific for this gene. Assessment of virulence in a mouse macrophage cell line showed that the mutant was killed, in contrast to the parent strain. Studies in the liver of intravenously infected mice showed enhanced clearance of the mutant. When four 3-week-old foals were infected intrabronchially, the aceA mutant was completely attenuated, in contrast to the parent strain. In conclusion, the aceA gene was shown to be essential for virulence of R. equi, suggesting that membrane lipids may be an important source of carbon for phagocytosed R. equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Wall
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
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27
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Abstract
Isocitrate lyase is the first enzyme of the glyoxylate shunt which is required for the assimilation of fatty acids and acetate. The intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi contains high activities of this enzyme following growth on acetate and lactate, indicating that it plays an important role in the metabolism of these substrates. The gene encoding isocitrate lyase (aceA) was cloned and sequenced. It specifies a 46846 Da protein, which was shown to be functional by expressing it in Escherichia coli. A gene similar to fadB, encoding 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, was located 90 bp downstream from aceA. Northern hybridization and RT-PCR experiments showed that aceA and fadB are cotranscribed into a 2.8 kb transcript. A smaller 1.6 kb aceA transcript was also observed which was 2.5-fold more abundant than the aceA-fadB transcript. It is proposed that a stable hairpin structure with a free energy (DeltaG) of -28.5 kcal x mol(-1) and located in the 90 bp aceA-fadB intergenic region is involved in stabilizing the aceA transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget G Kelly
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, and Dublin Molecular Medicine Centre, Dublin, Ireland1
| | - Daniel M Wall
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, and Dublin Molecular Medicine Centre, Dublin, Ireland1
| | - Clara A Boland
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, and Dublin Molecular Medicine Centre, Dublin, Ireland1
| | - Wim G Meijer
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, and Dublin Molecular Medicine Centre, Dublin, Ireland1
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28
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Kantharidis P, El-Osta A, deSilva M, Wall DM, Hu XF, Slater A, Nadalin G, Parkin JD, Zalcberg JR. Altered methylation of the human MDR1 promoter is associated with acquired multidrug resistance. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3:2025-32. [PMID: 9815593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important forms of drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia is the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, which is characterized by the expression of the MDR1 gene product, P-glycoprotein. Although a number of factors affect MDR1 gene expression, the genetic events that "switch on" the human MDR1 gene in tumor cells that were previously P-glycoprotein negative have remained elusive. Here, we report evidence that the methylation status of the human MDR1 promoter may serve as a basis for this "switch." Based on Southern analysis using methylation-sensitive and methylation-insensitive restriction enzymes, a tight correlation was found between MDR phenotype and demethylation of the 5' region of the MDR1 gene in a human T cell leukemia cell line. Similar results were obtained from the analysis of P-glycoprotein-positive and P-glycoprotein-negative samples of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Treatment of the cell lines with the demethylating agent 5'-azadeoxycytidine altered the methylation pattern of the MDR1 promoter in P-glycoprotein-negative cells to resemble that of P-glycoprotein-positive cells and activated the promoter such that MDR1 mRNA was now detectable. Treatment also resulted in an increased resistance to epirubicin and decreased daunomycin accumulation, both of which were reversible by verapamil, a characteristic of the classical MDR phenotype in cells expressing P-glycoprotein. These results suggest that the MDR phenotype may be acquired as a result of changes in methylation of the MDR1 promoter.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/toxicity
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/toxicity
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA Methylation
- Daunorubicin/toxicity
- Decitabine
- Dinucleoside Phosphates/analysis
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Epirubicin/toxicity
- Exons
- Humans
- Introns
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, T-Cell
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Restriction Mapping
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Verapamil/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kantharidis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Repatriation Medical Centre, West Heidelberg 3081, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Wall DM, el-Osta S, Tzelepis D, Bertoncello I, Kantharidis P, Chou ST, Zalcberg JR, Parkin JD. Expression of mdr1 and mrp in the normal B-cell homologue of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1997; 96:697-707. [PMID: 9074409 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.d01-2090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells commonly express the multidrug resistance phenotype. The aim of this study was to establish whether the normal homologue in B-cell ontogeny of B-CLL also expressed the multidrug resistance (mdr) phenotype. Human tonsillar lymphocytes were sorted to yield two B-cell subsets based on the expression of CD19, CD5 and CD10. The normal homologue was represented by a population of B cells that was CD19 positive, CD10 negative and weakly expressed CD5. Based upon functional analysis and the detection of mdr1 mRNA by semi-quantitative PCR, these cells expressed the mdr phenotype. In contrast, functional multidrug resistance could not be demonstrated in CD19-positive CD10-positive cells with strong expression of CD5, nor could mdr1 mRNA be found in these cells. MRP was variably expressed in both B-cell subsets with no discernable differences in the pattern of expression. We conclude that normal B cells with a phenotype resembling that of B-CLL cells express the multidrug resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wall
- Department of Haematology, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Riffkin CD, Chung R, Wall DM, Zalcberg JR, Cowman AF, Foley M, Tilley L. Modulation of the function of human MDR1 P-glycoprotein by the antimalarial drug mefloquine. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 52:1545-52. [PMID: 8937469 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
MDR1 P-glycoprotein in membranes of human tumor cells of the CEM/VBL100 line was selectively labelled using photoreactive analogs of verapamil, N-(p-azido-3-[125I]salicyl)amino-verapamil ([125I]ASA-V) and prazosin, 2-[4-(4-azido-3-[125I]iodobenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl]4 -amino-6,7-dimethoxyyquinazoline ([125I]ASA-P). Mefloquine, a quinolinemethanol antimalarial drug, was shown to inhibit the labelling of P-glycoprotein with an efficiency similar to that for verapamil, a known chemosensitizer. By contrast, chloroquine competed poorly for the binding site on P-glycoprotein. Mefloquine also inhibited the functional activity of P-glycoprotein. It decreased the rates of extrusion of [3H]vinblastine and the fluorescent dyes, fluo-3 acetomethoxy ester and rhodamine 123, from drug-resistant cells and decreased the level of resistance of these cells to vinblastine. The ability of mefloquine to inhibit P-glycoprotein function may be involved in the neurotoxic side-effects occasionally associated with the use of mefloquine as an antimalarial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Riffkin
- School of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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31
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Hu XF, Slater A, Wall DM, Parkin JD, Kantharidis P, Zalcberg JR. Cyclosporin A and PSC 833 prevent up-regulation of MDR1 expression by anthracyclines in a human multidrug-resistant cell line. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2:713-20. [PMID: 9816222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that within 24 h of exposure of the CEM/A7R cell line to epirubicin (EPI), MDR1 gene expression is induced. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of cyclosporin A (CyA) and PSC 833, two biochemical modulators of the classical multidrug-resistant phenotype, in this model. CEM/A7R cells were exposed to EPI in the presence or absence of various concentrations of CyA or PSC 833. MDR1 expression was assessed using Northern blot analysis and quantitated using a phosphorimager. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression was analyzed by the determination of MRK16 binding using flow cytometry. P-gp function was measured in an assay of [3H]daunomycin accumulation. The coincubation of CyA or PSC 833 with EPI prevented the increase in MDR1 gene expression induced by EPI alone. This effect of the two modulators was dose dependent. Neither modulator alone had any significant effect on the expression of MDR1. In these experiments, changes in MDR1 expression correlated with changes in P-gp levels (based on MRK16 binding) and P-gp function. Thus, both PSC 833 and CyA appear to prevent the induction of MDR1 gene expression caused by the short-term exposure of CEM/A7R cells to EPI.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/analysis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Cyclosporins/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Epirubicin/pharmacology
- Humans
- RNA, Messenger
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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32
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de Silva M, Kantharidis P, Wall DM, Campbell L, Vrazas V, Nadalin G, Kaczmarczyk SJ, Hu XF, Parkin JD, Zalcberg JR. Inheritance of chromosome 7 is associated with a drug-resistant phenotype in somatic cell hybrids. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:169-74. [PMID: 8546902 PMCID: PMC2074323 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A major form of drug resistance in tumour cells known as classical multidrug resistance (MDR) is associated with the overexpression of the mdr1 gene product, the membrane protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which acts as an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. In this study the inheritance of P-gp expression was examined using hybrids formed after somatic cell fusion between a drug-sensitive human T-cell leukaemia cell line, CEM/CCRF, and a drug-resistant derivative, CEM/A7, which is characterized by a clonal chromosomal duplication dup(7)(q11.23q31.2). Fourteen hybrids, chosen at random, were analysed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and by binding studies involving the monoclonal antibody MRK16, which recognises an external P-gp epitope. Only two hybrids were positive for both MRK16 antibody labelling and mdr1 mRNA. Partial karyotypic analysis of all hybrids revealed that only the MRK16-positive hybrids contained the duplication in chromosome 7 seen in the CEM/A7 parental MDR line. Therefore, P-gp overexpression in the MRK16-positive hybrids may be linked to the inheritance of chromosome 7 from CEM/A7 and possibly associated with the chromosome 7 abnormality.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- DNA Primers
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epirubicin/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Rabbits
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre, Victoria, Australia
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33
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Hu XF, Slater A, Wall DM, Kantharidis P, Parkin JD, Cowman A, Zalcberg JR. Rapid up-regulation of mdr1 expression by anthracyclines in a classical multidrug-resistant cell line. Br J Cancer 1995; 71:931-6. [PMID: 7734315 PMCID: PMC2033794 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies were carried out in a variant human multidrug-resistant (MDR) cell line CEM/A7R, which expresses very low levels of mdr1 mRNA and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The induction of mdr1 RNA expression by three anthracyclines, (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin), VP-16 and two vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine) was semiquantitatively assessed by scanning Northern blots on a phosphorimager. The relative level of mdr1 expression was expressed as ratio of mdr1 to the internal RNA (actin). A significant increase (P < 0.02) in expression of mdr1 was noted within 4 hrs of exposure to 1.5 micrograms ml-1 daunorubicin or epirubicin. Neither vinblastine nor vincristine had any effect on mdr1 levels after an 8 h exposure. With increasing concentrations of daunorubicin or epirubicin in a fixed 24 h time period, mdr1 expression increased, although a biphasic response was seen. Based on MRK 16 binding, an increase in P-gp levels was seen in the CEM/A7R line after a 24 h exposure to 1 microgram ml-1 daunorubicin or epirubicin. The rapid increase in mdr1 expression after a short period of exposure to doxorubicin, daunorubicin or epirubicin suggests that induction of mdr1 expression may have an important role in the development of drug-resistant tumours.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- Daunorubicin/pharmacology
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Epirubicin/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Vinblastine/pharmacology
- Vincristine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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34
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Zalcberg JR, Hu XF, Wall DM, Mirski S, Cole S, Nadalin G, De Luise M, Parkin JD, Vrazas V, Campbell L. Cellular and karyotypic characterization of two doxorubicin resistant cell lines isolated from the same parental human leukemia cell line. Int J Cancer 1994; 57:522-8. [PMID: 7514153 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910570414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Separate mechanisms underlying the multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype were identified in 2 independent approaches to select tumour cells resistant to low concentrations of doxorubicin (Dox) from the sensitive T cell leukemia cell line CCRF-CEM. The CEM/A7 cell line was selected at an initial concentration of 0.005 microgram/ml of Dox and maintained at 0.07 microgram/ml. In contrast, the CEM/A5 line was selected using an initial concentration of 0.01 microgram/ml and maintained in Dox at a concentration of 0.05 microgram/ml. P-glycoprotein expression was demonstrated in the CEM/A7 line but not the CEM/A5 line. Amplification of the mdrI gene was not observed in the CEM/A7 cell line. Both cell lines showed cross-resistance to a number of structurally unrelated cytotoxic drugs including anthracyclines and etoposide (VP-16), although only the CEM/A7 line was cross resistant to Vinca alkaloids. Immunoblots of total cell lysates of the CEM/A5 line have revealed almost undetectable levels of topoisomerase II alpha and beta in this line. Cytogenetic analyses of both lines revealed numerous karyotypic abnormalities which were present in the parental cell line as well as both resistant cell lines. The CEM/A7 line also demonstrated a duplication of part of the long arm of chromosome 7 which included the region containing the mdrI gene, a finding not seen in the parental or CEM/A5 line. CEM/A5, however, demonstrated an abnormality of chromosome 7, outside the region of the mdrI gene, and it also contained a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 2. Abnormalities in this latter region of genome have been associated with non-P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zalcberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Australia
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Wang X, Wall DM, Parkin JD, Zalcberg JR, Kemm RE. P-glycoprotein expression in classical multi-drug resistant leukaemia cells does not correlate with enhanced chloride channel activity. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994; 21:101-8. [PMID: 7913667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1994.tb02475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is an ATP-dependent drug efflux pump responsible for classical multi-drug resistance (MDR). 2. Pgp is part of a supergene family of membrane transport proteins that includes the cystic fibrosis gene product. 3. Transfection of cells with the MDR1 gene has been previously shown to generate volume-regulated chloride channel activity in association with Pgp expression. 4. We have used whole-cell patch clamping to examine the drug-sensitive T lymphoblastic cell line CEM-CCRF and its classical MDR derivative CEM/VLB100. The results suggest that expression of Pgp is not associated with increased chloride channel activity in this multi-drug resistant cell line. 5. We were unable to confirm previously reported results in MDR1 transfected cell lines that suggested that Pgp was associated with the presence of volume-regulated chloride channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Zalcberg JR, Hu XF, Ching M, Wakeling A, Wall DM, Marschner IC, de Luise M. Differential effects of estrogen, tamoxifen and the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780 in human drug-resistant leukemia cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993; 33:123-9. [PMID: 7903222 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
ICI 182,780, a potent, new steroidal antiestrogen without apparent agonist activity, appears to be a potent modulator of the classic multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype in the CEM/A7, CEM/VLB100 and K562/VIN100 MDR cell lines. This reagent had no effect on the respective parental CCRF-CEM and K562 cell lines. The use of 1.25 microM ICI 182,780 resulted in a 6- to 7-fold decrease in doxorubicin resistance in the CEM/A7 and CEM/VLB100 cell lines. A dose-response effect was observed at ICI 182,780 concentrations of up to 5 microM. As compared with tamoxifen (TAM), ICI 182,780 was 2 and 4 times more effective in the K562/VIN100 and CEM/A7 cell lines, respectively. ICI 182,780 at 0.625 microM increased [3H]-daunomycin uptake (P < 0.0001) as effectively as 5 microM TAM in the resistant CEM/A7 line. Drug-efflux studies showed that 5 microM ICI 182,780 significantly decreased drug efflux as compared with 5 microM TAM (P < 0.0001). Estradiol (EST) at 10 microM increased doxorubicin resistance by 1.2-1.3 times in the CEM/A7 and CEM/VLB100 cell lines and significantly decreased drug accumulation (P = 0.002) and retention (P < 0.001) in the CEM/A7 cell line. However, the addition of 10 microM EST to 1-2 microM ICI 182,780 did not inhibit the ability of ICI 182,780 to modulate doxorubicin resistance in the two resistant cell lines. Using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure lipophilicity, we found no apparent association between the ability of ICI 182,780, TAM or EST to modulate resistance and their relative hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zalcberg
- Department of Medicine, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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Wall DM, Sparrow R, Hu XF, Nadalin G, Zalcberg JR, Marschner IC, Van der Weyden M, Parkin JD. Clinical application of a rapid, functional assay for multidrug resistance based on accumulation of the fluorescent dye, fluo-3. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A:1024-7. [PMID: 8098947 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(05)80216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and simple functional assay for P-glycoprotein (Pgp) using flow cytometry to measure the accumulation of the flurophore fluo-3 has been applied to samples from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL). Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 37 patients with B-CLL were studied for Pgp. Pgp expression, using MRK-16, a monoclonal antibody recognising an external surface epitope of Pgp, was detected in 92% of patients with B-CLL. The functional assays for Pgp expression were positive in 78 and 59% of patients using the fluo-3 and doxorubicin (dox) assays, respectively. When compared with the MRK-16 assay, the fluo-3 assay had a sensitivity of 82% compared to a sensitivity of 56% for the dox assay (P = 0.004). The specificity of the fluo-3 and dox assays could not be evaluated because of the low number of MRK-16 negative CLL cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aniline Compounds/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/analysis
- Doxorubicin/metabolism
- Drug Resistance
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/blood
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Xanthenes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wall
- Department of Haematology, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital
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Green SA, Harris NL, Wall DM, Ishkanian J, Marinow H. The Rancho mounting technique for the Ilizarov method. A preliminary report. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992:104-16. [PMID: 1611729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To improve implant tolerance and muscle function associated with circular external fixation, the authors substituted divergent titanium pins for the tensioned steel wires used to mount the Ilizarov apparatus on a limb. The first ten patients treated with half-pins were compared to the last ten patients managed with tensioned wires. While the conditions were not exactly comparable, the half-pin group showed improvement over the wire group in categories including time in fixation, implant-site sepsis, range of joint motion, pain medication requirements, and ambulatory capacity. Half-pin mountings require special techniques for a successful application.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Green
- Problem Fracture Service, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey, California
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Green SA, Jackson JM, Wall DM, Marinow H, Ishkanian J. Management of segmental defects by the Ilizarov intercalary bone transport method. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992:136-42. [PMID: 1611733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen patients with segmental skeletal defects were managed with the Ilizarov intercalary bone transport method, whereby an osseous defect is eliminated by elongating one fragment. On average, the regenerate new bone length measured 5.14 cm, corresponding to the creation of new osseous tissue equaling 13.7% of the bone's original length (range, 4.2%-35%). The average time in fixation was 9.6 months, including 4.8 months to transport the bone fragment throughout the limb. Numerous complications were encountered, most commonly wire-site sepsis and fixator instability. No serous nerve or vessel complications occurred. All but one patient eventually healed, although six patients required bone grafts, five at the target site and one at the level of the regenerate. Most of the difficulties encountered were due to a lack of technical knowledge with the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Green
- Problem Fracture Service, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey, California 90242
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Wall DM, Hu XF, Zalcberg JR, Parkin JD. Rapid functional assay for multidrug resistance in human tumor cell lines using the fluorescent indicator fluo-3. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83:206-7. [PMID: 1988706 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/83.3.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D M Wall
- Department of Hematology, Repatriation General Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Wall DM, Roos MP. Update on combination oral contraceptives. Am Fam Physician 1990; 42:1037-48. [PMID: 2220512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oral contraceptives in current use appear to be safe and effective. Studies found that early contraceptive pills, which had a high estrogen content, were associated with a number of serious side effects and long-term sequelae. Studies of the newer low-dose preparations demonstrate a much lower incidence of adverse effects. The beneficial effects of oral contraceptives in disease prevention are now widely recognized. The diversity of available formulations allows the physician to tailor therapy to the individual patient, maintaining contraceptive efficacy while minimizing adverse effects and long-term risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wall
- University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita
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Munson AK, Wall DM, Copelin JP, Bobb CJ, Parrish EN. Clinical results of the Assisted Reproduction (IVF) Program at McFarland Clinic, P.C., Ames, Iowa. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf 1990; 7:120-1. [PMID: 2358728 DOI: 10.1007/bf01135587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Koornhof HJ, Richardson NJ, Wall DM, Moore WE. Fecal bacteria in South African rural blacks and other population groups. Isr J Med Sci 1979; 15:335-40. [PMID: 447500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative studies were performed on fecal flora of three population groups consuming different diets. Twenty rural black South Africans and 22 Japanese, representing groups at low risk for carcinoma of the colon, were compared with 41 North Americans from a high-risk population. Specimens taken immediately after defecation were mixed and processed under anaerobic conditions. After the initial incubation, roll tubes were shipped to the United States for final identification. Bacterioides and bifidobacteria were present in lower numbers in South African subjects, as were Bacteroides uniformis (thought to be increased by conditions of fear and anger stress), compared with the other two groups. The number of B. vulgatus and B. distasonis and the "Peptostreptococcus productus species complex," showed a positive correlation with the risk of colon cancer, while an inverse relationship was found with Eubacterium aerofaciens II, B. fragilis and Escherichia coli. The percentage of fecal isolates stimulated by bile was slightly higher in populations with a high fat intake and a high risk of cancer of the colon.
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Bernstein GS, Futoran RJ, Wall DM. Foreign body in urinary bladder from attempted abortion. Obstet Gynecol 1970; 36:475-8. [PMID: 5451147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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