Role of proliferative markers in assessing recurrences in surgical margins of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review

The primary goal of this systematic analysis is to determine the predictive significance of proliferative markers in surgical margins of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A thorough literature search was done on databases like MEDLINE/Pub-Med, Cochrane and Scopus libraries for similar studies until December 2022. All the relevant original research studies (retrospective and prospective) published in the literature assessing the predictive value of proliferative markers in surgical margins in OSCC were included. Seventeen studies with 1159 patients were included. The research included here used p53, p44/p42, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Ki-67, Bcl2, Nibrin, AgNORs, Cyclin B1, Cornulin, ISG 15antibodies, MCM3 in OSCC. Four studies were done on oral premalignant lesions and OSCC. Among these studies, Ki-67 was the most accurate, followed by p53 (75%) and AgNORs, while PCNA had the least accuracy. To minimize the risk of bias panel of antibodies was suggested in most studies. For interobserver variability, analysis of variance and Chi-square test were used in most studies. The chance of recurrence rate was calculated using a log-rank test and a Kaplan-Meier curve. The significance of proliferative markers in surgical margins of OSCC has been emphasized in the present review. Future research should focus on selecting antibodies, preferably a panel, with a large sample size and extended follow-up.

Could Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Regions count mirror DNA Ploidy in Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors?

Objective:

Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are DNA coils that transcribe to ribosomal RNA. The NOR-associated protein, termed argyrophilic NOR (AgNOR), was visible within the nucleus by staining with silver nitrate examination via the light microscope. AgNOR counting is a proliferation marker and may help in the diagnosis and prognosis of various neoplastic lesions. Aneuploidy (abnormal DNA content) can predict the progression, survival and prognosis of the tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of AgNORs, DNA ploidy status, and total S-phase fraction (TSPF) as prognostic parameters in malignant salivary gland tumors (MSGTs).

Methods:

The current study is a retrospective study on a cohort of MSGTs (N=47), to assess AgNORs using Silver Nitrate stain, DNA index (DI), and TSPF using flow cytometry (FCM). Data including tumor size and site, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), lymph node metastasis (LNM) were collected.

Results:

The AgNORs count was statistically significant with MSGT type. DI was found to have a significant association with tumor site, tumor size and MSGT type. In addition, TSPF was found to be significantly associated with LVI. A moderate positive correlation was noted between AgNORs count and TSPF. LNM, tumor site, high AgNORs and low DI were all associated with short disease-free survival (DFS) and poor overall survival (OS).

Conclusion:

The present study revealed that high AgNORs count, DNA aneuploidy and TSPF had a poor influence on MSGTs prognosis.

The Ribosome Biogenesis-Cancer Connection

Multifaceted relations link ribosome biogenesis to cancer. Ribosome biogenesis takes place in the nucleolus. Clarifying the mechanisms involved in this nucleolar function and its relationship with cell proliferation: (1) allowed the understanding of the reasons for the nucleolar changes in cancer cells and their exploitation in tumor pathology, (2) defined the importance of the inhibition of ribosome biogenesis in cancer chemotherapy and (3) focused the attention on alterations of ribosome biogenesis in the pathogenesis of cancer. This review summarizes the research milestones regarding these relevant relationships between ribosome biogenesis and cancer. The structure and function of the nucleolus will also be briefly described.

The detection of curcumins' antitumoral effects via argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region-associated protein synthesis in mice with ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Curcumin is a polyphenol compound that has antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic and antimicrobial effects. Nucleolar-organizing regions are the sites of the gene on chromosomes. The present study was aimed to show the antitumoral effect of curcumin via AgNOR protein synthesis in Ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice.

METHODS

Twenty three mice with EAC were randomly divided into 3 groups as positive control (n = 7), group 2 (n = 8) and 3 (n = 8) treated intraperitoneally with curcumin (25 mg/kg) and (50 mg/kg), respectively. The animals were sacrificed on Day 16, the solid tumors were removed out. Then, total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA) and the mean AgNOR number were estimated for each mice.

RESULT

Statistically significant differences were determined among the whole groups for TAA/NA ratio (p = 0.000), conversely mean AgNOR number (p = 0.361). When comparingthe two groups; while no difference was determined between the control and curcumin (25 mg/kg) groups (p = 0.061), the significant differences were detected between the control and curcumin (50 mg/kg) groups (p = 0.000) and between curcumin (25 mg/kg) and curcumin (50 mg/kg) groups (p = 0.000) for TAA/NA ratio. However, there was no significant difference for the mean AgNOR number in double comparison of the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study showed that curcumin had a crucial function against cancer development. Also, both AgNOR values might be used as biomarkers for detection of the most reliable therapeutic dose selection of cancer treatment (Tab. 3, Fig. 2, Ref. 27).

Correlation between ploidy status using flow cytometry and nucleolar organizer regions in benign and malignant epithelial odontogenic tumors

OBJECTIVE

Differentiation between the aggressive benign odontogenic tumors and their malignant counterparts is controversial and difficult. While flow cytometry (FCM) allowed DNA analysis in neoplasia, argyrophilic organizer regions (AgNORs) number and/or size in a nucleus are correlated with the ribosomal gene activity and therefore with cellular proliferation. The aim of this research was to study the diagnostic accuracy of FCM and AgNORs staining in differentiating between benign and malignant epithelial odontogenic tumors and to correlate between these two interventions.

DESIGN

Sixteen benign cases [8 cases of ameloblastoma (AB) and 8 cases of keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT)] and 13 malignant epithelial odontogenic tumors [8 cases of ameloblastic carcinoma (ABC) and 5 cases of clear cell odontogenic carcinoma(CCOC)] were included in the current study. For FCM analysis, a single cell suspension from Formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumors was prepared according to a modified method described by Hedley (1989) and AgNORs staining were performed in accordance to the Ploton protocol (1986). Analysis of AgNORs was performed using both quantitative and qualitative methods.

RESULTS

The work revealed that all the examined tumors were diploid, except for 40% of CCOC cases. The S-phase fraction (SPF) value, AgNORs count and AgNORs area/cell showed statistically significant difference on comparing benign and malignant groups. A weak positive correlation was observed between SPF and AgNORs count.

CONCLUSION

The SPF value was considered to be more sensitive and specific in differentiation between aggressive benign and malignant epithelial odontogenic tumors in comparison to AgNORs counting.

May argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region-associated protein synthesis be used for selecting the most reliable dose of drugs such as rhamnetin in cancer treatments?

BACKGROUND

Rhamnetin is a flavonoid that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Nucleolar-organizing regions are the ribosomal genes region. We aimed to identify whether rhamnetin has an effect on cell proliferation and whether AgNOR proteins may be used for the detection of therapeutic benefits of the drugs and new metabolites, which have the potential of being used for cancer treatments.

METHODS

Twenty-four mice with Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) were randomly assigned to three main groups as positive control, and groups 2 and 3 treated intraperitoneally with rhamnetin (100 µg/kg and 200 µg/kg, respectively). All the animals were sacrificed on day16, 24 h after the last dose; the tumors, which developed at the site of injection were removed. Then, mean AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA) were detected for each mouse.

RESULTS

Significant differences were detected among all groups for mean AgNOR number (p = 0.000) and TAA/NA ratio (p = 0.000). While the difference between positive control and Rhamnetin (100 µg/kg) group was not significant (p = 0.387), there are significant differences between positive control and Rhamnetin (200 µg/kg) group (p = 0.000) and between Rhamnetin (100 µg/kg) and Rhamnetin (200 µg/kg) groups (p = 0.000) for TAA/NA ratio.

CONCLUSION

Rhamnetin has an important role in preventing cancer formation. Our study showed that mean AgNOR numbers and TAA/NA values may be used also as biomarkers for evaluating the success rate of the performed therapeutic strategy and accurate dose selection for the management of the disease (Tab. 3, Fig. 3, Ref. 45).

Effect of Launaea procumbens extract on oxidative marker, p53, and CYP 2E1: a randomized control study

BACKGROUND

Ethyl acetate extracts of Launaea procumbens is used for the treatment of liver dysfunction as an herbal medicine in Pakistan. In this study, the protective effects of ethyl acetate extracts were evaluated against CCl4-induced liver injuries in rat.

METHODS

To examine the protective effects against oxidative stress of carbon tetrachloride in rats, 30 male rats were equally divided into 5 groups (6 rats). Among five groups, one was treated with CCl4 (3 ml/kg i.p. in olive oil b.w.) twice a week for 4 weeks. Others were orally fed with extracts (100, 200 mg/kg b.w.), with CCl4 twice a week for 4 weeks.

RESULTS

Administration of CCl4 altered the serum marker enzymes, lipid profile, CYP 2E1, p53 expression, antioxidant enzymes, nuclear organizer regions (AgNORs), and DNA. Supplement of L. procumbens ameliorated the effects of CCl4, improved CYP 2E1, p53, and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes while activity of liver marker enzymes (ALP, ALT, AST, g-GT) and contents of lipid per oxidation contents (TBARS), AgNORs, and DNA fragmentation were decreased. Similarly body weight was increased while liver and relative liver weight was decreased with co-administration of various extracts, suggesting that L. procumbens effectively protect liver against the CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats.

CONCLUSION

The hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects might be due to the presence of bioactive constituents in the extract.

Digital image analysis of AgNORs in cervical smears of women with premalignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix

We performed a hospital-based, unmatched case-control study to investigate the association between progressive stages of cervical neoplasia and digital analysis of cell proliferation by silver stained nucleolus organizer region associated proteins (AgNORs). We measured cell proliferation levels in the cervical epithelial cells of 10 women with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LG-SIL), eight with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HG-SIL), 11 with cervical cancer (CC) and eight with no cervical lesions (controls) using the AgNORs technique. Cell proliferation was measured by digital image analysis (DIA). DIA revealed increased total areas of AgNORs in HG-SIL and CC compared to LG-SIL and control patients. AgNORs with a kidney or cluster shape exhibited greater areas than those with a spherical or long shape. We propose a cut-off of 118 pixels to differentiate benign (control and LG-SIL) from malignant (HG-SIL and CC) lesions. DIA of AgNORs is a simple and inexpensive method for studying proliferation. The increased total area of AgNORs in malignant lesions provides information regarding cell behavior and may be related to cervical carcinogenesis; however, further validation studies are required to establish its usefulness in cytological analysis.

Argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region associated protein synthesis for cytologic discrimination of follicular thyroid lesions

Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the thyroid gland is an important tool for preoperative diagnosis; however, its benefit is limited for follicular lesions. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are ribosomal gene regions that stain with silver (Ag) when they are active. These regions can be used to differentiate neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. We used a new AgNOR technique to investigate FNAB of cases diagnosed as follicular adenoma and carcinoma. Fourteen cases of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and 28 cases of thyroid follicular adenomas (FA) were stained using the silver NOR-associated protein (AgNOR) technique. One hundred nuclei per sample were examined, AgNORs were counted, and the total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TNORa/Na) ratio of each cell was calculated. We found that cases with FTC had significantly higher TNORa/Na than cases of FA. Also, cases with FTC had significantly higher AgNOR counts than cases with FA. AgNOR counting may help discriminate FTC and FA by routine cytopathology before surgery.

A qualitative and quantitative analysis of AgNORs in keratocystic odontogenic tumor, unicystic ameloblastoma and multicystic ameloblastoma

AIMS

A comparative evaluation of proliferation activity in unicystic ameloblastoma (UA), multicystic ameloblastoma (MA) and keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) using silver staining technique.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN

In the present study 21 histopathologically confirmed paraffin blocks,7 each of UA, MA and KCOT were selected and stained with silver nitrate.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For quantitative analysis, 100 cells were counted at 1000x magnification for AgNORs and the mean value was calculated. Qualitative analysis of AgNORs included normal (oval shaped) and abnormal groups (bean shaped) in the lesion.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The statistical analysis of data was done by a specialist statistician using two way ANOVA and multiple comparisons with Tukey's test in advanced excel.

RESULTS

The AgNOR count was more in KCOT when compared to MA and UA with the pattern of distribution of AgNORs more in basal than in the parabasal layer in KCOT. The qualitative analysis showed small to large oval AgNOR's in KCOT and few clusters in MA whereas in UA irregular clusters were seen.

CONCLUSION

This concludes the expediency of AgNOR staining in reflecting the high proliferation rate and a more aggressive behavior of KCOT in comparison to MA and UA which signifies requirement of a more hostile surgical approach in KCOT to avoid recurrences following different treatment modalities.

Role of cyclin D1 immunoreactivity and AgNOR staining in the evaluation of benign and malignant lesions of the prostate

Purpose:

Prostatic carcinoma is a common and growing public health problem. Histological evaluation is fairly adequate for assessing tumor differentiation, but tumor proliferative activity is difficult to measure. Increasing evidence suggests that the factors controlling cell cycle progression also modulate the rate of ribosome biogenesis. Despite the influence of cyclin D1 and argyrophilic nuclear organizer region (AgNOR) on prostate cancer proliferation, few studies have evaluated the diagnostic importance of these markers. Therefore, the present study was carried out to analyze the diagnostic value of the proliferative markers cyclin D1 and AgNOR in various prostatic lesions and to determine whether any association or relation between these markers and different Gleason grades exists.

Methods:

A total 50 cases of various prostatic lesions were studied. Tumor grade, AgNOR staining, and cyclin D1 expression were evaluated in all cases. Correlations between the intensity and differential localization of these markers and Gleason grades were evaluated.

Results:

The mean AgNOR count in cases of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia was high compared with cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) but lower than that of carcinoma cases. The intensity of cyclin D1 expression was high in carcinoma. A total of 14 cases (46.67%) showed strong positivity. No significant correlation was found between the intensity of cyclin D1 expression, AgNOR count, and histologic grades of prostatic carcinoma, whereas a significant correlation was observed between intensity and percentage expression of cyclin D1 in BPH and carcinoma (P<0.01). Nuclear as well as cytoplasmic positivity was seen among various grades of carcinoma.

Conclusions:

AgNOR count and cyclin D1 may be helpful in distinguishing between BPH and carcinoma of the prostate but may not be used as reliable indicators of the grade of prostatic adenocarcinoma because of overlapping values in various grades. However, further studies on larger samples are required to elucidate the role of these markers in identification of premalignant lesions.

Naringin accelerates the regression of pre-neoplastic lesions and the colorectal structural reorganization in a murine model of chemical carcinogenesis

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Naringin on pre-neoplastic colorectal lesions induced by chemical carcinogen in rats. Female Wistar rats weighing 130.8±27.1 g received weekly one subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 20 mg/kg) for 10 weeks. The animals were divided into 5 groups with 6 animals in each group. Group 1: 0.9% saline; Group 2: DMH+0.9% saline; Group 3: DMH+Naringin (10 mg/kg); Group 4: DMH+Naringin (100 mg/kg); Group 5: DMH+Naringin (200 mg/kg). G2 and G3 showed a significant increase in ACF number, AgNOR/nucleus and mitosis compared to G1. G4 and G5 presented a significant reduction in these parameters compared to G2. The number of cells producing acidic and neutral mucins, red blood cells and the level of antioxidant minerals, such as copper, magnesium, selenium and zinc, were significantly reduced in G2 and G3, but similar in G4 and G5 compared to G1. Naringin, especially at 200 mg/kg, was effective in reducing the number of pre-neoplastic lesions in rats exposed to DMH. Some of these effects may be due to reduction in cellular proliferation and tissue levels of iron together with the recovery of antioxidant mineral levels induced by this flavonoid.

Nucleolar organizer regions in oral squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Several diagnostic methods are being employed to detect benign and malignant lesions, one of which is silver nitrate staining for organizer regions. The number of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) can be used to show the degree of cell activity or metabolism in pathologic lesions. This study was designed to evaluate NORs as determi-nants of precancerous and squamous cell carcinoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A silver colloid technique was applied on paraffin sections of 40 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma and 25 cases of precancerous lesions; 15 specimens of normal epithelium were selected for the control group. After staining with silver nitrate, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) were counted in 100 epithelial cells in three groups with the use of an oil immersion and ×1000 objective lens. One-way ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey test were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

The mean numbers and standard deviations of AgNORs were 1.58 ± 0.76 in normal epithelium, 2.1 ± 1.05 in pre-cancerous lesions and 2.43 ±1.33 in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). There were statistically significant differences in Ag-NORs numbers between the groups (P<0.001) and significant differences in precancerous lesions between dysplastic and non-dysplastic epithelia (P<0.001). The mean AgNORs count per nucleus increased from healthy epithelium to precancer-ous lesion to SCC.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that the silver staining technique for the detection of NORs (AgNOR) can be used to distinguish precancerous lesions and benign and malignant lesions.

Antiproliferative efficacy of hesperetin (citrus flavanoid) in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide and is increasing at an alarming rate. The present study was to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of hesperetin, a flavonoid commonly found in many herbal medicines and foods, on aberrant crypt foci (ACF), argyrophylic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Rats were given subcutaneous injections of DMH (20 mg/kg body weight) weekly for 15 weeks to induce carcinogenesis, and hesperetin was administered orally at the dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. DMH exposure alone produced a high incidence of ACF and showed positive staining for PCNA and AgNORs in colonic tissues. Supplementation with hesperetin lowered the PCNA labeling index and suppressed the formation of ACF in the rats with colon cancer. These results clearly reveal that dietary hesperetin possesses antiproliferative ability against chemically induced colon tumourigenesis.

Correlation of Nuclear Morphometry and AgNOR Score with Radiation Response in Squamous Cell Cancers of the Head and Neck: A Preliminary Study

BACKGROUND

Prediction of radiation response before the completion of the radiotherapy schedule is challenging. Information about radiation response could help oncologist to choose the appropriate combination and sequence of therapies in the multidisciplinary management of cancer.

METHODS

The study involved 26 patients with squamous cell cancers of the head and neck region who received radiotherapy to a dose of 30 Gy in 10 fractions over a 2-week period as part of a split-course technique. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was performed on day 1 and day 5 of the schedule. The silver staining of the nuclear organiser region (AgNOR) and nuclear morphometric study were done on both days.

RESULTS

The median age of the patients was 44 years old. The primary tumours were distributed in the nasopharynx (n = 11), larynx and hypopharynx (n = 5), metastatic node (n = 4), and miscellaneous tumours were found in the head and neck sub sites (n = 6). The mean initial AgNOR score was 3.0, range 1.2-7.0. The median of nuclear and nucleolar diameters were 11.07 μm, range 7.70-16.6 μm, and 2.92 μm, range 1.09-11.66 μm, respectively. Patients with a pre-radiotherapy AgNOR score of greater than 2.5 were associated with disease progression and metastasis. However, the increased of nuclear diameter on day 5 compared with baseline predicted a good radiation response in patients (P = 0.016).

CONCLUSION

Intra-radiotherapy nuclear morphometry combined with baseline AgNOR score could be a simple and useful tool for the prediction of radiation response in head and neck cancers.

A study of HER-2/neu expression and silver binding nucleolar organizer regions (Ag NORs) in perilesional normal salivary gland tissue

Salivary gland neoplasms comprise phenotypically and biologically diverse lesions of uncertain histogenesis.

OBJECTIVES

The present study was carried out to assess the immunohistochemical expression of HER-2/neu protein and of silver binding nucleolar organizer regions in normal salivary tissue.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty paraffin blocks of salivary tumors containing surrounding normal salivary tissue were used in the study. One section was processed to investigate HER-2/neu protein expression and another section was stained to assess the mean Ag NOR counts in normal salivary tissue.

RESULTS

Only two cases of the studied normal salivary tissue showed HER-2/neu expression (10%), which was expressed only in ductal cells with 4.2 ± 2.1 mean number of reactive cells per five high power fields (HPFs). Statistically significant (P = 0.01) higher mean Ag NOR counts in ductal (2 ± 0.83) than in acinar cells (1.2 ± 0.01) of normal salivary tissue were found.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded from the data of the present study that ductal cells of normal salivary tissue are a proliferative pool and an oncogenic target which plays an important role in the histogenesis of salivary gland tumors.

Regulatory effect and mechanism of gastrin and its antagonists on colorectal carcinoma

AIM: To explore the effect and mechanism of gastrin and its an tagonists proglumide and somatostatin on colorectal carcinoma and their clinical significance.

METHODS: A model of transplanted human colonic carcinoma was established from SW480 cell line in gymnomouse body. The volume and weight of transplanted carcinoma was observed under the effect of pentagatrin (PG), proglumide (PGL) and octapeptide somotostatin (SMS201-995, SMS). The cAMP content of carcinoma cell was determined by radioimmunoassay and the DNA, protein content and cell cycle were determined by flow-cytometry. The amount of viable cells was determined by MTT colorimetric analysis, IP₃ content was determined by radioimmuno assay, Ca²⁺ concentration in cell by fluorometry and PKC activity by isotopic enzymolysis. The expression of gastrin, c-myc, c-fos and rasP21 in 48 case s of colorectal carcinoma tissue was detected by the immuno-cytochemistry SP method. Argyrophilia nucleolar organizer regions was determined with argyrophilia stain.

RESULTS: The volume, weight, cAMP, DNA and protein content in carcinoma cell, cell amount and proliferation index of S and G₂M phase in PG group were all significantly higher than those of control group. When PG was at the concentration of 25 mg/L, the amount of viable cells, IP₃ content and Ca²⁺ concentration in cell and membrane PKC activity in PG group were significantly higher than those in control group; when PGL was at a concentration of 32 mg/L, they dropped to the lowest level in PG (25 mg/L) + PGL group, but without significant difference from the control group. The positive expression rate of gastrin, c-myc, c-fos and rasP21 in carcinoma tissue was 39.6%, 54.2%, 47.9% and 54.2% respectively and significantly higher than that in mucosa 3 cm and 6 cm adjacent to carcinoma tissue and normal colorectal mucosa. The positive expression rate of gastrin of highly-differentiated adenocarcinoma group was significantly higher than that of poorly-differentiated and mucinous adenoc arcinoma groups. The AgNORs count of carcinoma tissue was significantly higher than that in mucosa 3 cm and 6 cm adjacent to carcinoma tissue and norm al colorectal mucosa; and the positive expression of c-myc and c-fos and the A gNORs count in gastrin-positive group was significantly higher than those in gastrin-negative group.

CONCLUSION: Pentagastrin has a promoting effect on the growth of transplanted human colonic carcinoma from SW480 cell line. PGL has no obvious effect on the growth of human colonic carcinoma SW480 cell line, but could inhibit the growth promoting effect of PG on transplanted carcinoma. Somatostatin can not only inhibit the growth of transplanted human colonic carcinoma from SW480 cell line directly but also depress the growth-promoting effect of gastrin on the transplanted carcinoma. Some colorectal carcinoma cells can produce and secrete gastrin through autocrine, highly-differentiated adenocarcinoma express the highest level gastrin. Endogenous gastrin can stimulate the cell division and proliferation of carcinoma cell and promote the growth of colorectal carcinoma regulating the expression of oncogene c-myc, c-fos. Our study has provided experimental basis for the adjuvant treatment using gastrin antagonist such as PGL, so matostatin of patients with colorectal carcinoma.