Assessing energy consumption and economic growth interrelations in Asia-Pacific: A multivariate approach with panel FMOLS and bootstrap Granger causality tests

This study investigates the cointegration and causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using data from 16 Asian and Pacific countries from 1970 to 2010. The expanded production function is used in this investigation; this function considers not only labor but also financial resources. This study investigates whether or not a rise in energy demand is associated with a healthy economy. Human capital, in addition to material and labor resources, is taken into account by this operation. One of the first studies to adopt a multivariate method and add human capital was undertaken on the energy-growth nexus. Using the panel unit root and cointegration tests, this study confirms the existence of a long-run cointegrating connection between these variables. These studies recognize the presence of cross-sectional interdependence, according to specific reports. The significance of considering the interconnection of various countries is confirmed by comparing estimates from panel heterogeneous fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) models with those from unceasingly efficient and fully modified models. Nonetheless, the bootstrap panel Granger causality test findings demonstrate that economic growth is a causal factor in rising energy consumption in the region, indicating that the relationship is not constant across countries.

Diverging death risks: Mortality as a corollary of economic, social, cultural and person capital

Introduction

Diverging death risks are associated with a wide range of social factors, including not only education and income but also other economic and non-economic resources. The aim of this study was to assess the association of mortality risks with four types of resources: economic, social, cultural and person capital.

Methods

We used data of 2,952 participants from the Disparities in the Netherlands survey and annual mortality data from Statistics Netherlands for the period 2014 to 2021. Economic capital was measured through education, income, occupation, home equity, and liquid assets. Social capital was measured by the strength of social ties, the size of the core discussion network, and access to people in resourceful positions; cultural capital by lifestyle, digital skills, and mastery of English, and person capital by self-rated health, impediments to climbing stairs, self-confidence, self-image, people's appearance, and body mass index. To accommodate the fact that each capital was derived from several indicators, we used Partial Least Squares (PLS) Cox Regression.

Results

In multiple regression, higher economic, cultural, and person capital were associated with lower mortality (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI, 0.65 to 0.90], 0.77 [0.64-0.93] and 0.80; [0.70-0.92]), adjusted for all capital measures and sex.

Conclusion

The finding that more economic, cultural and person capital is associated with lower mortality provides empirical support for an approach that uses a broad spectrum of capital measures - hitherto rarely included simultaneously in epidemiological research - in order to understand diverging death risks. By integrating sociological concepts, cohort data, and epidemiological research methods, our study highlights the need for further research on the interplay between different forms of resources in shaping health inequalities. In designing public health interventions, we advocate the adoption of a multidimensional capital-based framework for tackling social disparities in mortality.

Sustainable livelihood capital and climate change adaptation in Pakistan's agriculture: Structural equation modeling analysis in the VIABLE framework

This study aims to assess the role of sustainable livelihood capital, the mediation of investments and farming purposes, and the moderation of climatic and non-climatic factors in the adaptation process, particularly in the aspects of Crop, Farm, Irrigation, and Economic Management. Moreover, guided by the VIABLE (Values and Investments for Agent-Based Interaction and Learning in Environmental Systems) framework, we analyze stakeholders' actions, priorities, and goals in the climate change adaptation process. A structured questionnaire was designed based on a five-point Likert scale covering the concepts of livelihood capital, climate change adaptation, investment priorities, farming constraints, and farmers' decision-making factors. Field data were collected from 800 farmers during December 2021 to February 2022 in the irrigated agricultural regions in the Indus Plain of the Punjab and Sindh provinces, Pakistan. We employed the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling approach to the VIABLE framework (VIABLE-SEM) to analyze the collected data. The results confirm livelihood capital as the most significant determinant (beta = 0.57, effect size = 0.503) for farmers' adaptation strategies in the Indus plain. Other variables, such as the principal purpose of farming, available investment options, natural and human constraints, appear less important. We identified 13 significant viability pathways that show investment priorities, farming purposes, and constraints faced by the farmers in climate change adaptation. The study also found that non-climatic factors negatively influence (beta = -0.156) the relationship between capital and adaptation, while climatic factors positively influence (beta = 0.050) this relationship. Interestingly, the presence of these influencing factors increases the adaptive capacity of farmers. These findings have important implications for policymakers and researchers in designing and implementing effective climate change adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector of Pakistan.

Are profiles of social, cultural, and economic capital related to living well with dementia? Longitudinal findings from the IDEAL programme

RATIONALE

Research exploring social, cultural, and economic capital among people with dementia is scarce.

OBJECTIVE

We describe levels of social, cultural, and economic capital in people with dementia at baseline and levels of social and cultural capital 12 and 24 months later. We identify groups of people with dementia having different combinations of capital and explore whether the identified groups differ in personal characteristics at baseline and in quality of life (QoL), satisfaction with life (SwL), and well-being over time.

METHOD

Baseline, 12-months, and 24-months data from 1537 people with dementia (age, mean = 76.4 years; SD = 8.5; Alzheimer's Disease = 55.4%) enrolled in the IDEAL cohort were analyzed. Social (interactions with friends, civic participation, social participation, neighborhood trust, social network), cultural (education, cultural participation) and economic (annual income) capital, QoL, SwL, well-being, and personal characteristics were assessed.

RESULTS

Compared to people their age, people with dementia reported slightly lower frequency of interactions with friends, social networks and social support, civic and cultural participation, education, and annual income. However, social engagement, cultural participation, and annual income are low among British older adults. Latent profile analysis identified four groups that, based on their levels of social, cultural, and economic capital were named socially and economically privileged (18.0% of participants); financially secure (21.0% of participants); low capital (36.9% of participants); and very low capital (24.1% of participants). Latent growth curve models showed that over time QoL, SwL, and well-being remained largely stable for all groups. Compared to the low capital group, the socially and economically privileged and financially secure groups had higher QoL and well-being whereas the group with very low capital had poorer QoL, SwL, and well-being.

CONCLUSIONS

New policies and efforts from the government, philanthropic foundations, the voluntary and primary care sectors are needed to address social, cultural, and economic disadvantage among people with dementia.

Bourdieu's field theory applied to the story of the UK radiography profession: A discussion paper

OBJECTIVES

There are many suggestions offered within the literature to decide if a job type is a profession, some using tick box type trait and characteristics analyses to compare the actions and qualities of individuals to a predefined list. However, there is no specific way to resolve what makes or defines a profession. Writers in many disciplines, including radiography, have used these different models, sometimes with conflicting results. This paper explores the use of Bourdieu's replacement of the concept of profession with that of a 'field', meaning a network of occupants with common attributes, in this case radiographers, in an attempt to resolve this issue.

FINDINGS

In the UK, radiography practitioners and professional bodies generally use the term profession to describe radiography, and this paper explores a defence of the term for radiography. Using Bourdieu's field theory not only helps define a profession, but also explains the difficulties at the boundaries of professions, and the work needed to protect a profession as a credible entity.

CONCLUSION

This paper supports the argument that radiography is a profession when using Bourdieu's field theory. Radiography continues to work to maintain its status by increasing its symbolic capital by increasing the research output and evidence base of the profession and through role extension.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Radiographers can perhaps be assured that radiography is a profession when using Bourdieu's field theory. This paper shows how theoretical frameworks and concepts from outside radiography can be used to support new ways of thinking within the profession.

A capital-based approach to better understand health inequalities: Theoretical and empirical explorations

Background

The persistence of health inequalities may be driven by differences in education and income, but also by other economic and non-economic factors. Our aim was to explore how the association between single-dimensional health and socioeconomic status (SES) changes when including health-related person capital, economic capital, social capital, cultural capital and attractiveness and personality capital.

Methods

We used a capital-based approach to understand health inequalities. It presumes intertwined relationships between broadly measured health ('health-related person capital') and embodied resources ('attractiveness and personality capital') on the one hand, and ESC capital, i.e., economic, social, and cultural resources on the other. We used cross-sectional data on 152,592 participants from the Dutch Lifelines cohort study and estimated correlations using partial least squares structural equation modelling.

Results

The correlation between SES and health-related person capital (r = 0.15) was stronger than the correlations between SES and single-dimensional health (physical and mental health; r = 0.12 and r = 0.04, respectively). ESC capital, combining economic, social and cultural capital, showed a correlation of 0.34 with health-related person capital. This was stronger than the correlation between health-related person capital and economic capital alone (r = 0.19). Lastly, the correlation between health-related person capital and ESC capital increased when health related, attractiveness and personality resources were combined into a single person capital construct (from r = 0.34 to r = 0.49).

Conclusions

This exploratory study shows the empirical interconnectedness of various types of resources, and their potential role in the persistence of health inequalities. Our findings corroborate the idea of considering health as a multidimensional concept, and to extend conventional SES indicators to a broader measurement of economic and non-economic resources.

Increases in symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic are limited to those with less resources: Results from the Lifelines Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

The COVID-19 pandemic may have a differential impact on mental health based on an individual's capital, i.e. resources available to maintain and enhance health. We assessed trajectories of depression and anxiety symptoms, and their association with different elements of capital.

METHODS

Data on 65,854 individuals (mean baseline age = 50·4 (SD = 12·0) years) from the Lifelines COVID-19 cohort were used. Baseline mental health symptoms were on average measured 4.7 (SD = 1·1) years before the first COVID-19 measurement wave, and subsequent waves were (bi)weekly (March 30─August 05, 2020). Mental health symptom trajectories were estimated using a two-part Latent Class Growth Analysis. Class membership was predicted by economic (education, income, and occupation) and person capital (neuroticism, poor health condition, and obesity) FINDINGS: Most individuals were unlikely to report symptoms of depression (80·6%) or anxiety (75·9%), but stable-high classes were identified for both conditions (1·6% and 6·7%, respectively). The stable-high depression class saw the greatest increase in symptoms after COVID, and the stable-high anxiety class reported an increase in the probability of reporting symptoms after COVID. At the first COVID-measurement, the mean number of symptoms increased compared to baseline (depression:4·7 vs 4·1; anxiety:4·3 vs 4·2); the probability of reporting symptoms also increased (depression:0·96 vs 0·65; anxiety:0·92 vs 0·70). Membership in these classes was generally predicted by less capital, especially person capital; odds ratios for person capital ranged from 1·10-2·22 for depression and 1·08-1·51 for anxiety.

INTERPRETATION

A minority of individuals, possessing less capital, reported an increase in symptoms of depression or anxiety after COVID.

FUNDING

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Entrepreneurial responses to uncertainties during the COVID-19 recovery: A longitudinal study of B&Bs in Zhangjiajie, China

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought sweeping changes to global tourism alongside large-scale travel restrictions, posing complex challenges to entrepreneurs and firms seeking to find their footing in a turbulent climate. This study presents a theoretical framework linking uncertainty, capital, and innovation to analyse how bed-and-breakfast small and medium-sized enterprises have innovatively responded to unprecedented obstacles during COVID-19 recovery. Three-stage longitudinal interviews were conducted with more than 30 entrepreneurs between April and November 2020 to unpack their ongoing responses to the pandemic. The recovery process was found to be non-linear due to the shifting nature of sources of uncertainty and changes in entrepreneurs' capital. These alterations shaped interviewees' responses, especially in terms of product and marketing innovations, which ultimately generated new uncertainty.

One Health: A social science discussion of a global agenda

This article introduces the Parasite issue dedicated to part of the research in social sciences supported by the Domaine d’Intérêt Majeur de la Région Île-de-France (DIM) One Health [2016–2022]. We show how the four papers of this special issue are related. Jérôme Michalon recalls the genealogy of One Health and analyzes it as an “epistemic watchword”. Using antibiotic resistance as a case study, Estera Badau demonstrates how “One Health” results from a series of formulas and the bringing together of a plurality of fields and actors. Nicolas Lainé and Serge Morand show how One Health fits in with attempts already initiated in the colonial period and context. They highlight the need to (re)legitimize local and non-human knowledge, in order to truly decolonize One Health and better prevent epidemic emergence. Finally, Frédéric Keck, Nicolas Lainé, Arnaud Morvan and Sandrine Ruhlmann show how zoonotic reservoir and cultural practices are linked in the context of three specific societies. This paper highlights two main contributions of social sciences: 1) To think about One Health genealogy, how the question is framed and by which actors. The questions of practices, social representations but also of the environment are less present than the issues of human and animal medicine. The Anthropocene, the Capitalocene, even some of its variations such as the “domesticoscene” thus appear to be key elements. 2) To propose methods and tools that make One Health operational, advocating a less asymmetrical view of types of knowledge (scientific, local, non-human) and more contextualized global health recommendations.

The role of electricity consumption, capital, labor force, carbon emissions on economic growth: implication for environmental sustainability targets in Nigeria

Despite consistent investments, grants, and other concessions in the power sector, nationwide power outages still remain an issue, even in 2020, disrupting business operations, contributing to huge recurrent expenses on generators and alternative sources of electricity in homes, businesses, and institutions. In this paper, we examine the role of electricity consumption on economic growth, while controlling for labor, capital, and carbon emissions, using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and the novel dynamic ARDL (DYNARDL) simulation analysis over the periods 1981-2019. Empirical results show that electricity consumption, capital, and labor exert positive inelastic impacts, while carbon emissions exert negative inelastic significant impact on economic growth within the period under investigation. From policy standpoint, we are of the opinion that stable supply and consumption of electricity can possibly boost economic growth and engender social stability in Nigeria. Thus, there is a need to strengthen the effectiveness of power sector and its energy generating agencies by ensuring periodic replacement of worn-out equipment in terms of adequately financed and efficient labor in order to enhance the contribution of the sector on economic growth, while in terms of environmental degradation, policy makers should work towards promotion of green economy for a sustainable economic growth and environment in Nigeria.

Regulatory theater in the pork industry: how the capitalist state harms workers, farmers, and unions

The United States pork sector generates billions of pounds of food and billions of dollars of sales and tax revenue per year. This industry has also generated hundreds of workers' deaths from covid infections, thousands of workers' injuries from hazardous working conditions, economic and environmental depletion of communities near production sites, and the massive decline of small hog farming operations - not to mention over a billion tons of fecal waste per year. Although pork companies, like most firms in the food industry, portray state regulation as a burden for commercial interests, we identify how the pork industry enjoys a symbiotic relationship with the state to create favorable conditions for three interrelated processes: 1) monopoly and monopsony power; 2) hyper-efficient but injurious working conditions; 3) union busting. Using structural contradictions theory, we explain the failure to protect workers, farmers, and communities as a feature of the fundamental contradiction between protection and accumulation within the capitalist state. We argue that the solution to pork industry harms is not more regulation but the outright replacement of currently existing capitalism.

premed path as an example of discriminatory design & exploring the role(s) of capital

The college-level pathway to medical school (i.e., the "premed path") includes all coursework, extra-curriculars, shadowing, volunteering, high-stakes examination (e.g., MCAT®), and application-related processes. Although medical school admission committees routinely insist their interest in diverse and "well-rounded" applicants, the premed path (PMP), through formal and informal mechanisms, is constructed to favor those from high in socioeconomic status (SES) privileged backgrounds, and those majoring in typical premed majors such as in the Biological Sciences. In these respects, the PMP is an example of Discriminatory Design-an entity constructed and sustained in a manner that (un)intentionally discriminates against certain groups of individuals. We begin this paper by providing a brief description of the PMP (within the U.S. specifically) and conceptual and theoretical overview of the discriminatory design framework. We then explore how the PMP is an example of discriminatory design through the distinct but related role(s) of financial, social, cultural, and (what we term) (extra)curricular capital. Using data gleaned from interviews with premedical students, content analyses of the curricular structure of particular majors and publicly available data on the various "costs" associated with the PMP, we detail how the PMP is reflective of discriminatory design, spotlighting specific barriers and hurdles for certain groups of students. Given the persistent lack of representation of students from minoritized groups as well as those from diverse academic backgrounds within medical schools, our goal is to spotlight key features and processes within the PMP that actively favor the pursuit of certain majors and students from more privileged backgrounds. In turn, we conclude by offering medical schools and undergraduate institutions specific recommendations for remediating these barriers and hurdles.

Impact of non-renewable and renewable energy consumption on economic growth: evidence from income and regional groups of countries

The motivation behind this study is to investigate the impact of non-renewable and renewable energy consumption on economic growth for a panel of 99 world countries with energy inclusive production function and then finding the empirical evidences for income and regional classification of world economies. To accomplish this purpose, the study has employed panel estimation techniques of dynamic and fully modified ordinary least square and fixed effects model after confirming Hausman test over the period of 1995-2017. For overall sample, the impact of non-renewable and renewable energy consumption on economic growth is found to be significantly positive while this relationship of energy-growth varies at income and regional classification. To incorporate the omitted variable biasness, capital and labor were included in the model. Thus, it is evident from the results that in the presence of non-renewable and renewable energy consumption, capital and labor have significant positive impact on economic growth. It is concluded that although energy consumption has a vital importance in boosting growth and development of the economies but heavily focusing on non-renewable energy cause environmental problems therefore, it is suggested to promote renewable energy sector for efficient and environment friendly use of energy.

The transformation of provisioning systems from an integrated perspective of social metabolism and political economy: a conceptual framework

Energy, food, or mobility can be conceptualized as provisioning systems which are decisive to sustainability transformations in how they shape resource use and because of emissions resulting from them. To curb environmental pressures and improve societal well-being, fundamental changes to existing provisioning systems are necessary. In this article, we propose that provisioning systems be conceptualized as featuring integrated socio-metabolic and political-economic dimensions. In socio-metabolic terms, material stocks-buildings, infrastructures, and machines, for example-are key components of provisioning systems and transform flows of energy and materials into goods and services. In political-economic terms, provisioning systems are formed by actors, institutions, and capital. We loosely identify and closely analyze, from socio-metabolic and political-economic perspectives, five phases along which provisioning systems are shaped and in which specific opportunities for interventions exist. Relying mainly on examples from the fossil-fueled electricity system, we argue that an integrated conceptualization of provisioning systems can advance understanding of these systems in two essential ways: by (1) facilitating a more encompassing perspective on current forms of provisioning as relying on capitalist regulation and on material stocks and flows and by (2) embedding provisioning systems within their historical context, making it possible to conceive of more sustainable and just forms of provisioning under (radically) altered conditions.

Labor market frictions, capital, taxes and employment

This paper studies the role of the tax on mobile capital in labor markets with matching frictions and the effects of such frictions on inefficiency of capital taxation. Firms acquire capital and create vacancies, and workers apply for firms. Due to matching frictions, vacancies may not be filled, and workers may not be employed. Firms' investment in capital, wages and market tightness are determined in a way that a firm's profit and a worker's utility are jointly maximized. In addition, the return to capital net of the tax is equalized across jurisdictions, as capital moves between jurisdictions. An increase in the capital tax of a jurisdiction alters firms' capital investment, wages and market tightness of the jurisdiction. In particular, it decreases employment and wages of the jurisdiction, providing an explanation for why policymakers of a jurisdiction provide incentives such as tax cuts for mobile capital. More capital increases the wages only when workers are employed and hence have higher incomes, decreasing the benefit of more capital for risk-averse workers and reducing the incentives of a jurisdiction to lower the tax and attract capital. The equilibrium capital tax thus may be too low or too high relative to the efficient level, and capital is taxed even with the head tax.

'If I had a hedge fund, I would cure diabetes': endogenous mechanisms for creating public goods

We consider the problem of organizing capital to produce public goods with broad societal value. We review why market corrections via government subsidies or philanthropic initiatives are inadequate, in addition to considering the paradox of patents. Our proposed mechanism (an Ever-growing Prize and a Patent Repository) directs capital towards two innovation problems routinely overlooked: (1) problems for which the reward is insufficient even with established mechanisms (e.g. patents or academic prestige), and (2) problems for which the reward is large, but the effort risk is incalculable. The proposed hedge fund mechanism facilitates crowdsourcing, addressing the challenge of determining problems with broad societal interest; the ever-growing prize allows for an emergent rather than predetermined reward; the patent repository turns private intellectual property into a public good for target problems while circumventing the inventors' threat of patent expiration. We guide this discussion by considering two problems: treating Cystic Fibrosis and curing Diabetes.

Gotong Royong as social capital to overcome micro and small enterprises' capital difficulties

One of the micro and small enterprises' (MSEs) main problem is business capital. Cash flow shortage often interrupts business development. This difficulty is due to the limited ability in meeting the requirements to access sources of capital. The development of micro and small enterprises using the culture of the local community is a way to overcome this issue. Asians generally have the perception of Gotong Royong (which means 'mutual aid' in English) as a form of collectivism. This study comes from the gap whether Gotong Royong serves as social capital to overcome the difficulties of micro and small enterprises’ capital. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the perception of owners of MSEs toward the application of Gotong Royong culture, which suggests how to overcome the business capital difficulties in reality. The qualitative method was applied to investigate the informants with triangulation process to validate the result accuracy. The results of this study show that MSEs owners build their businesses with the family culture, which upholds a Gotong Royong character. Small: based on the field data processing, the second result reveals that the social capital of the community in the form of Gotong Royong culture could overcome capital constraints in micro and small enterprises. Similarly, the Gotong Royong culture applied in business could reduce the capital requirement that should be prepared by micro and small entrepreneurs. The contribution of this research is for business owners so that they do not lose the character of mutual cooperation and to provide input for the government to support family businesses that still rely on these characters by giving light funding assistance. However, this research must be developed further in a broader business scale with different informant profiles so that the results will be more comprehensive.

Management of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: Results of a survey of the members of the Paediatric Orthopaedic Society of India (POSI)

AIM

To determine the preferred practices in the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) among members of the Paediatric Orthopaedic Society of India (POSI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A questionnaire with 16 vignettes was made about SCFE and sent to all members of the Paediatric Orthopaedic Society of India (POSI) to study the similarity and variation in the management of SCFE. Specifically, respondents were asked about the role of reduction, methods of fixation, prophylactic fixation of the non-affected hip, postoperative management and their view on the prevalence of Femoro Acetabular Impingement (FAI) and anticipated need for secondary surgery.

RESULTS

The response rate was 94 out of 203 members of Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeons of India (51.9%). 62 out of 94 (66%) participating surgeons had an exclusive paediatric orthopaedics workload, with 61 surgeons (65%) having more than ten years of experience. Seventy-eight surgeons (83%) were most consistent in their advice for the management of stable slips based on severity. For severe stable slips, 67 surgeons (71%) recommended Modified Dunn procedure. Around 23% of the respondents preferred to do modified Dunn's procedure for all unstable slips while the rest had different approaches to treat this. Single Partially threaded cancellous screw is the preferred implant for in-situ fixation, while a single screw and K wire construct is the preferred construct for in Modified Dunn's procedure. Only 17(16%) of the responders do prophylactic pinning of the opposite hip regularly. Almost 90 responders (96%) do counsel parents about FAI in later stages of life.

CONCLUSION

Our study documents that about 70% of the practising paediatric orthopaedic surgeons prefer to do capital realignment procedure for severe stable slips. The treatment of unstable slips remains controversial without any consensus though about 70% believe that there is a role of gentle reduction or positional reduction or skeletal traction. About 50% of the respondents treat less than five slips a year and thus would not possible to generate high-quality evidence based on meagre numbers. This clearly shows that there is a need for developing a national SCFE registry to pool in all data which would help us to arrive at meaningful conclusions to arrive at the ideal management guidelines for SCFE.

'Social health', 'physical health', and well-being: Analysing with bourdieusian concepts the interplay between the practices of heavy drinking and exercise among young people

BACKGROUND

The article examines the interplay between the practices of heavy drinking and exercise among young people. The comparison helps to clarify why young people are currently drinking less than earlier and how the health-related discourses and activities are modifying young people's heavy drinking practices.

METHODS

The data is based on interviews (n = 56) in Sweden among 15-17-year-olds and 18-19-year-olds. By drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, field, and capital, we examine what kinds of resources young people accumulate in the fields of heavy drinking and exercise, how these resources carry symbolic value for distinction, and what kind of health-related habitus they imply.

RESULTS

The analysis shows that young people's practices in the social spaces of intoxication and exercise are patterned around the 'social health' and 'physical health' approaches and shaped by gendered binaries of masculine dominance. The 'physical health' approach values capable, high-performative, and attractive bodies, whereas the 'social health' approach is oriented towards accumulating social capital. The analysis demonstrates that these approaches affect the interviewees' everyday life practices so that the 'physical health' approach has more power over the 'social health' approach in transforming them.

CONCLUSION

As the 'physical health' approach appears to modify young people's practices of drinking to be less oriented to intoxication or away from drinking, this may partly explain why young people are drinking less today than earlier. Compared to drinking, the physical health-related social spaces also seem to provide more powerful arenas within which to bolster one's masculine and feminine habitus. This further suggests that intoxication may have lost its symbolic power among young people as a cool activity signalling autonomy, maturity, and transgression of norms.

Insurance for economic losses caused by pandemics

Private insurance coverage for economic losses caused by pandemics is limited. While many factors contribute to reduced demand and supply, we attribute the low amount of coverage to the high levels of capital that would be required to credibly insure pandemic economic losses with cross-sectional pooling mechanisms. Pooling over time significantly reduces the required capital and therefore the cost of insurance, but as a practical matter likely requires a government with the ability to borrow and tax. We also argue that insurance for economic losses due to pandemics likely generates positive externalities for the macroeconomy. We therefore analyze the general tradeoffs associated with different ways that a government can promote such insurance.

Characterising investments in EU fisheries and defining their desirability

In most economic sectors, increases in capital (i.e., investments) are often considered virtuous, indicating confidence in the future and expected growth. In fisheries, however, investments are often harmful, as they may lead to increases in fleet capacity, which is not desirable considering the fully exploited or overexploited status of most fish stocks (natural capital), and the dissipation of the resource rent (overcapitalisation). In the EU, the number of fishing vessels have been decreasing for many years, but the fishing capacity is often claimed to have increased. In other words, there are less vessels, but the remaining ones have a higher fishing capacity. In this study, we analyse the evolution of the EU fishing industry's investments for the period 2008-2016, and whether these investments have been beneficial. Results show that despite the overall decrease in the number of vessels and their average value, investments in some fleets have increased. Moreover, investment decisions (i.e., whether to invest or disinvest) have been more accurate in recent years, leading to a better economic performance. However, results vary by the scale of the fishing activity (small-scale and large scale fleets) and sea basin (Northeast Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea).

Uncovering Profiles of Economic, Social, and Cultural Capital to Explore Depression Across Racial Groups

Research exploring the association between socio-economic status (SES) and depression is limited by conceptualizations of SES and conflicting findings across racial groups. We broaden previous research by (1) reconceptualizing SES through the lens of Bourdieusian theory to identify profiles of economic, social, and cultural capital; (2) investigating whether these profiles differ for Black and white adults; and (3) exploring whether specific profiles of capital are associated with increased depression scores. This study analyzed secondary data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative sample of US individuals. A sub-population of the sample was used, which was comprised of 4339 Black and white participants from wave IV. To address the study aims, we used the new three-step approach to conducting latent class analysis. We identified five profiles of capital, the composition of which varied by race. Compared to Blacks, whites were more likely to be in the "cultural-economic capital" (14% vs. 10%), "elevated overall capital" (35% vs. 14%), and "social-economic capital" (13% vs. 10%) profiles, whereas Blacks were more likely to be in the "limited overall capital" (35% vs. 16%) and "moderate economic capital" (32% vs 22%) profiles. Profiles differed in risk for depression; the "limited overall capital" profile had the highest depression scores, whereas the "elevated overall capital" profile had the lowest depression scores. This research has the potential to reduce health disparities, by providing policy makers and researchers with information that will allow them to target populations that are most at risk for depression.

Content, perceptions and impact of alcoholic drink promotions in nightlife venues that are targeted towards students

Background

Binge drinking is generally considered socially acceptable for students across Western culture. Social norms within the student population have meant that excessive drinking plays a key role in socialising and reinforcing peer group identity. Research has highlighted the United Kingdom (UK) as having elevated levels of alcohol consumption especially within the student population, and the role that drink promotions have in influencing consumption practices. This paper considers promotions of alcoholic drinks in UK nightlife venues and student perceptions of these promotions. Bourdieu's concepts of social and cultural capital are applied to the findings.

Method

Content analysis of social media posts by nightlife venues (n = 12), observations of nightlife venues (n = 20) and semi-structured focus groups and paired interviews with 32 undergraduate students, from one city in the North West of England.

Results

Nightlife venues target promotions of alcoholic drinks at students through social media, advertisements throughout nightlife venues, and by promoters outside of venues. These promotions will often influence the course of a night out in terms of venues visited and the drinks consumed. Alcohol holds importance within mainstream student culture; it plays a key role in achieving cultural capital and is a means for students to obtain social capital through the creation of shared experiences, which are key for those who are new to university.

Conclusions

Nightlife venues will target alcoholic drink promotions at students and will use the notion of creating a shared experience as part of this targeted promotion. This contributes to the overall social and cultural capital that alcohol holds within the student population. This is an important consideration for alcohol policy - it demonstrates how prevention activities need to take into consideration the importance of shared experiences for the students; alternatives to excessive alcohol consumption need to offer a similar opportunity.

Physical activity and the human body in the (increasingly smart) built environment

Physical activity in the built environment of high income countries may be changing faster than at any time prior to the 2000s, with the engagement of social media, smart devices and increasing urban smartness that has come with the Internet of Things. This article describes the most salient features of built environments that have facilitated physical activity between the 1980s and 2000s (most importantly walkability and active transport with bicycles). It goes on to use the anthropological three bodies framework in association with that of forms of capital, to explore how the use of smart devices and increasing incorporation of smartness and performativity into architecture and urban planning since the 2000s might influence physical activity. Smartness and use of smart devices in the built environment should favour increased physical activity through new types of sociality that they facilitate. In turn, engagement with such technologies offers an important opportunity for the empowerment of the individual body-self and the social body towards increased physical activity.

A framework to investigate drivers of adaptation decisions in marine fishing: Evidence from urban, semi-urban and rural communities

Traditional fishing livelihoods need to adapt to changing fish catch/populations, led by numerous anthropogenic, environmental and climatic stressors. The decision to adapt can be influenced by a variety of socio-economic and perceptual factors. However, adaptation decision-making in fishing communities has rarely been studied. Based on previous literature and focus group discussions with community, this study identifies few prominent adaptation responses in marine fishing and proposes credible factors driving decisions to adopt them. Further, a household survey is conducted, and the association of these drivers with various adaptation strategies is examined among fisherfolk of Maharashtra (India). This statistical analysis is based on 601 responses collected across three regional fishing groups: urban, semi-urban and rural. Regional segregation is done to understand variability in decision-making among groups which might be having different socio-economic and perceptual attributes. The survey reveals that only few urban fishing households have been able to diversify into other livelihoods. While having economic capital increases the likelihood of adaptation among urban and semi-urban communities, rural fishermen are significantly driven by social capital. Perception of climate change affecting fish catch drives adoption of mechanized boats solely in urban region. But increasing number of extreme events affects decisions of semi-urban and rural fishermen. Further, rising pollution and trade competition is associated with adaptation responses in the urban and semi-urban community. Higher education might help fishermen choose convenient forms of adaptation. Also, cooperative membership and subsidies are critical in adaptation decisions. The framework and insights of the study suggest the importance of acknowledging differential decision-making of individuals and communities, for designing effective adaptation and capacity-building policies.

Factors Supporting the Employment of Young Adult Peer Providers: Perspectives of Peers and Supervisors

Peer providers are a promising practice for transition-age youth community mental health treatment engagement and support, yet little is known about the experience of being a young adult peer provider or what helps to make an individual in this role successful. Utilizing a capital theory lens, this study uses data from focus groups (two with young adult peer providers and two with their supervisors) to examine facilitators of young adult peer provider success in community mental health treatment settings. Eight factors were identified as critical to young adult peer provider on-the-job success: persistence, job confidence, resilience, job training, skilled communications with colleagues, regular and individualized supervision, support from colleagues, and family support. Findings suggest that young adult peer providers may benefit immensely from an agency level focus on fostering social organizational capital as well as more individualized efforts to increase cultural, social, and psychological capital through training and supervision.

A realist synthesis of cross-border patient movement from low and middle income countries to similar or higher income countries

Patient travel across borders to access healthcare is becoming increasingly common and widespread. Patients moving from high income to middle income countries for healthcare is well documented, with patients seeking treatments that are cheaper or more readily available than at home. Less well understood is when patients move from one low income country to another or from a low income country to a higher income country. In this paper, a realist review was undertaken to explore why, in what contexts and how patients from lower income countries travel to countries with the same, or more advanced, economies for planned healthcare. Based on an initial scoping of the literature and discussions with key informants, we generated an initial theory and set of propositions about why, how, who and in what contexts people cross international borders for planned healthcare. We then systematically located and synthesized (1) peer-reviewed studies from the Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and Econlit databases; (2) non-indexed reports using key informants and Google; and (3) papers from the reference lists of included documents, to glean supportive or contradictory evidence for our initial propositions. As we reviewed the literature and extracted our data, we drew on the work of Pierre Bourdieu to understand the interplay between material and non-material capital and cognitive processes in decisions to cross borders for healthcare. Patient travel was largely undertaken due to a lack of services in the home country and/or unacceptability of local services, with decisions on when, and where, to travel, usually made within the patient's social networks. They were able to travel via use of multiple resources, including social networks, economic and cultural capital, and habitus. Those patients with greater volumes of the aforementioned factors had greater healthcare options; however, even those with limited resources engaged in patient travel. Patient movement challenges traditional ways of thinking about public health and the notion of health systems contained within the nation state. Further research is needed to better understand the effects of patient travel, and how to harness the benefits of patient travel without exacerbating existing health inequalities.

Bricks-and-mortar and patient safety culture

Purpose Building a new hospital requires a major investment in capital infrastructure. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of bricks-and-mortar on patient safety culture before and two years after the move of a large tertiary hospital to a greenfield site. The difference in patient safety perceptions between clinical and non-clinical staff is also explored. Design/methodology/approach This research uses data collected from the same workforce across two time periods (2013 and 2015) in a large Australian healthcare service. Validated surveys of patient safety culture ( n=306 and 246) were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings Using two-way analysis of variance, the authors found that perceived patient safety culture remains unchanged for staff despite a major relocation and upgrade of services and different perceptions of patient safety culture between staff groups remains the same throughout change. Practical implications A dramatic change in physical context, such as moving an entire hospital, made no measurable impact on perceived patient safety culture by major groups of staff. Improving patient safety culture requires more than investment in buildings and infrastructure. Understanding differences in professional perspectives of patient safety culture may inform organisational management approaches, and enhance the targeting of specific strategies. Originality/value The authors believe this to be the first empirically based paper that investigates the impact of a large investment into hospital capital and a subsequent relocation of services on clinical and non-clinical staff perceptions of patient safety culture.

Curbing the urge to care: A Bourdieusian analysis of the effect of the caring disposition on nurse middle managers' clinical leadership in patient safety practices

BACKGROUND

Nurse managers play an important role in implementing patient safety practices in hospitals. However, the influence of their professional background on their clinical leadership behaviour remains unclear. Research has demonstrated that concepts of Bourdieu (dispositions of habitus, capital and field) help to describe this influence. It revealed various configurations of dispositions of the habitus in which a caring disposition plays a crucial role.

OBJECTIVES

We explore how the caring disposition of nurse middle managers' habitus influences their clinical leadership behaviour in patient safety practices.

DESIGN

Our paper reports the findings of a Bourdieusian, multi-site, ethnographic case study.

SETTINGS

Two Dutch and two American acute care, mid-sized, non-profit hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 16 nurse middle managers of adult care units.

METHODS

Observations were made over 560h of shadowing nurse middle managers, semi-structured interviews and member check meetings with the participants.

RESULTS

We observed three distinct configurations of dispositions of the habitus which influenced the clinical leadership of nurse middle managers in patient safety practices; they all include a caring disposition: (1) a configuration with a dominant caring disposition that was helpful (via solving urgent matters) and hindering (via ad hoc and reactive actions, leading to quick fixes and 'compensatory modes'); (2) a configuration with an interaction of caring and collegial dispositions that led to an absence of clinical involvement and discouraged patient safety practices; and (3) a configuration with a dominant scientific disposition showing an investigative, non-judging, analytic stance, a focus on evidence-based practice that curbs the ad hoc repertoire of the caring disposition.

CONCLUSIONS

The dispositions of the nurse middle managers' habitus influenced their clinical leadership in patient safety practices. A dominance of the caring disposition, which meant 'always' answering calls for help and reactive and ad hoc reactions, did not support the clinical leadership role of nurse middle managers. By perceiving the team of staff nurses as pseudo-patients, patient safety practice was jeopardized because of erosion of the clinical disposition. The nurse middle managers' clinical leadership was enhanced by leadership behaviour based on the clinical and scientific dispositions that was manifested through an investigative, non-judging, analytic stance, a focus on evidence-based practice and a curbed caring disposition.

The anatomical reduction of a moderate or severe stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis by modified Dunn subcapital osteotomy using the Ganz approach: functional and radiological outcomes

AIMS

This study analysed the clinical and radiological outcome of anatomical reduction of a moderate or severe stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) treated by subcapital osteotomy (a modified Dunn osteotomy) through the surgical approach described by Ganz.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We prospectively studied 31 patients (32 hips; 16 females and five males; mean age 14.3 years) with SCFE. On the Southwick classification, ten were of moderate severity (head-shaft angle > 30° to 60°) and 22 were severe (head-shaft angle > 60°). Each underwent open reduction and internal fixation using an intracapsular osteotomy through the physeal growth plate after safe surgical hip dislocation. Unlike the conventional procedure, 25 hips did not need an osteotomy of the apophysis of the great trochanter and were managed using an extended retinacular posterior flap.

RESULTS

Clinical outcome was assessed using the range of movement and the Harris Hip (HHS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC), and Merle d'Aubigné scores, while radiological measurements included slip and alpha angles. The mean duration of follow-up was 24.1 months (12 to 40). There was a significant improvement in all clinical and radiological measurements after treatment (p < 0.001). Post-operative major complications were one deep infection and one case of femoral head collapse.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that a modified Dunn osteotomy carried out through Ganz approach is a safe and effective method of treating the stable SCFE with a high degree of slip. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1283-8.

How students experience and navigate transitions in undergraduate medical education: an application of Bourdieu's theoretical model

Using Bourdieu's theoretical model as a lens for analysis, we sought to understand how students experience the undergraduate medical education (UME) milieu, focusing on how they navigate transitions from the preclinical phase, to the major clinical year (MCY), and to the preparation for residency phase. Twenty-two medical students participated in this longitudinal case study. Students had similar preclinical and post-MCY experiences but different MCY experiences (rotational vs. longitudinal tracks). We interviewed students every 6 months in the preclinical phase, mid-way through MCY, and 7-8 months before graduation (101 total interviews). We inductively created codes, iteratively revised codes to best-fit the data, and thematically clustered codes into Bourdieu-informed categories: field (social structures), capital (resources) and habitus (dispositions). We found that students acclimated to shifts in the UME field as they moved through medical school: from medical school itself to the health system and back. To successfully navigate transitions, students learned to secure capital as medical knowledge and social connections in the preclinical and preparation for residency phases, and as reputable patient care and being noticed in the clinical phase. To obtain capital, and be well-positioned for the next phase of training, students consistently relied on dispositions of initiative and flexibility. In summary, students experience the complex context of medical school through a series of transitions. Efforts to improve UME would be well-served by greater awareness of the social structures (field) that students encounter, the resources to which they afford value (capital), and the dispositions which aid acquisition of these resources (habitus).

Capital and time: uncertainty and qualitative measures of inequality

This review compares Piketty and Marx's approaches to capital and time in order to argue for the importance of qualitative measures of inequality. These latter measures emphasize varying experiences across classes and through history of uncertainty and insecurity. They explore how the social rhythms of capital profoundly affect the ability to plan a life-course. Quantitative measures such as those used by Piketty that focus on the amount of capital that accrues through time cannot capture such important phenomenon. This is especially because their calculations rest on absolute amounts of capital recorded in formal state statistics. Their limits are particularly revealed if we consider issues of: informal labour, social reproduction, and changing institutional forms of public debt. If we are to build the inter-disciplinary rapprochement between social science and economics that Piketty calls for it must be through asserting the value of qualitative measures of insecurity and its effects on decision making. These are important to track both at the macro-level of institutions and at the micro-level scale of human lives. It is, therefore, through emphasizing the existing strengths of both anthropology and history that we can meet Piketty's important challenge to make our scholarship relevant to current political and social debates.

The politics of Piketty: what political science can learn from, and contribute to, the debate on Capital in the twenty-first century

Thomas Piketty's imposing volume has brought serious economics firmly into the mainstream of public debate on inequality, yet political science has been mostly absent from this debate. This article argues that political science has an essential contribution to make to this debate, and that Piketty's important and powerful book lacks a clear political theory. It develops this argument by first assessing and critiquing the changing nature of political science and its account of contemporary capitalism, and then suggesting how Piketty's thesis can be complemented, extended and challenged by focusing on the ways in which politics and collective action shape the economy and the distribution of income and wealth. Although Capital's principal message is that 'capital is back' and that without political interventions active political interventions will continue to grow, a political economy perspective would suggest another rather more fundamental critique: the very economic forces Piketty describes are embedded in institutional arrangements which can only be properly understood as political phenomena. In a sense capital itself - the central concept of the book - is almost meaningless without proper consideration of its political foundations. Even if the fact of capital accumulation may respond to an economic logic, the process is embedded in a very political logic. The examples of housing policy and the regulation, and failure to regulate, financial markets are used to illustrate these points.

HIV, wages, and the skill premium

The HIV epidemic has dramatically decreased labor supply among prime-age adults in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using within-country variation in regional HIV prevalence and a synthetic panel, I find that HIV significantly increases the capital-labor ratio in urban manufacturing firms. The impact of HIV on average wages is positive but imprecisely estimated. In contrast, HIV has a large positive impact on the skill premium. The impact of HIV on the wages of low skilled workers is insignificantly different from 0, and is strongly dampened by competition from rural migrants. The HIV epidemic disproportionately increases the incomes of high-skilled survivors, thus increasing inequality.

Management of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: results of a survey of the members of the European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society

AIM

To determine current practice recommendations for the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) among members of the European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society (EPOS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A questionnaire with 4 case vignettes of a 12-year-old boy presenting with a stable and unstable SCFE. Each, stable and unstable slips, was of mild (20° epiphyseal-shaft angle) and of severe (60° epiphyseal-shaft angle) degree was sent to all members of EPOS in 2009 in order to ascertain their views on the best management of SCFE. Specifically, respondents were asked about the role of reduction, methods of fixation, prophylactic fixation of the non-affected hip, postoperative management and their view on the anticipated need for secondary surgery.

RESULTS

The response rate was 25% (72/287). The participating surgeons' average workload was 76% in paediatric orthopaedics, with mean 16 years of experience. Surgeons were most consistent in their advice for stable slips, where around 90% of the respondents did not recommend a reduction of the slip regardless of severity of slip. Seventy per cent of the respondents recommended the use of only one screw for fixation of a stable slip and for mild unstable slips. For severe unstable slips, 46% of surgeons recommended reduction only by positioning of the hip on the fracture table, 35% by manipulation and 11% advised open reduction. Responders were less consistent in their advice on the anticipated need for secondary osteotomies (in mild slips about 40% and about 60% in severe slips would advise an osteotomy) and on treatment of the contralateral hip (with 32% of surgeons recommending prophylactic fixation of the contralateral hip).

CONCLUSION

Within members of EPOS, there is controversy on several aspects of the management of SCFE particularly on aspects of the treatment of unstable SCFE.

SIGNIFICANCE

Members of EPOS predominantly use traditional means of treatment for patients with SCFE. In contrast, the more modern treatment concepts, such as open reduction via surgical dislocation, are rarely used.

The changing role of Asian labour migration in the Middle East

"The paper explores the changing role and origins of foreign labour in two labour importing states, Kuwait and Jordan.... Because Asian labour is cheaper, politically quiescent and more readily reexportable than Arab labour migrants it has become an increasingly important element of these labour forces.... The paper argues that the strategy of dependent development based on the state's import of large amounts of capital, labour and technology has emphasised specific national identities over a regional pan-Arab one." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Labor immigration and capital flows: long-term Australian, Canadian and United States experience

"Evidence on labor immigration and capital inflows to three high labor-immigration economies (Australia, Canada, the United States) is examined over periods ranging from 1820-1870 through to 1991. Data show a close association between capital flows and immigration, although causality implications are ambiguous. For the United States, the relation between factor flows is more complex than for the other countries, but flows to the United States have influenced those to smaller economies. All three nations have been subjected to common immigrant push factors through to 1930-1950 but, since World War II, linkages between factor flows have altered. Post-World War II U.S. immigration restrictions have become more important as a global determinant of labor flows, with factor flow policymaking becoming increasingly internationally interdependent."

United Kingdom labour emigration and capital exports 1816-1991

"This paper is concerned primarily with examining the nature of linkages between capital and labour emigration from the U.K. We also consider whether the primary impulses for emigration were push or pull influences--the main intent is to look at the relation between the flows rather than the determinants of either. The nature of the capital-labour link is examined qualitatively using historical argument and quantitatively using statistical tests and causality analysis. The starting time for analysis is the end of the Napoleonic Wars when useful data became available." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

[Labor migration in a unified Germany]

"In this paper we illustrated future migration of labor within the old and new 'Lander' of unified Germany.... Our setting was a microbased general equilibrium model. It was shown that the diverging economic conditions within reunified Germany heavily distort the choice of location of German workers. If the transfer of capital and technology does not equalize the large discrepancies rapidly, net migration of eastern workers into the west of close to 12 percent of the eastern work force by 1993, and 16 percent by 1995, is to be expected." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Illegal immigration: a supply side analysis

"This paper analyzes the supply-side determinants of illegal immigration using a three-sector general equilibrium model of the source country. Agricultural liberalization raises illegal immigration while liberalization of the high tech sector reduces it. In contrast, capital mobility in the source country renders trade policy ineffective for controlling illegal immigration. Paradoxically, increased enforcement (by the host country) may raise source country unskilled wages, although illegal immigration falls. Finally, under capital mobility, a rise in the source country restrictions on capital inflow raises the level of illegal immigration and reduces the effectiveness of border enforcement efforts by the host country."

Diverging patterns with endogenous labor migration

"The standard neoclassical model cannot explain persistent migration flows and lack of cross-country convergence when capital and labor are mobile. Here we present a model where both phenomena may take place.... Our model is based on the Arrow-Romer approach to endogenous growth theory. We single out the importance of a (however weak) scale effect from the size of the workforce.... The main conclusion of this simple model is that lack of convergence, or even divergence, among countries is possible, even with perfect capital mobility and labor mobility."

Remittances and circulation behavior in the livelihood process: transmigrant families in South Sumatra, Indonesia

The impact of migrant remittances in Indonesia is examined using data gathered in interviews undertaken in 21 households and with village leaders participating in the transmigration program in Cinta Karya, Sumatra, Indonesia. "Our findings illustrate that remittance behavior is spatially controlled and temporally variable, as families balance their labor and capital resources among farm production, local industry and investments, and the often unpredictable nature of circulation employment and remittances. We emphasize the linked and recursive nature of elements in the livelihood process and the related importance of temporal family dynamics in decision-making strategies."

An analysis of rural-urban migration and protection

"In this paper a Harris-Todaro migration model is developed with the urban manufacturing sector supplying a crucial input for the rural sector. Capital is region specific but flows freely between two urban sectors. Final goods are traded and have exogenously fixed prices. If this economy imposes a tariff on the import-competing manufacturing sector, employment might go down even if the protected sector is labour intensive. The paper describes how intersectoral linkages can play a significant role in determining the employment effects of a tariff." (SUMMARY IN FRE)