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Wei ZF, Li LL, Sun DD, Liu XY, Zhou X, Ma FY, Zhao M, Chen XD, Zhang LJ. Biotransformation of Bioactive Metabolites in Cassiae Semen by Endogenous Enzymes and Probiotics. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:5293-5306. [PMID: 38441033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the potential of endogenous enzymes and probiotics in transforming bioactive metabolites to reduce the purgative effect and improve the functional activity of Cassiae Semen and verified and revealed the biotransformation effect of endogenous enzymes. Although probiotics, especially Lactobacillus rhamnosus, exerted the transformation effect, the endogenous enzymes proved to be more effective in transforming the components of Cassiae Semen. After biotransformation by endogenous enzymes for 12 h, the levels of six anthraquinones in Cassiae Semen increased by at least 2.98-fold, and free anthraquinones, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity also showed significant improvement, accompanied by an 82.2% reduction in combined anthraquinones responsible for the purgative effect of Cassiae Semen. Further metabolomic analysis revealed that the biotransformation effect of endogenous enzymes on the bioactive metabolites of Cassiae Semen was complex and diverse, and the biotransformation of quinones and flavonoids was particularly prominent and occurred by three primary mechanisms, hydrolyzation, methylation, and dimerization, might under the action of glycosyl hydrolases, SAM-dependent methyltransferases, and CYP450s. Accordingly, biotransformation by endogenous enzymes emerges as a mild, economical, food safety risk-free, and effective strategy to modify Cassiae Semen into an excellent functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Fu Wei
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ling-Ling Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Dan-Dan Sun
- School of Theater and Film and Television, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xin-Yu Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xueyong Zhou
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fei-Yue Ma
- National Oat Improvement Center, Baicheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baicheng 137000, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Chen
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lin-Jing Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Chen Y, Chen X, Yang X, Gao P, Yue C, Wang L, Wu T, Jiang T, Wu H, Tang L, Wang Z. Cassiae Semen: A comprehensive review of botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and quality control. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 306:116199. [PMID: 36702448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cassiae Semen, belonging to the family Leguminosae, is derived from the dry mature seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. or Cassia tora L. and has long been used as a laxative, hepatoprotective, improve eyesight, and antidiabetic complications medicine or functional food in Asia. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review summarizes the integrated research progress of botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and quality control of Cassiae Semen. Additionally, the emerging challenges and possible developing directions are discussed as well. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information on Cassiae Semen was collected from published scientific materials, including ancient books of traditional Chinese Medicine; Ph.D. and M. Sc. dissertations; monographs on medicinal plants; pharmacopoeia of various countries and electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, ACS, Science Direct, J-STAGE, Springer link, Taylor, CNKI and Google Scholar, etc. RESULTS: First, the traditional uses and plant origins of Cassiae Semen are outlined. Secondly, approximately 137 compounds, including anthraquinones, naphthopyranones, naphthalenes, flavones, polysaccharides and other compounds, have been isolated and identified from Cassia obtusifolia L. and Cassia tora L. Third, the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of crude extract of Cassiae Semen and its main bioactive compounds are summarized. Moreover, the processing, toxicity, and quality control are introduced briefly. CONCLUSIONS Cassiae Semen is a frequently used Chinese Materia Medica with pharmacological effects that mainly affect the digestive system, cardiovascular systems and nervous system. This review summarized its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology, it also exhibited recent scientific research advances and gaps, which provide a deeper insight into the understanding and application of Cassiae Semen. In future research on Cassiae Semen, more attention should be given to the pharmacological activities of naphthopyranones and polysaccharides and the mechanism of action for improving eye diseases. Meanwhile, it is essential to focus on strengthening the study on the pharmacokinetics research and the safety evaluation of related health products research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaoxu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Peiyun Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chunyu Yue
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Liying Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhuju Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Huang L, Zhu H, Tang Y, Luo Z, Xia L, Zhang C, Wang Y, Huai W, Fang Z, Li S, Yan Z, Yin Q, Zhang TE. Exploring the mechanism of Cassiae semen in regulating lipid metabolism through network pharmacology and experimental validation. Biosci Rep 2023; 43. [PMID: 36645186 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20221375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have assessed the role of Cassiae semen (CS) in regulating lipid metabolism. However, the mechanism of action of CS on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has seen rare scrutiny. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanism of CS on lipid metabolism in NAFLD. METHODS Components of CS ethanol extract (CSEE) were analyzed and identified using UPLC-Q-Orbirap HRMS. The candidate compounds of CS and its relative targets were extracted from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology, Swiss-Target-Prediction, and TargetNet web server. The Therapeutic Target Database, Genecards, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, and DisGeNET were searched for NAFLD targets. Binding affinity between potential core components and key targets was established employing molecular docking simulations. After that, free fatty acid (FFA)-induced HepG2 cells were used to further validate part of the network pharmacology results. RESULTS Six genes, including Caspase 3 (CASP3), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit α (PIK3CA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and amyloid β (A4) precursor protein (APP) were identified as key targets. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was found to associate closely with CS's effect on NAFLD. Per molecular docking findings, toralactone and quinizarin formed the most stable combinations with hub genes. About 0.1 (vs. FFA, P<0.01) and 0.2 (vs. FFA, P<0.05) mg/ml CSEE decreased lipid accumulation in vitro by reversing the up-regulation of CASP3, EGFR, and APP and the down-regulation of PIK3CA. CONCLUSION CSEE can significantly reduce intracellular lipid accumulation by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway to decrease CASP3 and EGFR expression.
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Shi B, Ding H, Wang L, Wang C, Tian X, Fu Z, Zhang L, Han L. Investigation on the stability in plant metabolomics with a special focus on freeze-thaw cycles: LC-MS and NMR analysis to Cassiae Semen (Cassia obtusifolia L.) seeds as a case study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114243. [PMID: 34273658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a rapid and sensitive tool for the detection of dynamic metabolic compositions in the study of systemic metabolic consequences. However, it is also susceptible to a tiny variation of pre-analytical handling procedures. To provide reproducible results, specific knowledge on metabolites perturbance along with different freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) is needed for further metabolomics studies. In this paper, five FTCs of germinated Cassiae Semen (CS) were chosen as a case study to investigate the influence of FTC effect based on UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and NMR technologies. A total of 108 metabolites were relatively quantified by LC-MS and NMR analyses. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first and second FTC samples are welly separated from the other groups; however, the extent of FTC-induced effects are smaller after the third cycle. Upon five consecutive FTCs, alterations which consisted of decreased stachyose, sucrose, norrubrofusarin-6-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, and quercetin 3-(3″-acetylgalactoside), as well as increased phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, mannose, gluconic acid, and valine, could be observed. FTC does not exert the same effect on all metabolites. Although a large number of secondary metabolites were stable when subjected to five FTCs, FTC effects may lead to false-positive in the discovery of biomarker. In the case of reusing plant seed samples, no more than three consecutive freeze-thaw cycles were found advisable. This work provides unique perspectives on the FTC effects, which may fill in some existing gaps in the knowledge of the stability of plant metabolites during sample pre-handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biru Shi
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Hui Ding
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Liming Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Tian
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Zhifei Fu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Lifeng Han
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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Zhao WL, Yi Z, Huang QW, Zhou JL, Chen SL. [Research on revision of origins to Chinese medicinal materials in 2020 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2021; 46:2617-2622. [PMID: 34047111 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20210226.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The origins of 9 species of the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition of the Chinese pharmacopoeia(ChP) has revised in the 2020 edition of ChP. The revision is based on the investigation and textual research on the problems found after screening the original plants, animals or minerals of all the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition. Among them the Chinese names of Alismatis Rhizoma, Cassiae Semen, Coicis Semen, Corydalis Bungeanae Herba and Echinopsis Radix all do not match to the Latin scientific names, and also do not match the name of the actual medicinal origins. In addition, Alismatis Rhizoma has the omission of original plant. There is confusion about the Chinese name and the family name of the original insect of Cera Chinensis. The original mineral of Gypsum Fibrosum has the wrong group names. Alumstone and melanterite, the original mineral of Alumen and Melanteritum respectively, of which the group names are missing. To solve these problems, field survey and literature research were conducted on the medicinal materials and their origins. The source of these problems are explored. The correct origins and the Chinese names or Latin names are all determined according to the research results to the situation, in which the Chinese and Latin names of the original plants of the medicinal materials do not match. The correct family name and group name are obtained through textual research by taxonomy if the names are confused or mis-sing. The scientific evidence and correct results of revision in the 2020 edition of ChP are determined at last.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121, China Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ze Yi
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Qin-Wei Huang
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121, China Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Shi-Lin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
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Guo M, Jiang W, Yang M, Dou X, Pang X. Characterizing fungal communities in medicinal and edible Cassiae Semen using high-throughput sequencing. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 319:108496. [PMID: 31911209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cassiae Semen (CS) has been widely used as roasted tea and traditional Chinese medicine for decades. However, CS is easily contaminated by fungi and mycotoxins during pre-harvest and post-harvest process, thus posing a potential threat to consumer health. In this study, we used the Illumina MiSeq PE300 platform and targeted the internal transcribed spacer 2 sequences to survey the occurrence of fungi in raw and roasted CS samples. Results showed the fungal contamination in all 12 test samples. Ascomycota was the prevailing fungus at the phylum level, with the relative abundance of 66.50%-99.42%. At the genus level, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium were the most dominant genera, accounting for 0.66%-85.51%, 0.20%-29.11%, and 0.11%-32.92% of the fungal reads, respectively. A total of 68 species were identified, among which six potential toxigenic fungi belonging to Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, and Schizophyllum genera were detected. Moreover, differences in fungal communities were observed in raw and roasted CS samples. In conclusion, amplicon sequencing is feasible for analyzing fungal communities in CS samples, which provides a new approach to investigate the fungal contamination in edible-medicinal herb, thereby ensuring food safety and drug efficacy.
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Guo RX, Yu XK, Zhang X, Luo HY, Xu MY, Lu YQ, Tang LY, Wang ZJ. [Chemical study on Cassiae Semen processing procedure]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2019; 43:3145-3149. [PMID: 30200710 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20180611.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
References and our previous experiment showed that the contents of glycosides were significantly decreased,while the contents of aglycones were significantly increased after processing of Cassiae Semen.It may be related to its glycosidases or the heating process. In order to investigate the reasons, high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) was used to study the effects of these two factors on contents of Cassiae Semen's main chemical components in processing. The results showed that glycoside hydrolases was present in Cassiae Semen and could rapidly hydrolyze glycosides from Cassiae Semen into aglycones in suitable temperature with sufficient water.However,it didn't show effect on contents change of main constituents in the procedure of Cassiae Semen processing.The reason for content decrease of glycosides and content increase of aglycones in processed Cassiae Semen was glycoside bond cracking to produce corresponding aglycone at high temperature.This study further provides basis for further revealing of the processing mechanism of Cassiae Semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Xin Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xian-Kuo Yu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.,School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Han-Yan Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Meng-Ying Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.,School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ya-Qi Lu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.,School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Li-Ying Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhu-Ju Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Wang L, Zhou DY, Jiang LJ, Zhang JH, Zhang W, Jiang YY, Liu B. [UPLC-MS~n analysis and certification evaluation of main chemical composition in naphthopyrone reference extract of Cassiae Semen]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2019; 44:2102-2109. [PMID: 31355568 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190222.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main chemical constituents of naphthopyrone reference extract( NRE) with definite content and relatively fixed chemical composition were analyzed and determined. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-LTQ-Orbitrap XL mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography were used to systematically study NRE from the aspects of main chemical components and determination. The results showed that the chemical composition of naphthopyrone reference extract of Cassiae Semen was relatively fixed,and seven naphthalopyranones were identified. Cassiaside B_2,cassiaside C_2,rubrofusarin-6-O-β-D-gentiobioside and cassiaside C were the main chemical constituents of NRE,of which the determination and uncertainty results were( 11. 40+ 0. 26) %,( 11. 68+0. 24) %,( 16. 60+0. 22) %,( 28. 8+0. 48) %,respectively. This study contributed to the accurate evaluation of NRE and the foundation for the application of NRE in the quality control of Cassiae Semen,and provided a new idea for the replacement of single chemical reference substance by the reference extract of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy,Beijng University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488,China
| | - De-Yong Zhou
- School of Chinese Pharmacy,Beijng University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488,China
| | - Li-Juan Jiang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy,Beijng University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488,China
| | - Jin-Hua Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy,Beijng University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488,China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy,Beijng University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488,China
| | - Yan-Yan Jiang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy,Beijng University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488,China Quality Control Technology and Engineering Center of Chinese Medicine,Beijing Municipal Commission of Education Beijing 102488,China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy,Beijng University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488,China
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Jiang L, Wang J, Zhang H, Liu C, Tang Y, Chu C. New Vortex-Synchronized Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Method for Simultaneous Determination of Four Anthraquinones in Cassiae Semen. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071312. [PMID: 30987185 PMCID: PMC6479586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a green ionic-liquid based vortex-synchronized matrix solid-phase dispersion (VS-MSPD) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed as a quantitative determination method for four anthraquinones in Cassiae Semen. Two conventional adsorbents, C18 and silica gel were investigated. The strategy included two steps: Extraction and determination. Wasted crab shells were used as an alternative adsorbent and ionic liquid was used as an alternative solvent in the first step. Factors affecting extraction efficiency were optimized: A sample/adsorbent ratio of 2:1, a grinding time of 3 min, a vortex time of 3 min, and ionic liquid ([Domim]HSO4, 250 mM) was used as eluent in the VS-MSPD procedure. As a result, the established method provided satisfactory linearity (R > 0.999), good accuracy and high reproducibility (RSD < 4.60%), and it exhibited the advantages of smaller sample amounts, shorter extraction time, less volume of elution solvent, and was much more environmental-friendly when compared with other conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Caijing Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yiping Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Cheng J, He S, Wan Q, Jing P. Multiple fingerprinting analyses in quality control of Cassiae Semen polysaccharides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1077-1078:22-27. [PMID: 29413573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quality control issue overshadows potential health benefits of Cassiae Semen due to the analytic limitations. In this study, multiple-fingerprint analysis integrated with several chemometrics was performed to assess the polysaccharide quality of Cassiae Semen harvested from different locations. FT-IR, HPLC, and GC fingerprints of polysaccharide extracts from the authentic source were established as standard profiles, applying to assess the quality of foreign sources. Analyses of FT-IR fingerprints of polysaccharide extracts using either Pearson correlation analysis or principal component analysis (PCA), or HPLC fingerprints of partially hydrolyzed polysaccharides with PCA, distinguished the foreign sources from the authentic source. However, HPLC or GC fingerprints of completely hydrolyzed polysaccharides couldn't identify all foreign sources and the methodology using GC is quite limited in determining the monosaccharide composition. This indicates that FT-IR/HPLC fingerprints of non/partially-hydrolyzed polysaccharides, respectively, accompanied by multiple chemometrics methods, might be potentially applied in detecting and differentiating sources of Cassiae Semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Siyu He
- Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Wan
- Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pu Jing
- Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Zhao YM, Wu L, Zhang S, Zhang L, Gao XM, Sun XB, Wang C. [Safety evaluation and risk control measures of Cassiae Semen]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2017; 42:4074-4078. [PMID: 29271142 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20170919.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the authors reviewed domestic and foreign literatures, conducted the textual research on origin and development of Cassia Semen, studied records in ancient books and ancient and modern literatures, clinical adverse reactions and relevant experimental studies in recent years, and summarized the clinical features and influencing factors related to the safety of Cassiae Semen. According to the findings,Cassia Semen's safety risks are mainly liver and kidney system damages, with the main clinical features of fatigue, anorexia, disgusting of oil, yellow urine and gray stool; digestive system injury, with the main clinical features of diarrhea, abdominal distension, nausea and loose stool; reproductive system damage, with the main clinical features of vaginal bleeding. Allergic reactions and clinical adverse events, with the main clinical features for numb mouth, itching skin, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, wheezing and lip cyanosis were also reported. The toxicological studies on toxic components of Cassiae Semen obtusifolia were carried out through acute toxicity test, subacute toxicity test, subchronic toxicity test and chronic toxicity test. Risk factors might include patients, compatibility and physicians. Physicians should strictly abide by the medication requirements in the Pharmacopoeia, pay attention to rational compatibility, appropriate dosage,correct usage and appropriate processing, control the dosage below 15 g to avoid excessive intake, strictly control the course of treatment to avoid accumulated poisoning caused by long-term administration. At the same time, clinicians should pay attention to the latest research progress, update the knowledge structure, quickly find the latest and useful materials from clinical practice, scientific research and drug information and other literatures, make evaluation and judgment for the materials, establish a traditional Chinese medicine intelligence information library, and strengthen the control over adverse effects with a pre-warning consciousness. The authors suggested standardizing clinical medication of Cassiae Semen, and avoiding misuse or excessive use; clinicians should prescribe it in strict accordance with there commended usage and dosage in the Pharmacopoeia, and focus on the safety signal accumulation in clinic, while strengthening studies for toxic substance basis and toxicity mechanism, in order to give full play to Cassiae Semen's clinical efficacy and reduce its adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Meng Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, China
| | - Xue-Min Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Pei Y, Wei R, Sun J, Gao H. Safety assessment of freeze-dried powdered Cassiae Semen: evaluation of chronic toxicity (26-week) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:143-150. [PMID: 28959634 PMCID: PMC5615089 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of safety assessment data regarding the long-term consumption of Cassiae Semen (Leguminosae, the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. and Cassia tora L.). Thus, we evaluated the toxicity of freeze-dried powdered Cassiae Semen in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were intragastrically administered freeze-dried powdered Cassiae Semen at a dose of 0.5, 2.2, or 10.0 g/kg body weight/day for 26 weeks; several variables were assessed after 13 and 26 weeks as well as after a 4-week recovery period. No mortality was observed in the treated animals, and body weight increased in a dose-dependent manner. The total bilirubin (TBIL) levels also displayed a dose-dependent relationship. In males, at 26 weeks, there were significant increases in relative kidney weights in the 2.2 and 10.0 g/kg groups compared with that in the negative control group (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Pigment deposition in the epithelial cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules and atrophy or regeneration of renal tubules were observed in the 10.0 g/kg group after 26 weeks, and these changes were not fully reversed after the 4-week recovery period. Under the studied conditions, the primary toxicity organs for freeze-dried powdered Cassiae Semen in the 10.0 g/kg group were the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Pei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Ruoyao Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Jingjiang Sun
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100021, PR China
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