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Batissaco L, Arruda RP, Alves MBR, Torres MA, Lemes KM, Prado-Filho RR, Almeida TG, de Andrade AFC, Celeghini ECC. Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin is efficient in preserving sperm quality of cryopreserved ram semen with low freezability. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:14-24. [PMID: 31918981 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Semen freezability is positive correlated with the cholesterol content in the sperm cell. Freeze-thawing mainly cause temperature chock and change on media osmolarity, which can modify plasma membrane lipids content and sperm conformation, resulting in decreased fertility. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of adding cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) to the cryopreservation process of ram semen with low freezability. For that, two experiments were performed using 5 ejaculates of 6 rams, totalizing 30 samples. For experiment 1 the following treatments were tested: in natura (IN), Tris solution (CON), CLC + Tris solution (CLC), and pure methyl-β-cyclodextrin + Tris solution (MCD). For experiment 2 treatments CON and CLC were tested in samples subdivided into three freezability classes: high (n = 10), intermediate (n = 10) and low (n = 10). Freezability classes were based on the variation of sperm motility between IN and CON groups from the first experiment. Sample analyzes included sperm motility, sperm morphology, plasma and acrosome membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species content, lipid peroxidation, and fluidity of plasma membrane. Results showed that CLC treatment was more efficient in maintaining sperm motility, integrity of plasma membrane, integrity of acrosome, and mitochondria membrane potential. In addition, CLC treatment in the groups with low and intermediate freezability showed improvement on progressive motility and percentage of rapid cells. In contrast, no difference was noted between CLC and CON treatments in the high freezability group. Therefore, the addition of CLC to semen extender improved sperm cryopreservation, especially in rams with low freezability.
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Jia X, Al Rifai M, Birnbaum Y, Smith SC Jr, Virani SS. The 2018 Cholesterol Management Guidelines: Topics in Secondary ASCVD Prevention Clinicians Need to Know. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2019; 21:20. [PMID: 30941517 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-019-0784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The 2018 ACC/AHA Multisociety blood cholesterol guidelines provide updated recommendations based on contemporary evidence on the management of serum cholesterol for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events. This review discusses clinically important topics in the new guidelines related to secondary ASCVD prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Since the 2013 ACC/AHA blood cholesterol guidelines, several large randomized control trials involving ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors (evolocumab and alirocumab) have been published. The trials provided evidence that these non-statin, LDL-cholesterol lowering agents are efficacious in reducing risk for ASCVD events in patients with clinical ASCVD. The 2018 guidelines incorporate these new findings into updated clinical recommendations on therapeutic strategies related to the use of ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors. The guidelines also recommend risk stratification of secondary prevention patients to identify those at very high-risk of ASCVD events as these patients would derive the most absolute risk reduction from the addition of non-statin therapies. While high-intensity statins remain the first-line treatment to prevent recurrent ASCVD events in secondary prevention patients, ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors are evidence-based non-statin agents that can be used when residual on top of maximally tolerated statin therapy in patients deemed to be at very-high risk of recurrent ASCVD events.
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Ofori-Asenso R, Ilomäki J, Tacey M, Zomer E, Curtis AJ, Bell JS, Zoungas S, Liew D. Predictors of statin use among older adults: A nationwide cross-sectional study. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 13:156-162.e1. [PMID: 30446321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins comprise a key strategy for the prevention and treatment of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but prescribing remains suboptimal. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to characterize the predictors of statin use among adults aged ≥65 years. METHODS A cross-sectional study using Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data on reimbursed prescriptions for a 10% random sample of the Australian population in 2016 was performed. Predictors of statin use were identified via multivariable logistic regression. Analyses were performed separately for people who were concessional beneficiaries (with a low, capped copayment) and other ("general") people. RESULTS Among 351,471 (concessional = 295,875 and general = 55,596) older adults, 44.2% were dispensed statins (concessional = 46.4% and general = 32.2%). Among the concessional beneficiaries, people aged 75 to 84 years were more likely to use statins (odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.10), whereas those aged ≥85 years were less likely to use statins (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.69-0.72), compared with people aged 65 to 74 years. Men were more likely to use statins than women (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.12-1.16). Diabetes was associated with over 2-fold (OR 2.48, 95% CI 2.43-2.53) increased likelihood of statin use. People with cardiovascular-related conditions including hypertension, angina, and congestive heart failure experienced increased likelihood of statin use as was being dispensed anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication. Having malignancy, psychotic illness, or pain were associated with lower likelihood of statin use. Similar predictors of statin use were noted for the general population. CONCLUSION More than 40% of older adults in Australia used statins in 2016 with uptake dependent on individual-level factors such as demographics and comorbidities. Future research should examine the extent to which provider and/or health system-level factors contribute to the variable uptake of statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ofori-Asenso
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Epidemiological Modelling Unit, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Metabolism, Ageing and Genomics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jenni Ilomäki
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark Tacey
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ella Zomer
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea J Curtis
- Division of Metabolism, Ageing and Genomics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Simon Bell
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sophia Zoungas
- Division of Metabolism, Ageing and Genomics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Qureshi WT, Rana JS, Yeboah J, Bin Nasir U, Al-Mallah MH. Risk Stratification for Primary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease: Roles of C-Reactive Protein and Coronary Artery Calcium. Curr Cardiol Rep 2016; 17:110. [PMID: 26482753 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-015-0666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Risk stratification of individuals at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) plays an important role in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. In addition to risk scores derived from conventional cardiovascular risk factors, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and coronary artery calcium (CAC) have emerged as two of the widely accepted non traditional risk factors for atherosclerotic disease that have shown incremental prognostic value in predicting cardiovascular events. This review systematically assesses the role of hs-CRP and CAC in various studies and demonstrates meta-analyses of the incremental prognostic value of hs-CRP and CAC in identifying patients at risk of future CVD events. Compared with this, CAC showed better incremental prognostic value and might be a better indicator of ASCVD risk in asymptomatic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas T Qureshi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Jamal S Rana
- Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Joseph Yeboah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Usama Bin Nasir
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Mouaz H Al-Mallah
- Cardiac Imaging King Abdul-Aziz Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical research center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Besseling J, Sjouke B, Kastelein JJP. Screening and treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia - Lessons from the past and opportunities for the future (based on the Anitschkow Lecture 2014). Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:597-606. [PMID: 26115072 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the screening and treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), an autosomal dominant inherited disease, characterized by severely increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased risk for premature coronary heart disease (CHD). Genetic family based cascade screening for FH was shown to be cost-effective and a screening program with such an approach was carried out in the Netherlands from 1994 to 2014. Over 64,000 persons have participated in this program of whom 40.3% were found to carry an FH causing mutation. We will discuss the results of this screening program, as well as the scientific opportunities it has provided. Currently, statins and ezetimibe are the only registered LDL-C lowering treatment options for FH patients. Many of them do not attain the treatment goals that are recommended by treatment guidelines. In this review, we will also provide a comprehensive overview of promising new modalities that could lower LDL-C in FH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Besseling
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Sjouke
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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Schoen MW, Salas J, Scherrer JF, Buckhold FR. Cholesterol treatment and changes in guidelines in an academic medical practice. Am J Med 2015; 128:403-9. [PMID: 25460526 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND National guidelines are intended to influence physician cholesterol treatment practices, yet few studies have documented the effect of new guidelines on actual prescribing behaviors and impacts on patient eligibility for treatment. We describe current cholesterol treatment in an academic practice of Family and Internal Medicine physicians as well the effect of a change in cholesterol treatment guidelines from 2001 Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) to 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines. METHODS Medical records were extracted from primary care patients aged 40-75 years with at least one outpatient visit from January 1, 2012 to July 31, 2013; patients were included if they had records of cholesterol testing, blood pressure measurement, sex, race, and smoking status. Patients were classified into ATPIII and ACC/AHA categories based on clinical variables (eg, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), Framingham Risk Score, and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. RESULTS There were 4536 patients included in the analysis. Of these, 71% met ATPIII goals and 56% met ACC/AHA guidelines, a 15% decrease. Forty-three percent of high-risk patients met their low-density lipoprotein goals and 46% were on statins. Overall, 32% of patients would need to be started on a statin, 12% require an increased dose, and 6% could stop statins. Of patients considered low risk by ATPIII guidelines, 271 would be eligible for treatment by ACC/AHA guidelines, whereas 129 patients were shifted from intermediate risk to low risk with the change in guidelines. CONCLUSIONS The ACC/AHA guidelines expand the number of patients recommended to receive statins, particularly among patients who were previously thought to be at moderate risk, and would increase the intensity of treatment for many patients at high risk. Significant numbers of patients at risk for cardiovascular events were not receiving guideline-based treatment. New cholesterol guidelines may make treatment decisions easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Schoen
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo
| | - Joanne Salas
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo
| | - Jeffrey F Scherrer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo
| | - Fred R Buckhold
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.
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