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Yadav V, Fuentes JL, Krishnan A, Singh N, Vohora D. Guidance for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring anti-genotoxicity. Life Sci 2024; 337:122341. [PMID: 38101613 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Since DNA damage can occur spontaneously or be produced by the environmental genotoxins in living cells, it is important to investigate compounds that can reverse or protect DNA damage. An appropriate methodology is essential for the responsive identification of protection offered against DNA damage. This review includes information on the current state of knowledge on prokaryotic cell-based assays (SOS chromotest, umu test, vitotox assay) and cytogenetic techniques (micronucleus assay, chromosome aberration test and sister chromatid exchange assay) with an emphasis on the possibility to explore genoprotective compounds. Throughout the last decade, studies have extrapolated the scientific methodologies utilized for genotoxicity to assess genoprotective compounds. Therefore, shortcomings of genotoxicity studies are also mirrored in antigenotoxicity studies. While regulatory authorities around the world (OECD, US-EPA and ICH) continue to update diverse genotoxic assay strategies, there are still no clear guidelines/approaches for efficient experimental design to screen genoprotective compounds. As a consequence, non-synergetic and inconsistent implementation of the test method by the researchers to execute such simulations has been adopted, which inevitably results in unreliable findings. The review has made the first attempt to collect various facets of experimentally verified approaches for evaluating genoprotective compounds, as well as to acknowledge potential significance and constraints, and further focus on the assessment of end points which are required to validate such action. Henceforth, the review makes an incredible commitment by permitting readers to equate several components of their test arrangement with the provided simplified information, allowing the selection of convenient technique for the predefined compound from a central repository.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Yadav
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Jorge L Fuentes
- School of Biology, Science Faculty, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Santander, Colombia
| | - Anuja Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Neenu Singh
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Divya Vohora
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Gao M, Ma H, Liu T, Cao C, Zheng Z, Tang L, Gu W, Zhang D, Sun H. Acute toxicity and genotoxicity studies on new melatonergic antidepressant GW117. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14026. [PMID: 36915542 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
GW117, a novel derivate compound of agomelatine that acts as both a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist and a MT1/MT2 receptor agonist, likely underlines the potent antidepressant action with less hepatotoxicity than agomelatine. We evaluated the acute toxicity of GW117, and the genotoxicity of GW117 using bacterial reverse mutation test, mammalian chromosomal aberration test in Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL) and mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. The acute toxicity test results showed that maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of GW117 was 2000 mg/kg, under which mean Cmax and AUC0→t was 10,782 ng/mL and 81,046 ng/mL × h, respectively. The result of bacterial reverse mutation test showed that the number of bacterial colonies in each dose group of GW117 did not increase significantly compared with that in the solvent control group with or without S9 metabolic activation system. In vitro chromosome aberration test of CHL cells, the chromosome aberration rate of each dose group of GW117 did not increase with or without S9 metabolic activation system. In mouse micronucleus test, the highest dose was 2000 mg/kg, the micronucleus rate did not increase significantly. Under the conditions of this study, the MTD of a single GW117 administration was 2000 mg/kg, there was no genotoxicity effect of GW117.
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Lim JH, Lee JY, Kim WI, Pak SW, Lee SJ, Shin IS, Kim JC. Evaluation of genotoxicity of SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:459-467. [PMID: 36277369 PMCID: PMC9532492 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the potential genotoxic effects of the nutrient supplement SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 in vitro and in vivo. Genotoxicity tests were performed at the Korea Testing and Research Institute, a GLP certification institution. A bacterial reverse mutation test was performed using the pre-incubation method, while the in vitro chromosome aberration test was performed using a cultured Chinese hamster lung cell line in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. The in vivo micronucleus test was performed using ICR mice. The bacterial reverse mutation test revealed that SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 did not induce genetic mutations at the tested doses in Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) tester strains. Meanwhile, the results of the in vitro chromosomal aberration and in vivo micronucleus tests revealed that SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 did not induce chromosomal aberrations. These results suggest that SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 did not exhibit mutagenic or clastogenic properties in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55365 Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yun Lee
- Health Care Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Hwasun, Jeonnam 58141 Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - So-Won Pak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
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Cha SB, Kim SS, Oh JJ, Lee WJ, Song SW, Lim JO, Kim JC. Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of a Dioscorea Rhizome water extract. Toxicol Res 2021; 37:385-93. [PMID: 34295802 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea Rhizome is commonly used in traditional herbal medicines for the treatment of diabetes, hyperthyroidism, liver damage, neuropathy, and asthma. Here, we investigated the genotoxicity potential of D. Rhizome water extract (DRWE) using three standard battery systems in accordance with the test guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and Ministry of Food and Drug Safety as well as the principles of Good Laboratory Practice. A bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) was performed using the direct plate incorporation method in the presence or absence of a metabolic activation system (S9 mixture). The tester strains used included four histidine auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA100, TA1535, TA98, and TA1537, along with a tryptophan auxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli, WP2 uvrA. An in vitro chromosome aberration test was performed using CHL/IU cells originally derived from the lung of a female Chinese hamster in the presence or absence of the S9 mixture. An in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test was performed using male ICR mice. The micronucleus was confirmed after observation of the micro-nucleated polychromatic. The Ames test showed that DRWE did not induce gene mutations at any dose level in any of the tested strains. Additionally, DRWE did not result in any chromosomal aberrations specified in the in vitro chromosomal aberration and in vivo micronucleus tests. These results showed that DRWE exhibited neither mutagenic nor clastogenic potential in either the in vitro or in vivo test systems.
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Jin SE, Lee MY, Seo CS, Ha H, Kim JY, Shin HK. Genotoxicity evaluation of Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang, an herbal formula. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 202:122-126. [PMID: 27916588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang (Huanglianjiedu-tang, Orengedoku-to), a traditional herbal formula, is used for the treatment of inflammatory, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang water extract (HLHDT). METHODS A genotoxicity test was conducted using a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test), an in vitro chromosome aberration test using Chinese hamster lung cells, and an in vivo micronucleus test using ICR mouse bone marrow. RESULTS In the Ames test, which used different Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains, HLHDT did not increase the number of revertant colonies of S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA1535 as well as E. coli strains with or without S9 mix. However, the number of revertant colonies with the S. typhimurium TA1537 strain and S9 mix increased in a dose-dependent manner. The chromosome aberration test showed that HLHDT did not increase the number of structural or numerical chromosome aberrations in a short-period test (6h) with S9 mix. By contrast, HLHDT significantly increased the number of structural chromosome aberrations in a short-period (6h) or continuous (22h) test without S9 mix. In the micronucleus test, no significant increase was observed in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, and no significant decrease was observed in polychromatic to total erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HLHDT might be genotoxic, based on both the Ames and chromosome aberration tests. Therefore, further in vivo studies will be needed to define the mechanism of this genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Eun Jin
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mee-Young Lee
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyekyung Ha
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Division of Nonclinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Nakano M, Suzuki H, Imamura T, Lau A, Lynch B. Genotoxicity of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) disodium salt (BioPQQ™). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:189-97. [PMID: 23891671 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxic potential of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) disodium salt (BioPQQ™) was evaluated in a battery of genotoxicity tests. The results of the bacterial mutation assay (Ames test) were negative. Weak positive results were obtained in 2 separate in vitro chromosomal aberration test in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblasts. Upon testing in an in vitro chromosomal aberration test in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, no genotoxic activity of PQQ was noted. In the in vivo micronucleus assay in mice, PQQ at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg body weight demonstrated that no genotoxic effects are expressed in vivo in bone marrow erythrocytes. The weak responses in the in vitro test CHL cells were considered of little relevance under conditions of likely human exposure. PQQ disodium was concluded to have no genotoxic activity in vivo.
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Lim JH, Song IB, Park BK, Kim MS, Hwang YH, Yun HI. Genotoxic Evaluation of Surfactin C in Chinese Hamster Lung Cell Line. Toxicol Res 2009; 25:47-50. [PMID: 32038819 PMCID: PMC7006289 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2009.25.1.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the mutation inducibility of surfactin C, we performed the chromosome aberration assay with Chinese hamster lung cells in vitro. The colorimetric MTT screening assay was carried out to determine the cytotoxicity index (IC50) of surfactin C. The IC50 value was 125 μg/ml. For the chromosome aberration test of surfactin C, the maximum concentration was employed as 125 μg/ml, followed by 62.5 and 31.25 μg/ml for the lower concentrations, with or without metabolic activation (S9). Cyclophosphamide and mitomycin C were used as positive controls in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation, respectively. These results showed that surfactin C was not capable of inducing chromosome aberration, as measured by the chromosome aberration test using Chinese hamster lung cell line. There is no evidence for surfactin C to have a genotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Lim
- 18B&C Biopharm, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, 906-5 Iuidong, Yeongtonggu, Suwonsi, Gyeonggido, 443-270 Korea
| | - In Bae Song
- 28Institute of Veterinary Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220, Gungdong, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764 Korea
| | | | - Myoung Seok Kim
- 28Institute of Veterinary Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220, Gungdong, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764 Korea
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- 28Institute of Veterinary Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220, Gungdong, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764 Korea
| | - Hyo In Yun
- 28Institute of Veterinary Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220, Gungdong, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764 Korea
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