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Zupanc GKH. Ruth Beutler: the woman behind Karl von Frisch. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:167-188. [PMID: 37160433 PMCID: PMC10995083 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Journal of Comparative Physiology A was founded in 1924 as the Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie by Karl von Frisch and Alfred Kühn. Given the marginalization of women in science at that time, it is remarkable that the first article in the Journal was authored by a female scientist, Ruth Beutler. Throughout her scientific career, she was affiliated with the Zoological Institute of the University of Munich, which, under the leadership of von Frisch, evolved into a world-class academic institution. Despite chronic health problems, Beutler was one of the first women who succeeded in obtaining the Habilitation as qualification for appointment to a professorial position. She was also one of the first scientists who applied methods from physiological chemistry to the study of zoological phenomena. Yet, for many years she was employed as a technician only, and she was never appointed to an Ordinarius (tenured full professorship) position. Her most important contributions to comparative physiology outside her own area of research were her support for, and protection of, Karl von Frisch, particularly during the Nazi era when he, as a 'quarter-Jew,' faced imminent threat of forced retirement; and after World War II, when her efforts as interim Ordinarius were instrumental in re-building the bombed-out Zoological Institute to persuade Karl von Frisch to return to Munich. It was also one of her observations that prompted him to revisit, and revise, his earlier (incorrect) model of how honeybees communicate, through their dances, the direction and distances of food sources from the hive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther K H Zupanc
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Beetz MJ. A perspective on neuroethology: what the past teaches us about the future of neuroethology. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:325-346. [PMID: 38411712 PMCID: PMC10995053 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
For 100 years, the Journal of Comparative Physiology-A has significantly supported research in the field of neuroethology. The celebration of the journal's centennial is a great time point to appreciate the recent progress in neuroethology and to discuss possible avenues of the field. Animal behavior is the main source of inspiration for neuroethologists. This is illustrated by the huge diversity of investigated behaviors and species. To explain behavior at a mechanistic level, neuroethologists combine neuroscientific approaches with sophisticated behavioral analysis. The rapid technological progress in neuroscience makes neuroethology a highly dynamic and exciting field of research. To summarize the recent scientific progress in neuroethology, I went through all abstracts of the last six International Congresses for Neuroethology (ICNs 2010-2022) and categorized them based on the sensory modalities, experimental model species, and research topics. This highlights the diversity of neuroethology and gives us a perspective on the field's scientific future. At the end, I highlight three research topics that may, among others, influence the future of neuroethology. I hope that sharing my roots may inspire other scientists to follow neuroethological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jerome Beetz
- Zoology II, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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Bleckmann H. The incomparable fascination of comparative physiology: 40 years with animals in the field and laboratory. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:211-226. [PMID: 37987801 PMCID: PMC10995018 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper is not meant to be a review article. Instead, it gives an overview of the major research projects that the author, together with his students, colleagues and collaborators, has worked on. Although the main focus of the author's work has always been the fish lateral line, this paper is mainly about all the other research projects he did or that were done in his laboratory. These include studies on fishing spiders, weakly electric fish, seals, water rats, bottom dwelling sharks, freshwater rays, venomous snakes, birds of prey, fire loving beetles and backswimmers. The reasons for this diversity of research projects? Simple. The authors's lifelong enthusiasm for animals, and nature's ingenuity in inventing new biological solutions. Indeed, this most certainly was a principal reason why Karl von Frisch and Alfred Kühn founded the Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie (now Journal of Comparative Physiology A) 100 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Bleckmann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, Bonn, Germany.
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Zupanc GKH. Centennial issue. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:103-107. [PMID: 38519831 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The Journal of Comparative Physiology A, also known as JCPA, was founded by Karl von Frisch and Alfred Kühn in 1924, then under its German title Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie. During the 100 years of its history, it became the leading international journal in comparative physiology and its daughter discipline, neuroethology. As such, it had a major impact on the development of these disciplines. In celebration of this achievement and the nearly 10,000 articles that appeared during the last 100 years, this Centennial Issue is published. Its authors reflect on the history of JCPA and the early pioneers, including women scientists, of comparative physiology; share the impact that the Journal had on their careers; discuss the benefit of the enormous taxonomic diversity of model systems used in studies published in JCPA; contrast this philosophy with the strategy of a limited number of standard biomedical model systems; review popular and trending research topics covered in JCPA; and, by interrogating the past, take a peek into the future of neuroethology.
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Poulsen CFB, Munk K, Wang T, Damkjaer M. Transesophageal echocardiography of cardiac function in Nile crocodiles - A novel tool for assessing complex hemodynamic patterns. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111564. [PMID: 38135145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The crocodilian heart is unique among reptiles with its four-chambered structure and complete intracardiac separation of pulmonary and systemic blood flows and pressures. Crocodiles have retained two aortic arches; one from each ventricle, that communicate via Foramen of Panizza, immediately distally from the aortic valves. Moreover, crocodiles can regulate vascular resistance in the pulmonary portion of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). These unique features allow for a complex regulation of shunting between the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Studies on crocodile shunting have predominantly been based on invasive measurements, but here we report on the use of echocardiography. METHODS Experiments were performed on seven pentobarbital anaesthetized juvenile Nile crocodiles (length and mass of 192 ± 13 cm and 26 ± 5 kg, respectively). Echocardiographic imaging was performed using a transesophageal (TEE) approach. All images were EKG-gated. RESULTS We obtain excellent views of cardiac structures and central vasculature through the esophagus. Standard imaging planes were defined for both long- and short axis views of the left ventricle and truncus arteriosus. For the RV, only a short axis view could be obtained. Color Doppler was used to visualize flow. Pulsed waved Doppler for measuring flow profiles across the atrioventricular valves, in the two RVOTs and the left ventricular outflow tract. Shunting across the Foramen of Panizza could be visualized and gated to the EKG. CONCLUSION TEE can be used to image the unique features of the crocodile heart and allow for in-vivo imaging of the complex shunting hemodynamics, including timing of cardiac shunts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian F B Poulsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kim Munk
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. https://twitter.com/Tobias_Wang_AU
| | - Mads Damkjaer
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
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Guscelli E, Noisette F, Chabot D, Blier PU, Hansen T, Cassista-Da Ros M, Pepin P, Skanes KR, Calosi P. Northern shrimp from multiple origins show similar sensitivity to global change drivers, but different cellular energetic capacity. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245400. [PMID: 37497774 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Species with a wide distribution can experience significant regional variation in environmental conditions, to which they can acclimatize or adapt. Consequently, the geographic origin of an organism can influence its responses to environmental changes, and therefore its sensitivity to combined global change drivers. This study aimed at determining the physiological responses of the northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, at different levels of biological organization and from four different geographic origins, exposed to elevated temperature and low pH to define its sensitivity to future ocean warming and acidification. Shrimp sampled within the northwest Atlantic were exposed for 30 days to combinations of three temperature (2, 6 or 10°C) and two pH levels (7.75 or 7.40). Survival, metabolic rates, whole-organism aerobic performance and cellular energetic capacity were assessed at the end of the exposure. Our results show that shrimp survival was negatively affected by temperature above 6°C and low pH, regardless of their origin. Additionally, shrimp from different origins show overall similar whole-organism performances: aerobic scope increasing with increasing temperature and decreasing with decreasing pH. Finally, the stability of aerobic metabolism appears to be related to cellular adjustments specific to shrimp origin. Our results show that the level of intraspecific variation differs among levels of biological organization: different cellular capacities lead to similar individual performances. Thus, the sensitivity of the northern shrimp to ocean warming and acidification is overall comparable among origins. Nonetheless, shrimp vulnerability to predicted global change scenarios for 2100 could differ among origins owing to different regional environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Guscelli
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Fanny Noisette
- Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Denis Chabot
- Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 850 Rte de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Pierre U Blier
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Tanya Hansen
- Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 850 Rte de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Pepin
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 80 E White Hills Rd, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Katherine R Skanes
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 80 E White Hills Rd, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
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Abstract
The regulation of ionic, osmotic and acid-base (IOAB) conditions in biological fluids is among the most fundamental functions in all organisms; being surrounded by water uniquely shapes the IOAB regulatory strategies of water-breathing animals. Throughout its centennial history, Journal of Experimental Biology has established itself as a premier venue for publication of comparative, environmental and evolutionary studies on IOAB regulation. This Review provides a synopsis of IOAB regulation in aquatic animals, some of the most significant research milestones in the field, and evolving views about the underlying cellular mechanisms and their evolutionary implications. It also identifies promising areas for future research and proposes ideas for enhancing the impact of aquatic IOAB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Garfield T Kwan
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alyssa Weinrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M5, Canada
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McCoy JCS, Spicer JI, Rundle SD, Tills O. A phenomics approach reveals interspecific differences in integrated developmental responses to chronic elevated temperatures. J Exp Biol 2023:jeb.245612. [PMID: 37358381 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenomics, high-dimensional organismal phenotyping, is advanced as a solution to quantifying complex developmental responses to elevated temperatures . 'Energy proxy traits' (EPTs) measure the phenotype as a spectrum of energy values across different temporal frequencies from pixel value fluctuations of video. Whilst they have proven effective in measuring the biology of complex and dynamic developing organisms, their utility in assessing environmental sensitivity of different species is untested. Using EPTs, we assess the relative thermal sensitivities of embryos of three species of freshwater snail with marked differences in their developmental event timings . Embryos of Lymnaea stagnalis, Radix balthica and Physella acuta were videoed hourly for the duration of their embryonic development at two temperatures: 20˚C and 25˚C. The video was used to calculate EPTs for the duration of their embryonic development, and during discrete physiological windows in development. Changes in energy spectra during development identified marked differences in thermal sensitivities between species, and suggest a relatively heightened sensitivity of gross rates of embryonic physiology and behaviour in embryos of R. balthica, developmental window specific thermal responses that reflect ontogenetic differences in observable physiologies, and temperature induced changes in physiological event timing. EPTs enabled comparison of high-dimensional spectral phenotypes, providing a unique capability for assessing sensitivity continuously in developing individuals. Such integrative and scalable phenotyping is prerequisite for improved understanding of the sensitivity of early life stages of different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C S McCoy
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - John I Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Simon D Rundle
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Oliver Tills
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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Ramsook AH, Dominelli PB, Angus SA, Senefeld JW, Wiggins CC, Joyner MJ. The oxygen transport cascade and exercise: Lessons from comparative physiology. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 282:111442. [PMID: 37182787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies of animal physiology not only provide valuable knowledge for the species in question, but also offer insights into human physiology. This thought is best highlighted by the 'Krogh Principle', which states "for many problems there is an animal on which it can be most conveniently studied". This graphical review focuses on three distinct stages of the oxygen transport cascade in which human exercise physiology knowledge has been enhanced by studies carried out in animal models. We begin by exploring ventilation, and the detrimental effects of cold, dry air on the airways in two sets of elite athletes, the cross-country skier and the racing sled dog. We then discuss the transport of oxygen via hemoglobin and the shifts in humans and deer mice with relatively shifted oxygen dissociation curves. Finally, we consider the technical difficulties of measuring respiratory muscle blood flow in exercising humans and how an equine model can provide an understanding of the distribution of blood flow during exercise. These cases illustrate the complementary nature of physiological studies across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Ramsook
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Paolo B Dominelli
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah A Angus
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA; Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA; Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA; Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Allen GJP, Sachs M, Nash MT, Quijada-Rodriguez AR, Klymasz-Swartz A, Weihrauch D. Identification of different physiological functions within the gills and epipodites of the American lobster: Differences in metabolism, transbranchial transport, and mRNA expression. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 276:111344. [PMID: 36379379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Transbranchial transport processes are responsible for the homeostatic regulation of most essential physiological functions in aquatic crustaceans. Due to their widespread use as laboratory models, brachyuran crabs are commonly used to predict how other decapod crustaceans respond to environmental stressors including ocean acidification and warming waters. Non-brachyuran species such as the economically-valuable American lobster, Homarus americanus, possess trichobranchiate gills and epipodites that are known to be anatomically distinct from the phyllobranchiate gills of brachyurans; however, studies have yet to define their potential physiological differences. Our results indicate that the pleuro-, arthro-, and podobranch gills of the lobster are functionally homogenous and similar to the respiratory gills of brachyurans as indicated by equivalent rates of H+Eq., CO2, HCO3-, and ammonia transport and mRNA expression of related transporters and enzymes. The epipodites were found to be functionally distinct, being capable of greater individual rates of H+Eq., CO2, and ammonia transport despite mRNA transcript levels of related transporters and enzymes being only a fraction found in the gills. Collectively, mathematical estimates infer that the gills are responsible for 91% of the lobster's branchial HCO3- accumulation whereas the epipodites are responsible for 66% of branchial ammonia excretion suggesting different mechanisms exist in these tissues. Furthermore, the greater metabolic rate and amino acid catabolism in the epipodites suggest that the tissue much of the CO2 and ammonia excreted by this tissue originates intracellularly rather than systemically. These results provide evidence that non-brachyuran species must be carefully compared to brachyuran models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Sachs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mikyla Tara Nash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Aaron Klymasz-Swartz
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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Rana S, Sunshine MD, Gaire J, Simmons CS, Fuller DD. Breathing patterns and CO 2 production in adult spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 307:103975. [PMID: 36206972 PMCID: PMC10112007 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The spiny mouse (Acomys) is a precocial mammal with unique regenerative abilities. We used whole-body plethysmography to describe the breathing patterns and CO2 production (VCO2) of adult spiny mice (n = 10 male, 10 female) and C57BL/6 mice (n = 9 male, 11 female). During quiet breathing, female but not male spiny mice had lower tidal volumes and CO2 production vs. C57BL/6 mice. During extended hypoxia (30 min), male and female spiny mice decreased VCO2 and tidal volume to a greater degree than C57BL/6 mice. During an acute hypoxic-hypercapnic respiratory challenge (10% O2, 7% CO2), male and female spiny mice had blunted ventilatory responses as compared to C57BL/6 mice, primarily from a diminished increase in respiratory rate. These data establish a baseline for studies of respiratory physiology and neurobiology in spiny mice in the context of their remarkable regenerative capacity and their unique background of a desert dwelling species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabhya Rana
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Michael D Sunshine
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Janak Gaire
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, USA
| | - Chelsey S Simmons
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, USA; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, USA
| | - David D Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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12
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Taff CC, Wingfield JC, Vitousek MN. The relative speed of the glucocorticoid stress response varies independently of scope and is predicted by environmental variability and longevity across birds. Horm Behav 2022; 144:105226. [PMID: 35863083 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The acute glucocorticoid response is a key mediator of the coordinated vertebrate response to unpredictable challenges. Rapid glucocorticoid increases initiate changes that allow animals to cope with stressors. The scope of the glucocorticoid response - defined here as the absolute increase in glucocorticoids - is associated with individual differences in performance and varies across species with environment and life history. In addition to varying in scope, responses can differ enormously in speed; however, relatively little is known about whether speed and absolute glucocorticoid levels covary, how selection shapes speed, or what aspects of speed are important. We used corticosterone samples collected at 5 time points from 1750 individuals of 60 species of birds to ask i) how the speed and scope of the glucocorticoid response covary and ii) whether variation in absolute or relative speed is predicted by environmental context or life history. Among species, faster absolute glucocorticoid responses were strongly associated with a larger scope. Despite this covariation, the relative speed of the glucocorticoid response (standardized within species) varied independently of absolute scope, suggesting that selection could operate on both features independently. Species with faster relative glucocorticoid responses lived in locations with more variable temperature and had shorter lifespans. Our results suggest that rapid changes associated with the speed of the glucocorticoid response, such as those occurring through non-genomic receptors, might be an important determinant of coping ability and we emphasize the need for studies designed to measure speed independently of absolute glucocorticoid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C Taff
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, United States of America.
| | - John C Wingfield
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California-Davis, United States of America
| | - Maren N Vitousek
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, United States of America
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Abstract
We utilize animal models in urologic research to improve understanding of urinary physiology, determine the etiology of many urologic diseases, and discover and test novel therapeutic interventions. Dogs have a similar urinary tract anatomy and physiology to human and they develop many urologic diseases spontaneously. This chapter offers detailed comparisons of urinary tract anatomy, physiology, and the most common urologic diseases between humans and dogs. Dogs offer a unique opportunity for urologic research because they can be studied in research colonies and in client owned cohorts. Dogs also are among a limited number of non-human species that require continence and socially appropriate urinary behaviors (ex. going to the bathroom outside, training to not have submissive urination, etc.). These features make dogs unique in the animal kingdom and make them an ideal animal model for urologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ruetten
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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Roche DG, Raby GD, Norin T, Ern R, Scheuffele H, Skeeles M, Morgan R, Andreassen AH, Clements JC, Louissaint S, Jutfelt F, Clark TD, Binning SA. Paths towards greater consensus building in experimental biology. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274263. [PMID: 35258604 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In a recent editorial, the Editors-in-Chief of Journal of Experimental Biology argued that consensus building, data sharing, and better integration across disciplines are needed to address the urgent scientific challenges posed by climate change. We agree and expand on the importance of cross-disciplinary integration and transparency to improve consensus building and advance climate change research in experimental biology. We investigated reproducible research practices in experimental biology through a review of open data and analysis code associated with empirical studies on three debated paradigms and for unrelated studies published in leading journals in comparative physiology and behavioural ecology over the last 10 years. Nineteen per cent of studies on the three paradigms had open data, and 3.2% had open code. Similarly, 12.1% of studies in the journals we examined had open data, and 3.1% had open code. Previous research indicates that only 50% of shared datasets are complete and re-usable, suggesting that fewer than 10% of studies in experimental biology have usable open data. Encouragingly, our results indicate that reproducible research practices are increasing over time, with data sharing rates in some journals reaching 75% in recent years. Rigorous empirical research in experimental biology is key to understanding the mechanisms by which climate change affects organisms, and ultimately promotes evidence-based conservation policy and practice. We argue that a greater adoption of open science practices, with a particular focus on FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Re-usable) data and code, represents a much-needed paradigm shift towards improved transparency, cross-disciplinary integration, and consensus building to maximize the contributions of experimental biologists in addressing the impacts of environmental change on living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique G Roche
- Canadian Centre for Evidence-Based Conservation, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6.,Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9L 0G2
| | - Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Ern
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanna Scheuffele
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Michael Skeeles
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Rachael Morgan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna H Andreassen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jeff C Clements
- Aquaculture and Coastal Ecosystems, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Gulf Region, Moncton, NB, Canada, E1C 9B6
| | - Sarahdghyn Louissaint
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H2V 0B3
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H2V 0B3
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Zupanc GKH. The Journal of Comparative Physiology A: rooted in great tradition, committed to innovation and discovery. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021. [PMID: 34940895 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The current volume of the Journal of Comparative Physiology A marks a transition in editorship. This event provides the opportunity to reflect on the 98 years of the history of the Journal; on the impact of its legacy on the evolution of neuroethology and the comparative branches of sensory physiology and neurobiology; and on future changes in editorial organization and content.
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Hicks JW, Wang T. Safety factors as a 'design' principle of animal form and function: an historical perspective. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:273457. [PMID: 34787634 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For well over 150 years, factors of safety (also known as safety factors) have been a fundamental engineering concept that expresses how much stronger a system is compared with the intended load. The pioneering work of Robert McNeill Alexander in the early 1980s applied this engineering concept to biomechanics. Over the next decade, evidence from comparative biomechanics supported the idea that safety factors are a fundamental principle of animal form and function. In terms of physiology, Jared Diamond related the maximal capacity of a physiological process to normal functional demands and incorporated evolutionary thinking into the concept of safety factors. It was proposed that evolutionary reasoning is required to understand the magnitudes of biological reserve capacities, an idea called 'quantitative evolutionary design'. However, the general idea of safety factors as related to organismal form and function is much older. In 1906, Samuel James Meltzer, a physiologist and physician, presented the 5th Harvey Lecture to the New York Academy of Medicine; a lecture entitled 'The Factors of Safety in Animal Structure and Animal Economy', which was later published in Science in 1907. The 1907 paper is rarely cited and has never been cited within comparative biomechanics or comparative physiology. The purpose of this Commentary is to highlight Meltzer's historical contribution to the concept of safety factors as a general principle of organismal 'design'.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Hicks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCIrvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology Section, Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000C Aarhus,Denmark
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Domnik NJ, Torbey S, Seaborn GEJ, Fisher JT, Akl SG, Redfearn DP. Moving average and standard deviation thresholding (MAST): a novel algorithm for accurate R-wave detection in the murine electrocardiogram. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:1071-83. [PMID: 34304289 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in implantable radio-telemetry or diverse biologging devices capable of acquiring high-resolution ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) or heart rate recordings facilitate comparative physiological investigations by enabling detailed analysis of cardiopulmonary phenotypes and responses in vivo. Two priorities guiding the meaningful adoption of such technologies are: (1) automation, to streamline and standardize large dataset analysis, and (2) flexibility in quality-control. The latter is especially relevant when considering the tendency of some fully automated software solutions to significantly underestimate heart rate when raw signals contain high-amplitude noise. We present herein moving average and standard deviation thresholding (MAST), a novel, open-access algorithm developed to perform automated, accurate, and noise-robust single-channel R-wave detection from ECG obtained in chronically instrumented mice. MAST additionally and automatically excludes and annotates segments where R-wave detection is not possible due to artefact levels exceeding signal levels. Customizable settings (e.g. window width of moving average) allow for MAST to be scaled for use in non-murine species. Two expert reviewers compared MAST's performance (true/false positive and false negative detections) with that of a commercial ECG analysis program. Both approaches were applied blindly to the same random selection of 270 3-min ECG recordings from a dataset containing varying amounts of signal artefact. MAST exhibited roughly one quarter the error rate of the commercial software and accurately detected R-waves with greater consistency and virtually no false positives (sensitivity, Se: 98.48% ± 4.32% vs. 94.59% ± 17.52%, positive predictivity, +P: 99.99% ± 0.06% vs. 99.57% ± 3.91%, P < 0.001 and P = 0.0274 respectively, Wilcoxon signed rank; values are mean ± SD). Our novel, open-access approach for automated single-channel R-wave detection enables investigators to study murine heart rate indices with greater accuracy and less effort. It also provides a foundational code for translation to other mammals, ectothermic vertebrates, and birds.
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Munley KM, Liu D, Galvez F. Increased polyamine levels and maintenance of γ-aminobutyric acid (Gaba) homeostasis in the gills is indicative of osmotic plasticity in killifish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 257:110969. [PMID: 33915271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Fundulus genus of killifish includes species that inhabit marshes along the U.S. Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico, but differ in their ability to adjust rapidly to fluctuations in salinity. Previous work suggests that euryhaline killifish stimulate polyamine biosynthesis and accumulate putrescine in the gills during acute hypoosmotic challenge. Despite evidence that polyamines have an osmoregulatory role in euryhaline killifish species, their function in marine species is unknown. Furthermore, the consequences of hypoosmotic-induced changes in polyamine synthesis on downstream pathways, such as ƴ-aminobutyric acid (Gaba) production, have yet to be explored. Here, we examined the effects of acute hypoosmotic exposure on polyamine, glutamate, and Gaba levels in the gills of a marine (F. majalis) and two euryhaline killifish species (F. heteroclitus and F. grandis). Fish acclimated to 32 ppt or 12 ppt water were transferred to fresh water, and concentrations of glutamate (Glu), Gaba, and the polyamines putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) were measured in the gills using high-performance liquid chromatography. F. heteroclitus and F. grandis exhibited an increase in gill Put concentration, but showed no change in Glu or Gaba levels following freshwater transfer. F. heteroclitus also accumulated Spd in the gills, whereas F. grandis showed transient increases in Spd and Spm levels. In contrast, gill Put, Spm, Glu, and Gaba levels decreased in F. majalis following freshwater transfer. Together, these findings suggest that increasing polyamine levels and maintaining Glu and Gaba levels in the gills may enable euryhaline teleosts to acclimate to shifts in environmental salinity.
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Abstract
Ignaz Semmelweis’ (1818–1865) discovery of the endemic causes of febris puerperalis is a striking example of the role of pathology in medicine. Transdisciplinarity encounters Semmelweis’ biography, which is neither linear nor totally focused on medicine. He completed the philosophicum (artisterium), studying the septem artes liberales (1835–1837) in Pest, comprising humanities and natural science. After moving to Vienna, he began to study law, but turned to medicine as early as 1838. In 1844, he graduated with a botanical doctoral thesis composed in Neo-Latin, showing linguistic and stylistic talent and a broad knowledge of gynecology and obstetrics. The style and topoi demonstrate the interchangeability of what he learnt during his propaedeuticum. Nowadays, hardly anyone is familiar with this booklet, for two main reasons: the language choice and the life-saving impact of the physician’s opus magnum on the reasons for puerperal fever (Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers). In later life, he became convinced that he had no talent as a (scientific) author—a fatal error that led him to become a victim of what we now call “publish or perish.” Semmelweis had felt rejected for years. This negative feeling was the reason for his decision not to publish his great book for 14 years. When it finally went to the printer in 1861, the scientific community did not accept it. This experience caused psychosomatic symptoms owing to his long-standing and deeply felt disappointment. Bad conscience tortured him. This permanent stress destroyed his health: in 1865, his relatives (including his wife) and friends took him from Budapest to Vienna. He thought he was going to spend some time relaxing, but in fact was led into a newly built asylum for the mentally ill, the Niederösterreichische Landesirrenanstalt. When he realized what was happening, he tried to escape. Badly abused, he died from sepsis caused by open wounds and a dirty straightjacket 2 weeks later. This article will show Semmelweis to be a multilingual author of scientific literature and (open) letters; it will present him as a researcher who became a victim of harassment and what is referred to as the “Semmelweis reflex” (“Semmelweis effect”); and it will focus on his afterlife in (children’s) literature, drama, and film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schreiner
- Institut für Klassische Philologie, Mittel- und Neulatein, Philologisch-Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Universität Wien, Universitätsring 1, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ambient temperature impinges on energy metabolism in a body size dependent manner. This has implications for the housing temperature at which mice are best compared to humans. In 2013, we suggested that, for comparative studies, solitary mice are best housed at 23-25 °C, because this is 3-5 °C below the mouse thermoneutral zone and humans routinely live 3-5 °C below thermoneutrality, and because this generates a ratio of DEE to BMR of 1.6-1.9, mimicking the ratio found in free-living humans. METHODS Recently, Fischer et al. (2017) challenged this estimate. By studying mice at 21 °C and at 30 °C (but notably not at 23-25 °C) they concluded that 30 °C is the optimal housing temperature. Here, we measured energy metabolism of C57BL/6 mice over a range of temperatures, between 21.4 °C and 30.2 °C. RESULTS We observed a ratio of DEE to BMR of 1.7 at 27.6 °C and of 1.8 at 25.5 °C, suggesting that this is the best temperature range for housing C57BL/6 mice to mimic human thermal relations. We used a 24 min average to calculate the ratio, similar to that used in human studies, while the ratio calculated by Fisher et al. dependent on short, transient metabolic declines. CONCLUSION We concur with Fisher et al. and others that 21 °C is too cool, but we continue to suggest that 30 °C is too warm. We support this with other data. Finally, to mimic living environments of all humans, and not just those in controlled Western environments, mouse experimentation at various temperatures is likely required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, PO box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; CAS Centre of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, China.
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Spencer LH, Horwith M, Lowe AT, Venkataraman YR, Timmins-Schiffman E, Nunn BL, Roberts SB. Pacific geoduck (Panopea generosa) resilience to natural pH variation. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2019; 30:91-101. [PMID: 30818101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pacific geoduck aquaculture is a growing industry, however, little is known about how geoduck respond to varying environmental conditions, or how the industry will fare under projected climate conditions. To understand how geoduck production may be impacted by low pH associated with ocean acidification, multi-faceted environmental heterogeneity needs to be included to understand species and community responses. In this study, eelgrass habitats and environmental heterogeneity across four estuarine bays were leveraged to examine low pH effects on geoduck under different natural regimes, using targeted proteomics to assess physiology. Juvenile geoduck were deployed in eelgrass and adjacent unvegetated habitats for 30 days while pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity were monitored. Across the four bays, pH was lower in unvegetated habitats compared to eelgrass habitats. However this did not impact geoduck growth, survival, or proteomic abundance patterns in gill tissue. Temperature and dissolved oxygen differences across all locations corresponded to differences in growth and targeted protein abundance patterns. Specifically, three protein abundance levels (trifunctional-enzyme β-subunit, puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase, and heat shock protein 90-α) and shell growth positively correlated with dissolved oxygen variability and inversely correlated with mean temperature. These results demonstrate that geoduck may be resilient to low pH in a natural setting, but other abiotic factors (i.e. temperature, dissolved oxygen variability) may have a greater influence on geoduck physiology. In addition this study contributes to the understanding of how eelgrass patches influences water chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Spencer
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Micah Horwith
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, 1111 Washington St SE, MS 47027, Olympia, WA 98504, United States
| | - Alexander T Lowe
- University of Washington, Biological Sciences, 24 Kincaid Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Yaamini R Venkataraman
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Emma Timmins-Schiffman
- University of Washington, Genome Sciences, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Brook L Nunn
- University of Washington, Genome Sciences, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Steven B Roberts
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105, United States.
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Soriano-Ursúa MA, Bello M, Hernández-Martínez CF, Santillán-Torres I, Guerrero-Ramírez R, Correa-Basurto J, Arias-Montaño JA, Trujillo-Ferrara JG. Cell-based assays and molecular dynamics analysis of a boron-containing agonist with different profiles of binding to human and guinea pig beta2 adrenoceptors. Eur Biophys J 2019; 48:83-97. [PMID: 30386878 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The design of beta2 adrenoceptor (β2AR) agonists is attractive because of their wide-ranging applications in medicine, and the details of agonist interactions with β2AR are interesting because it is considered a prototype for G-protein coupled receptors. Preclinical studies for agonist development have involved biological assays with guinea pigs due to a similar physiology to humans. Boron-containing Albuterol derivatives (BCADs) designed as bronchodilators have improved potency and efficacy compared with their boron-free precursor on guinea pig β2ARs (gpβ2ARs), and two of the BCADs (BR-AEA and boronterol) conserve these features on cells expressing human β2ARs (hβ2ARs). The aim of this study was to test the BCAD Politerol on gpβ2ARs and hβ2ARs in vitro and in silico. Politerol displayed higher potency and efficacy on gpβ2AR than on hβ2AR in experimental assays, possible explanations are provided based on molecular modeling, and molecular dynamics simulations of about 0.25 µs were performed for the free and bound states adding up to 2 µs in total. There were slight differences, particularly in the role of the boron atom, in the interactions of Politerol with gpβ2ARs and hβ2ARs, affecting movements of transmembrane domains 5-7, known to be pivotal in receptor activation. These findings could be instrumental in the design of compounds selective for hβ2ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Departamentos de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Martiniano Bello
- Departamentos de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Christian F Hernández-Martínez
- Departamentos de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Santillán-Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ruth Guerrero-Ramírez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Departamentos de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José G Trujillo-Ferrara
- Departamentos de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Green S, Dietrich MR, Leonelli S, Ankeny RA. 'Extreme' organisms and the problem of generalization: interpreting the Krogh principle. Hist Philos Life Sci 2018; 40:65. [PMID: 30382416 PMCID: PMC6208786 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-018-0231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many biologists appeal to the so-called Krogh principle when justifying their choice of experimental organisms. The principle states that "for a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice, or a few such animals, on which it can be most conveniently studied". Despite its popularity, the principle is often critiqued for implying unwarranted generalizations from optimal models. We argue that the Krogh principle should be interpreted in relation to the historical and scientific contexts in which it has been developed and used. We interpret the Krogh Principle as a heuristic, i.e., as a recommendation to approach biological problems through organisms where a specific trait or physiological mechanism is expected to be most distinctively displayed or most experimentally accessible. We designate these organisms "Krogh organisms". We clarify the differences between uses of model organisms and non-standard Krogh organisms. Among these is the use of Krogh organisms as "negative models" in biomedical research, where organisms are chosen for their dissimilarity to human physiology. Importantly, the representational scope of Krogh organisms and the generalizability of their characteristics are not fixed or assumed but explored through experimental studies. Research on Krogh organisms is steeped in the comparative method characteristic of zoology and comparative physiology, in which studies of biological variation produce insights into general physiological constraints. Accordingly, we conclude that the Krogh principle exemplifies the advantages of studying biological variation as a strategy to produce generalizable insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Green
- Department of Science Education, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael R. Dietrich
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sabina Leonelli
- Department of Sociology, Philosophy and Anthropology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rachel A. Ankeny
- School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Abstract
Many biologists appeal to the so-called Krogh principle when justifying their choice of experimental organisms. The principle states that "for a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice, or a few such animals, on which it can be most conveniently studied". Despite its popularity, the principle is often critiqued for implying unwarranted generalizations from optimal models. We argue that the Krogh principle should be interpreted in relation to the historical and scientific contexts in which it has been developed and used. We interpret the Krogh Principle as a heuristic, i.e., as a recommendation to approach biological problems through organisms where a specific trait or physiological mechanism is expected to be most distinctively displayed or most experimentally accessible. We designate these organisms "Krogh organisms". We clarify the differences between uses of model organisms and non-standard Krogh organisms. Among these is the use of Krogh organisms as "negative models" in biomedical research, where organisms are chosen for their dissimilarity to human physiology. Importantly, the representational scope of Krogh organisms and the generalizability of their characteristics are not fixed or assumed but explored through experimental studies. Research on Krogh organisms is steeped in the comparative method characteristic of zoology and comparative physiology, in which studies of biological variation produce insights into general physiological constraints. Accordingly, we conclude that the Krogh principle exemplifies the advantages of studying biological variation as a strategy to produce generalizable insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Green
- Department of Science Education, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Michael R Dietrich
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sabina Leonelli
- Department of Sociology, Philosophy and Anthropology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rachel A Ankeny
- School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Best C, Ikert H, Kostyniuk DJ, Craig PM, Navarro-Martin L, Marandel L, Mennigen JA. Epigenetics in teleost fish: From molecular mechanisms to physiological phenotypes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 224:210-44. [PMID: 29369794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While the field of epigenetics is increasingly recognized to contribute to the emergence of phenotypes in mammalian research models across different developmental and generational timescales, the comparative biology of epigenetics in the large and physiologically diverse vertebrate infraclass of teleost fish remains comparatively understudied. The cypriniform zebrafish and the salmoniform rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon represent two especially important teleost orders, because they offer the unique possibility to comparatively investigate the role of epigenetic regulation in 3R and 4R duplicated genomes. In addition to their sequenced genomes, these teleost species are well-characterized model species for development and physiology, and therefore allow for an investigation of the role of epigenetic modifications in the emergence of physiological phenotypes during an organism's lifespan and in subsequent generations. This review aims firstly to describe the evolution of the repertoire of genes involved in key molecular epigenetic pathways including histone modifications, DNA methylation and microRNAs in zebrafish, rainbow trout, and Atlantic salmon, and secondly, to discuss recent advances in research highlighting a role for molecular epigenetics in shaping physiological phenotypes in these and other teleost models. Finally, by discussing themes and current limitations of the emerging field of teleost epigenetics from both theoretical and technical points of view, we will highlight future research needs and discuss how epigenetics will not only help address basic research questions in comparative teleost physiology, but also inform translational research including aquaculture, aquatic toxicology, and human disease.
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Mennigen JA, Volkoff H, Chang JP, Trudeau VL. The nonapeptide isotocin in goldfish: Evidence for serotonergic regulation and functional roles in the control of food intake and pituitary hormone release. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 254:38-49. [PMID: 28927876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonapeptides are a highly conserved family of peptides synthesized in the neuroendocrine brain and acting on central and peripheral receptors to regulate physiological functions in vertebrates. While the evolution of the two gene families of oxytocin-like and vasopressin-like nonapeptides and their receptors, as well as the neuroanatomy of their independent neuronal circuits have been well-characterized across vertebrate species, comparative studies on the physiological roles across vertebrates are lagging behind. In the current study, we focused on the comparative neuroendocrine functions and regulation of isotocin, the teleost homologue of mammalian oxytocin. Specifically, we address the hypothesis that isotocin exerts opposing effects on food intake and reproduction, which are well-established effects of its homologue oxytocin in mammalian species. Using goldfish, a well-characterized model of neuroendocrine regulation of both food intake and reproduction, we here showed that isotocin acts as an anorexigenic factor while exerting stimulatory effects on pituitary luteinizing hormone and growth hormone release. Given the dual inhibitory and stimulatory roles of serotonin on food intake and pituitary release of reproductive hormone in goldfish, we also investigated the potential crosstalk between both systems using immunohistochemistry and pharmacological approaches. Results provide neuroanatomical and pharmacological evidence for serotonergic regulation of magnocellular isotocinergic neurons in the preoptic area and pituitary. Together, these findings firstly provide the basis to investigate neuroendocrine cross-talk between serotonergic and nonapeptidergic systems in the regulation of both food intake and reproduction in goldfish, and secondly point to a conserved function of oxytocin-like peptides in the differential neuroendocrine control of both physiological processes in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Mennigen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Hélène Volkoff
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - John P Chang
- CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Paganini AW, Miller NA, Stillman JH. Temperature and acidification variability reduce physiological performance in the intertidal zone porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 217:3974-80. [PMID: 25392458 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We show here that increased variability of temperature and pH synergistically negatively affects the energetics of intertidal zone crabs. Under future climate scenarios, coastal ecosystems are projected to have increased extremes of low tide-associated thermal stress and ocean acidification-associated low pH, the individual or interactive effects of which have yet to be determined. To characterize energetic consequences of exposure to increased variability of pH and temperature, we exposed porcelain crabs, Petrolisthes cinctipes, to conditions that simulated current and future intertidal zone thermal and pH environments. During the daily low tide, specimens were exposed to no, moderate or extreme heating, and during the daily high tide experienced no, moderate or extreme acidification. Respiration rate and cardiac thermal limits were assessed following 2.5 weeks of acclimation. Thermal variation had a larger overall effect than pH variation, though there was an interactive effect between the two environmental drivers. Under the most extreme temperature and pH combination, respiration rate decreased while heat tolerance increased, indicating a smaller overall aerobic energy budget (i.e. a reduced O2 consumption rate) of which a larger portion is devoted to basal maintenance (i.e. greater thermal tolerance indicating induction of the cellular stress response). These results suggest the potential for negative long-term ecological consequences for intertidal ectotherms exposed to increased extremes in pH and temperature due to reduced energy for behavior and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Paganini
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Jonathon H Stillman
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences, Building no. 3140, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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Plas RLC, Degens H, Meijer JP, de Wit GMJ, Philippens IHCHM, Bobbert MF, Jaspers RT. Muscle contractile properties as an explanation of the higher mean power output in marmosets than humans during jumping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:2166-73. [PMID: 25987730 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.117655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The muscle mass-specific mean power output (PMMS,mean) during push-off in jumping in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) is more than twice that in humans. In the present study it was tested whether this is attributable to differences in muscle contractile properties. In biopsies of marmoset m. vastus lateralis (VL) and m. gastrocnemius medialis (GM) (N=4), fibre-type distribution was assessed using fluorescent immunohistochemistry. In single fibres from four marmoset and nine human VL biopsies, the force-velocity characteristics were determined. Marmoset VL contained almost exclusively fast muscle fibres (>99.0%), of which 63% were type IIB and 37% were hybrid fibres, fibres containing multiple myosin heavy chains. GM contained 9% type I fibres, 44% type IIB and 47% hybrid muscle fibres. The proportions of fast muscle fibres in marmoset VL and GM were substantially larger than those reported in the corresponding human muscles. The curvature of the force-velocity relationships of marmoset type IIB and hybrid fibres was substantially flatter than that of human type I, IIA, IIX and hybrid fibres, resulting in substantially higher muscle fibre mass-specific peak power (PFMS,peak). Muscle mass-specific peak power output (PMMS,peak) values of marmoset whole VL and GM, estimated from their fibre-type distributions and force-velocity characteristics, were more than twice the estimates for the corresponding human muscles. As the relative difference in estimated PMMS,peak between marmosets and humans is similar to that of PMMS,mean during push-off in jumping, it is likely that the difference in in vivo mechanical output between humans and marmosets is attributable to differences in muscle contractile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier L C Plas
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 9, Amsterdam NL-1081 BT, The Netherlands School of Healthcare Science, Cognitive Motor Function Research Group, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Hans Degens
- School of Healthcare Science, Cognitive Motor Function Research Group, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - J Peter Meijer
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 9, Amsterdam NL-1081 BT, The Netherlands School of Healthcare Science, Cognitive Motor Function Research Group, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Gerard M J de Wit
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 9, Amsterdam NL-1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid H C H M Philippens
- Department of Immunobiology, Division Neuropathology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Bobbert
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 9, Amsterdam NL-1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 9, Amsterdam NL-1081 BT, The Netherlands
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Hammond TT, Palme R, Lacey EA. Contrasting stress responses of two co-occurring chipmunk species (Tamias alpinus and T. speciosus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 211:114-22. [PMID: 25461808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are important mediators of responses to environmental conditions. Accordingly, differences in GC physiology may contribute to interspecific variation in response to anthropogenically-induced patterns of climate change. To begin exploring this possibility, we validated the use of fecal cortisol/corticosterone metabolites (FCM) to measure baseline glucocorticoid levels in two species of co-occurring chipmunks that have exhibited markedly different patterns of response to environmental change. In Yosemite National Park, the alpine chipmunk (Tamias alpinus) has undergone a significant upward contraction of its elevational range over the past century; in contrast, the lodgepole chipmunk (Tamiasspeciosus) has experienced no significant change in elevational distribution over this period. To determine if GC levels in these species vary in response to external stimuli and to assess whether these responses differ between species, we compared FCM levels for the same individuals (1) at the time of capture in the field, (2) after a short period of captivity, and (3) after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), (4) handling, and (5) trapping challenges conducted while these animals were held in captivity. Our analyses indicate that T. alpinus was more responsive to several of these changes in external conditions. Although both species displayed a significant FCM response to ACTH challenge, only T. alpinus showed a significant response to our handling challenge and to captive housing conditions. These findings underscore the importance of species-specific validation studies and support the potential for studies of GC physiology to generate insights into interspecific differences in response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talisin T Hammond
- Department of Integrative Biology, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA; Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA.
| | - Rupert Palme
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eileen A Lacey
- Department of Integrative Biology, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA; Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA
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Nikinmaa M. What is biodiversity? Stepping forward from barcoding to understanding biological differences. Mar Genomics 2014; 17:65-7. [PMID: 24887104 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This opinion paper gives personal views of the direction that cataloguing biodiversity should be going in. Although molecular taxonomy enables rapid and high throughput identification of species, it needs to be anchored to traditional taxonomy, because without information of actual biological properties of species, DNA barcoding just reports differences in selected DNA sequences, which need not have anything to do with the biological properties of the organisms, and the reasons for the development of the species. Since functional differences are the most common reason behind species differences, the future of cataloguing biodiversity and biodiversity research is, in my opinion, in trying to integrate genomic research to comparative physiology in order to be able to evaluate which functional properties have likely been important in generating biodiversity. This task is overwhelming, and requires forgetting the traditional disciplines. Further, major problems associated with the present-day treatment of genomic data are presented from my viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Nikinmaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Stenvinkel P, Johnson RJ. Kidney biomimicry--a rediscovered scientific field that could provide hope to patients with kidney disease. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:584-90. [PMID: 24220764 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most studies on kidney disease have relied on classic experimental studies in mice and rats or clinical studies in humans. From such studies much understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of kidney disease has been obtained. However, breakthroughs in the prevention and treatment of kidney diseases have been relatively few, and new approaches to fight kidney disease are needed. Here we discuss kidney biomimicry as a new approach to understand kidney disease. Examples are given of how various animals have developed ways to prevent or respond to kidney failure, how to protect themselves from hypoxia or oxidative stress and from the scourge of hyperglycemia. We suggest that investigation of evolutionary biology and comparative physiology might provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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