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Wang Y, Cheng Y, Yin C, Zhang J, You J, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang J. Manipulating Crystal Growth and Secondary Phase PbI 2 to Enable Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with Natural Additives. Nanomicro Lett 2024; 16:183. [PMID: 38683261 PMCID: PMC11058175 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01400-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the inherent defects of perovskite film and the random distribution of excess lead iodide (PbI2) prevent the improvement of efficiency and stability. Herein, natural cellulose is used as the raw material to design a series of cellulose derivatives for perovskite crystallization engineering. The cationic cellulose derivative C-Im-CN with cyano-imidazolium (Im-CN) cation and chloride anion prominently promotes the crystallization process, grain growth, and directional orientation of perovskite. Meanwhile, excess PbI2 is transferred to the surface of perovskite grains or formed plate-like crystallites in local domains. These effects result in suppressing defect formation, decreasing grain boundaries, enhancing carrier extraction, inhibiting non-radiative recombination, and dramatically prolonging carrier lifetimes. Thus, the PSCs exhibit a high power conversion efficiency of 24.71%. Moreover, C-Im-CN has multiple interaction sites and polymer skeleton, so the unencapsulated PSCs maintain above 91.3% of their initial efficiencies after 3000 h of continuous operation in a conventional air atmosphere and have good stability under high humidity conditions. The utilization of biopolymers with excellent structure-designability to manage the perovskite opens a state-of-the-art avenue for manufacturing and improving PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohui Cheng
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchun Yin
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingxuan You
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizheng Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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2
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Li XZ. Comparison of two methods for determination of crystal orientation using two Kikuchi pairs in electron diffraction patterns. Micron 2024; 176:103549. [PMID: 37837783 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Kikuchi diffraction pattern analysis is one of the essential techniques of transmission electron microscopy used in materials science. For instance, one important application is its use in crystal orientation determination. During the development of SAKI5 software for the simulation and analysis of Kikuchi patterns, two methods in the literature for crystal orientation determination from two independent Kikuchi pairs have been revisited and then implemented. This paper compares the formula derivations of these two methods, revealing their geometrical connections in terms of the optical path. The discussion is beneficial for electron microscopy researchers and students seeking insights into this research domain. A brief overview of a newly added module in SAKI5 software using these two methods is also provided, accompanied by a detailed example. Computational results indicate that better outcomes can be achieved by utilizing the average of both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Zhong Li
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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3
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Matsubara M, Asakura M, Ban S, Tsuruta S, Hayashi T, Kawai T. Effect of crystal orientation on flexural strength of pressable lithium disilicate glass-ceramics. Dent Mater J 2023. [PMID: 36740258 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the crystal orientation of four kinds of pressable lithium disilicate glass-ceramics and evaluated the effect of crystal orientation on flexural strength. Bar-shaped (24 mm in length, 1.2 mm in thickness, 4.0 mm in width), disk-shaped (12 mm in diameter, 0.5 mm in thickness), and crown-shaped (maxillary first molar) specimens were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. Three-point and biaxial flexural strengths were measured for bar- and disk-shaped specimens. Microstructure analysis was performed using X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. Three-point flexural strength was improved by parallel crystal orientation along the longitudinal direction of the bar-shaped specimen. There was no relationship between two-dimensional crystal orientation and biaxial flexural strength. The results of this study assumed that biaxial flexural strength was improved by the crystal orientation in the cross-sectional direction. Pressed restorations are expected to possess higher strength than milled restorations due to their crystal orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Matsubara
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Masaki Asakura
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Seiji Ban
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Shozo Tsuruta
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Tatsuhide Hayashi
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Tatsushi Kawai
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
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4
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Chen B, Liu Z, Meng K, Qiao Z, Zhai Y, Yu R, Wu L, Xiao M, Pan L, Zheng L, Chen G. In Situ Observing and Tuning the Crystal Orientation of Two-Dimensional Layered Perovskite via the Chlorine Additive. Nano Lett 2022; 22:7826-7833. [PMID: 36136599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of crystal orientation in two-dimensional (2D) layered perovskites (LPs) is vital for their optoelectronic applications due to the structure-induced anisotropy in optical and electrical properties. Herein, we directly observe and control the crystal orientation of the butylammonium-based 2D LP films. Employing the synchrotron-based in situ grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction technique, we reveal the orientation modulation mechanism of the Cl additive by following the crystallization dynamics and chemical conversion pathways during film formation. Two new Cl-related intermediates are identified which serve as templates directing the orientational growth of the 2D LP films. We fine-tune the crystal orientation of 2D LP films through the Cl additive and incorporate the films with the requisite crystal orientations in solar cells and photodetectors. The optoelectronic performances of the devices show a strong correlation with the crystal orientation of the 2D LP films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ke Meng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhi Qiao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yufeng Zhai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Runze Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lin Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mingyue Xiao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Li Pan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Liya Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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5
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Kobayashi S, Yokoe D, Fujiwara Y, Kawahara K, Ikuhara Y, Kuwabara A. Lithium Lanthanum Titanate Single Crystals: Dependence of Lithium-Ion Conductivity on Crystal Domain Orientation. Nano Lett 2022; 22:5516-5522. [PMID: 35696717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium lanthanum titanate La2/3-xLi3xTiO3 (LLTO) has the potential to exhibit the highest Li-ion conductivity among oxide-based electrolytes because of the fast Li-ion diffusion derived from its crystal structure. Herein, bulk Li-ion conductivity of up to σbulk = 4.0 × 10-3 S/cm at 300 K, which is approximately three to four times higher than that of LLTO polycrystals, was demonstrated using LLTO single crystals, and their dependence on crystal domain orientation was examined. A change in the activation energy, which was previously obscured because of random crystal orientation, was observed at approximately 260 K. Furthermore, electron microscopy analysis indicated that the ionic conductivity of LLTOs remained higher because the region with the highest ionic conductivity was tilted away from the ideal conduction orientation. The results reported herein provide the highest conductivity in LLTO and important insights into their crystal structures, enabling higher conductivity in novel oxide-based electrolyte design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kobayashi
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - Daisaku Yokoe
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | | | - Kazuaki Kawahara
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8586, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikuhara
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8586, Japan
| | - Akihide Kuwabara
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
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6
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Rahpeima S, Le Brun A, Raston CL, Darwish N. Electro-polymerization rates of diazonium salts are dependent on the crystal orientation of the surface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:985-94. [PMID: 35839679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electro-polymerization of diazonium salts is widely used for modifying surfaces with thin organic films. Initially this method was primarily applied to carbon, then to metals, and more recently to semiconducting Si. Unlike on other surfaces, electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts on Si, which is one of the most industrially dominant material, is not well understood. Here, we report the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts on a range of silicon electrodes of different crystal orientations (111, 211, 311, 411, and 100). We show that the kinetics of surface reaction and the reduction potential is Si crystal-facet dependent and is more favorable in the hierarchical order (111) > (211) > (311) > (411) > (100), a finding that offers control over the surface chemistry of diazonium salts on Si. The dependence of the surface reaction kinetics on the crystal orientation was found to be directly related to differences in the potential of zero charge (PZC) of each crystal orientation, which in turn controls the adsorption of the diazonium cations prior to reduction. Another consequence of the effect of PZC on the adsorption of diazonium cations, is that molecules terminated by distal diazonium moieties form a compact film in less time and requires less reduction potentials compared to that formed from diazonium molecules terminated by only one diazo moiety. In addition, at higher concentrations of diazonium cations, the mechanism of electrochemical polymerization on the surface becomes PZC-controlled adsorption-dominated inner-sphere electron transfer while at lower concentrations, diffusion-based outer-sphere electron transfer dominates. These findings help understanding the electro-polymerization reaction of diazonium salts on Si en route towards an integrated molecular and Si electronics technology.
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Cios G, Nolze G, Winkelmann A, Tokarski T, Hielscher R, Strzałka R, Bugański I, Wolny J, Bała P. Approximant-based orientation determination of quasicrystals using electron backscatter diffraction. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 218:113093. [PMID: 32920465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orientation mapping of quasicrystalline materials is demonstrated using crystalline approximant structures in the technique of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The approximant-based orientations are symmetrised according to the rotational point group of the quasicrystal, including the visualization of orientation maps using proper colour keys for quasicrystal symmetries. Alternatively, approximant-based orientation data can also be treated using pseudosymmetry post-processing options in the EBSD system software, which enables basic grain size estimations. Approximant-based orientation analyses are demonstrated for icosahedral and decagonal quasicrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Cios
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland.
| | - Gert Nolze
- Federal Institute for Materials, Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany; TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute for Mineralogy, Brennhausgasse 14, Freiberg, 09596 Germany
| | - Aimo Winkelmann
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland; Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz Tokarski
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Ralf Hielscher
- Technical University Chemnitz, Department of Mathematics, Reichenhainer Straße 39, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Strzałka
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Bugański
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Wolny
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Bała
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland; Faculty of Metals and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
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8
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Anwer H, Park JW. Analogous crystal orientation for immobilizing rGO/ZrO 2/Ag 3PO 4 nanocomposite on a fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate. J Hazard Mater 2019; 369:375-383. [PMID: 30784967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of nanocomposites without compromising their photocatalytic performance is a challenging task. Here, we report a new method that utilizes analogous crystal orientations and similarities in interplanar spacings for photocatalyst immobilization. The photocatalyst rGO/ZrO2/Ag3PO4 was synthesized using a green hydrothermal method. A primary layer of ZrO2 and a secondary layer of rGO/ZrO2/Ag3PO4 composite were deposited on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The analogous crystal orientation and interplanar spacing of ZrO2 between the two layers resulted in composite immobilization on the FTO substrate. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that ZrO2 growth occurred along the same crystal planes in both layers. The film exhibited a low band gap energy (2.6 eV) and excellent light absorption. Photocatalytic performance achieved 92% para-nitrophenol degradation in 150 min. The degradation performance of this immobilization method was 43% higher than those of rGO/ZrO2/Ag3PO4 films deposited with conventional binder approaches. The quantum yield of the system was 3.46 × 10-5 molecules·photon-1. Finally, a figure of merit based on different parameters was determined and compared with previous results to assess the practicality of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Anwer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea.
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9
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Gallo M, Le Gars Santoni B, Douillard T, Zhang F, Gremillard L, Dolder S, Hofstetter W, Meille S, Bohner M, Chevalier J, Tadier S. Effect of grain orientation and magnesium doping on β-tricalcium phosphate resorption behavior. Acta Biomater 2019; 89:391-402. [PMID: 30831328 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of calcium phosphate (CaP) bone substitutes can be improved by tuning their resorption rate. The influence of both crystal orientation and ion doping on resorption is here investigated for beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). Non-doped and Mg-doped (1 and 6 mol%) sintered β-TCP samples were immersed in acidic solution (pH 4.4) to mimic the environmental conditions found underneath active osteoclasts. The surfaces of β-TCP samples were observed after acid-etching and compared to surfaces after osteoclastic resorption assays. β-TCP grains exhibited similar patterns with characteristic intra-crystalline pillars after acid-etching and after cell-mediated resorption. Electron BackScatter Diffraction analyses, coupled with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry and X-Ray Diffraction, demonstrated the influence of both grain orientation and doping on the process and kinetics of resorption. Grains with c-axis nearly perpendicular to the surface were preferentially etched in non-doped β-TCP samples, whereas all grains with simple axis (a, b or c) nearly normal to the surface were etched in 6 mol% Mg-doped samples. In addition, both the dissolution rate and the percentage of etched surface were lower in Mg-doped specimens. Finally, the alignment direction of the intra-crystalline pillars was correlated with the preferential direction for dissolution. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The present work focuses on the resorption behavior of calcium phosphate bioceramics. A simple and cost-effective alternative to osteoclast culture was implemented to identify which material features drive resorption. For the first time, it was demonstrated that crystal orientation, measured by Electron Backscatter Diffraction, is the discriminating factor between grains, which resorbed first, and grains, which resorbed slower. It also elucidated how resorption kinetics can be tuned by doping β-tricalcium phosphate with ions of interest. Doping with magnesium impacted lattice parameters. Therefore, the crystal orientations, which preferentially resorbed, changed, explaining the solubility decrease. These important findings pave the way for the design of optimized bone graft substitutes with tailored resorption kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gallo
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, MATEIS UMR 5510, Bât. Blaise Pascal, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Thierry Douillard
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, MATEIS UMR 5510, Bât. Blaise Pascal, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fei Zhang
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, MATEIS UMR 5510, Bât. Blaise Pascal, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Gremillard
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, MATEIS UMR 5510, Bât. Blaise Pascal, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621Villeurbanne, France
| | - Silvia Dolder
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Willy Hofstetter
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Meille
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, MATEIS UMR 5510, Bât. Blaise Pascal, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marc Bohner
- RMS Foundation, Bischmattstrasse 12, 2544 Bettlach, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Chevalier
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, MATEIS UMR 5510, Bât. Blaise Pascal, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621Villeurbanne, France
| | - Solène Tadier
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, MATEIS UMR 5510, Bât. Blaise Pascal, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621Villeurbanne, France.
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10
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Danilchenko S, Kalinkevich A, Zhovner M, Kuznetsov V, Li H, Wang J. Anisotropic aspects of solubility behavior in the demineralization of cortical bone revealed by XRD analysis. J Biol Phys 2019; 45:77-88. [PMID: 30612228 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-018-9516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissolution of cortical bone mineral under demineralization in 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M EDTA solutions is studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The bone specimens (in the form of planar oriented pieces) were cut from a diaphysial fragment of a mature mammal bone so that a cross-section surface and a longitudinal section surface could be analyzed individually. This permitted to compare the dissolution behavior of bone apatite of different morphologies: crystals having the c-axis of the hexagonal unit-cell generally parallel to the long axis of the bone (major morphology) and those having the c-axis almost perpendicular to the bone axis (minor morphology). For these two types of morphology, the crystallite sizes in two mutually perpendicular directions (namely, [002] and [310]) were estimated by Scherrer formula in the initial and the stepwise-demineralized specimens. The data obtained reveal that the crystals belonging to the minor morphology dissolve faster than the crystals of the major morphological type, despite the fact that the crystallites of the minor morphology seem to be only a little smaller than those of the major morphology; the apatite crystallites irrespective of the morphology type are elongated in the c-axis direction. We hypothesize that the revealed difference in solubility may be caused by diverse chemical modifications of apatite of these two morphological types, since the solubility of apatite is strictly regulated by anionic and cationic substitutions in the lattice. The anisotropy effect in solubility of bone mineral seems to be functionally predetermined and this should be a crucial factor in the resorption and remodeling behavior of a bone. Some challenges arising at XRD examination of partially decalcified cortical bone blocks are discussed, as well as the limitations of estimation of bone crystallite size by XRD line-broadening analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - He Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Höfer S, Popp J, Mayerhöfer TG. Generalized dispersion analysis of crystals with unknown symmetry and orientation. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 205:348-363. [PMID: 30036803 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With generalized dispersion analysis it is possible to gain the dispersion parameters and dielectric tensor function of crystals with not only unknown orientation of the symmetry elements in within the sample but with also unknown crystal symmetry. The developed procedure is applied to two spectra sets of each crystal symmetry type to cover various levels of difficulty in the evaluation with generalized dispersion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Höfer
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas G Mayerhöfer
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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12
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Song C, Du L, Ji X. Reducing the residual stress in micro electroforming layer by megasonic agitation. Ultrason Sonochem 2018; 49:233-240. [PMID: 30139636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to reduce the large residual stress in micro elelctroforming layer, megasonic assisted electroforming is proposed here. Micro electroforming experiments were performed with and without megasonic agitation, respectively. Four different megasonic power densities were applied to investigate the influence of megasonic agitation on reducing the residual stress. The residual stress was measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Experiment results show that the residual stresses fabricated with megasonic agitation are less than that fabricated without megasonic. When the megasonic power density is 2 W/cm2, the residual stress can be the minimum value of -125.7 MPa, reduced by 60% in comparison with the value of -315.1 MPa electroformed without megasonic agitation. For exploring the mechanism of megasonic agitation on reducing the residual stress, the dislocation density and crystal orientation were calculated by the single-line Voigt profile analysis and Relative Texture Coefficient (RTC) method, respectively. The diameters and distributions of pits on the surface of electroforming layer were observed by the STM-6 tool microscope and counted by the Image-Pro Plus software. It reveals that one hand of the mechanism is the acoustic streaming produced by megasonic can strengthen the motion of dislocation in crystal lattice and makes the crystal lattices grow towards the equilibrium shape, which is benefit to crystallization with low residual stress. When the megasonic power density is 2 W/cm2, the dislocation density increases to be the maximum value of 8.09 × 1015 m-2 and the difference between RTC(1 1 1) and RTC(2 0 0) decreases to be zero, which is consistent with the residual stress results. The other hand is that the stable cavitation produced by megasonic can provide residual stress release points during the electroforming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Song
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Liqun Du
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xuechao Ji
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Höfer S, Ivanovski V, Uecker R, Kwasniewski A, Popp J, Mayerhöfer TG. Generalized dispersion analysis of arbitrarily cut monoclinic crystals. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 185:217-227. [PMID: 28578071 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion analysis is applicable to arbitrarily cut monoclinic crystals of unknown orientation in order to find the symmetry axis. By this it is possible to differentiate between the transition moments oriented parallel and normal to the b-axis and to determine the dielectric tensor functions of those two principal directions. Dispersion analysis of arbitrarily cut monoclinic crystals is based on an extension of the evaluation scheme developed for arbitrarily cut orthorhombic crystals. We present dispersion analysis of monoclinic crystals exemplarily on spodumene (LiAl(SiO3)2) and yttrium orthosilicate (Y2SiO5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Höfer
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Vladimir Ivanovski
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Sts. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Reinhard Uecker
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Kwasniewski
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas G Mayerhöfer
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Höfer S, Ivanovski V, Uecker R, Kwasniewski A, Popp J, Mayerhöfer TG. Dispersion analysis of arbitrarily cut orthorhombic crystals. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 180:67-78. [PMID: 28273615 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed a measurement and evaluation scheme to perform dispersion analysis on arbitrarily cut orthorhombic crystals based on the schemes developed for triclinic and uniaxial crystals. As byproduct of dispersion analysis the orientations of the crystal axes are found. In contrast to the spectra of arbitrarily cut uniaxial crystals, where the fit routine has to separate two independent principal spectra, the spectra of arbitrarily cut orthorhombic crystals are a combination of three independent spectra and the evaluation scheme gets more complex. Dispersion analysis is exemplary performed on two different crystals, which show different spectral features and different levels of difficulties to evaluate. Neodymium gallate (NdGaO3) has broad overlapping reflections bands while topaz (Al2SiO4 [F, OH]2) has a quite high total number of infrared active bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Höfer
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Vladimir Ivanovski
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Sts. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Reinhard Uecker
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Kwasniewski
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas G Mayerhöfer
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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