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Xie J, Cheng J, Ko H, Tang Y. Cytosolic DNA sensors in neurodegenerative diseases: from physiological defenders to pathological culprits. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:678-699. [PMID: 38467840 PMCID: PMC11018843 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00046-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA sensors are a group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that vary in structures, molecular mechanisms, and origins but share a common function to detect intracellular microbial DNA and trigger the innate immune response like type 1 interferon production and autophagy. Cytosolic DNA sensors have been proven as indispensable defenders against the invasion of many pathogens; however, growing evidence shows that self-DNA misplacement to cytoplasm also frequently occurs in non-infectious circumstances. Accumulation of cytosolic DNA causes improper activation of cytosolic DNA sensors and triggers an abnormal autoimmune response, that significantly promotes pathological progression. Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of neurological disorders characterized by neuron loss and still lack effective treatments due to a limited understanding of pathogenesis. But current research has found a solid relationship between neurodegenerative diseases and cytosolic DNA sensing pathways. This review summarizes profiles of several major cytosolic DNA sensors and their common adaptor protein STING. It also discusses both the beneficial and detrimental roles of cytosolic DNA sensors in the genesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatian Xie
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Ho Ko
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics & Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China.
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2
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Cui JZ, Chew ZH, Lim LHK. New insights into nucleic acid sensor AIM2: The potential benefit in targeted therapy for cancer. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107079. [PMID: 38272334 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The AIM2 inflammasome represents a multifaceted oligomeric protein complex within the innate immune system, with the capacity to perceive double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and engage in diverse physiological reactions and disease contexts, including cancer. While originally conceived as a discerning DNA sensor, AIM2 has demonstrated its capability to discern various nucleic acid variations, encompassing RNA and DNA-RNA hybrids. Through its interaction with nucleic acids, AIM2 orchestrates the assembly of a complex involving multiple proteins, aptly named the AIM2 inflammasome, which facilitates the enzymatic cleavage of proinflammatory cytokines, namely pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18. This process, in turn, underpins its pivotal biological role. In this review, we provide a systematic summary and discussion of the latest advancements in AIM2 sensing various types of nucleic acids. Additionally, we discuss the modulation of AIM2 activation, which can cause cell death, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. Finally, we fully illustrate the evidence for the dual role of AIM2 in different cancer types, including both anti-tumorigenic and pro-tumorigenic functions. Considering the above information, we uncover the therapeutic promise of modulating the AIM2 inflammasome in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhou Cui
- Translational Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS-Cambridge Immunophenotyping Centre, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Zhi Huan Chew
- Translational Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lina H K Lim
- Translational Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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3
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Kobayashi Y, Sakai C, Ishida T, Nagata M, Nakano Y, Ishida M. Mitochondrial DNA is a key driver in cigarette smoke extract-induced IL-6 expression. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:88-101. [PMID: 37848561 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, the primary pathogenesis of which is inflammation. We recently reported that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) causes cytosolic and extracellular accumulation of both nuclear (n) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA, which leads to inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In this study, we examined whether inflammation induction depends more on cytosolic nDNA or mtDNA, and which chemical constituents of CSE are involved. Acrolein (ACR), methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), and 2-cyclopenten-1-one (CPO) were used in the experiments, as these are the major cytotoxic factors in CSE in various cell types. Stimulation with ACR, MVK, or CPO alone resulted in the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), but not oxidative DNA damage, accumulation of cytosolic DNA, or increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. Simultaneous administration of all three constituents (ALL) resulted in oxidative DNA damage in both the nucleus and mitochondria, accumulation of DSBs, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, induction of minority mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, accumulation of cytosolic free DNA, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1α. Treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, suppressed oxidative DNA damage and the increased expression of IL-6 and IL-1α induced by ALL or CSE. The ALL- or CSE-induced increase in IL-6 expression, but not that of IL-1α, was suppressed by mtDNA depletion. In conclusion, ACR, MVK, and CPO may strongly contribute to CSE-induced inflammation. More importantly, cytosolic free mtDNA is thought to play an important role in IL-6 expression, a central mediator of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Chiemi Sakai
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Minako Nagata
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Mari Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
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Vila IK, Laguette N. The unexpected role of the STING protein in lipid metabolism. C R Biol 2023; 346:29-33. [PMID: 37254782 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Detection of cytosolic pathological nucleic acids is a key step for the initiation of innate immune responses. In the past decade, the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) adaptor protein has emerged as a central platform enabling the activation of inflammatory responses in the presence of cytosolic DNAs. This has prompted a plethora of approaches aiming at modulating STING activation in order to boost or inhibit inflammatory responses. However, recent work has revealed that STING is also a direct regulator of metabolic homeostasis. In particular, STING regulates lipid metabolism directly, a function that is conserved throughout evolution. This indicates that STING targeting strategies must take into consideration potential metabolic side effects that may alter disease course, but also suggests that targeting STING may open the route to novel treatments for metabolic disorders. Here we discuss recent work describing the metabolic function of STING and the implications of these findings.
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Ishida M, Sakai C, Ishida T. Role of DNA damage in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Cardiol 2023; 81:331-336. [PMID: 36109257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a cause of coronary artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and stroke. The pathogenesis underlying atherosclerosis is complex but it is clear that inflammation plays a pivotal role. Inflammation in atherosclerosis is triggered by the recognition of intracellular contents released from damaged cells by pattern recognition receptors, and is therefore sterile and chronic. Because the DNA of these cells is damaged, cellular senescence is also involved in this inflammation. Here, we will discuss the emerging evidence of a relationship between DNA damage and inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with a focus on intracellular events and cell fates that arise following DNA damage. Recent evidence will lead us to potential therapeutic targets and allow us to explore potential preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Chiemi Sakai
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Choubey D. Cytosolic DNA sensor IFI16 proteins: Potential molecular integrators of interactions among the aging hallmarks. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101765. [PMID: 36270606 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cellular changes that are linked to aging in humans include genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and altered intercellular communications. The extent of the changes in these aging hallmarks and their interactions with each other are part of the human aging. However, the molecular mechanisms through which the aging hallmarks interact with each other remain unclear. Studies have indicated a potential role for the type I interferon (IFN) and p53-inducible IFI16 proteins in interactions with the aging hallmarks. The IFI16 proteins are members of the PYHIN protein family. Proteins in the family share a DNA-binding domain (the HIN domain) and a protein-protein interaction pyrin domain (PYD). IFI16 proteins are needed for cytosolic DNA-induced activation of the cGAS-STING pathway for type I IFN (IFN-β) expression. The pathway plays an important role in aging-related inflammation (inflammaging). Further, increased levels of the IFI16 proteins potentiate the cell growth inhibitory functions of the p53 and pRb tumor suppressors proteins. Moreover, IFI16 proteins are needed for most aging hallmarks. Therefore, here we discuss how an improved understanding of the role of the IFI16 proteins in integration of the aging hallmarks has potential to improve the human health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divaker Choubey
- Department of Environmental & Public Health Sciences University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Anindya R. Cytoplasmic DNA in cancer cells: Several pathways that potentially limit DNase2 and TREX1 activities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2022; 1869:119278. [PMID: 35489653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of DNA in the cytoplasm of tumor cells induces the dendritic cell to produce type-I IFNs. Classically, the presence of foreign DNA in host cells' cytoplasm during viral infection elicits cGAS-STING mediated type-I IFN signaling and cytokine production. It is likely that cytosolic DNA leads to senescence and immune surveillance in transformed cells during the early stages of carcinogenesis. However, multiple factors, such as loss of cell-cycle checkpoint, mitochondrial damage and chromosomal instability, can lead to persistent accumulation of DNA in the cytoplasm of metastatic tumor cells. That is why aberrant activation of the type I IFN pathway is frequently associated with highly aggressive tumors. Intriguingly, two powerful intracellular deoxyribonucleases, DNase2 and TREX1, can target the cytoplasmic DNA for degradation. Yet the tumor cells consistently accumulate cytoplasmic DNA. This review highlights recent work connecting the lack of DNase2 and TREX1 function to innate immune signaling. It also summarizes the possible mechanisms that limit the activity of DNase2 and TREX1 in tumor cells and contributes to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Anindya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, India.
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Abstract
Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF; encoded by BANF1) is a small highly conserved, ubiquitous and self-associating protein that coordinates with numerous binding partners to accomplish several key cellular processes. By interacting with double-stranded DNA, histones and various other nuclear proteins, including those enriched at the nuclear envelope, BAF appears to be essential for replicating cells to protect the genome and enable cell division. Cellular processes, such as innate immunity, post-mitotic nuclear reformation, repair of interphase nuclear envelope rupture, genomic regulation, and the DNA damage and repair response have all been shown to depend on BAF. This Review focuses on the regulation of the numerous interactions of BAF, which underlie the mechanisms by which BAF accomplishes its essential cellular functions. We will also discuss how perturbation of BAF function may contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon M Sears
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.,Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Kyle J Roux
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57069, USA
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Bonafè M, Sabbatinelli J, Olivieri F. Exploiting the telomere machinery to put the brakes on inflamm-aging. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 59:101027. [PMID: 32068123 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Telomere shortening accompanies mammalian aging in vivo, and the burden of senescent cells with short telomeres and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) increases with aging. The release into the cytoplasm and the extracellular vesicle-mediated intercellular exchange of telomeric TTAGGG repeats could exert an anti-inflammatory activity by preventing the activation of the misplaced nucleic acid-sensing pathway. Many pharmacological and genetic strategies have been developed to prevent telomere shortening or to achieve telomere elongation. Recently, it was demonstrated that telomere elongation can be obtained - without genetic manipulation - by culturing mice embryonic stem cells into appropriate media. Based on this observation, we hypothesize that environmental factors could affect the initial length of telomeres by modulating the activity of telomerase during the early stages of pregnancy. Therefore, organisms with longer telomeres could exploit the anti-inflammatory activity of telomeric sequences over an extended time span, eventually delaying the development and progression of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bonafè
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, AlmaMater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jacopo Sabbatinelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
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Abstract
Innate immunity, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, is an ancient form of host defense found in all animals, from sponges to humans. During infection, innate immune receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns, such as microbial surface molecules, metabolites produces during infection, or nucleic acids of the microbe's genome. When initiated, the innate immune response activates a host defense program that leads to the synthesis proteins capable of pathogen killing. In mammals, the induction of cytokines during the innate immune response leads to the recruitment of professional immune cells to the site of infection, leading to an adaptive immune response. While a fully functional innate immune response is crucial for a proper host response and curbing microbial infection, if the innate immune response is dysfunctional and is activated in the absence of infection, autoinflammation and autoimmune disorders can develop. Therefore, it follows that the innate immune response must be tightly controlled to avoid an autoimmune response from host-derived molecules, yet still unencumbered to respond to infection. In this review, we will focus on the innate immune response activated from cytosolic nucleic acids, derived from the microbe or host itself. We will depict how viruses and bacteria activate these nucleic acid sensing pathways and their mechanisms to inhibit the pathways. We will also describe the autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders that develop when these pathways are hyperactive. Finally, we will discuss gaps in knowledge with regard to innate immune response failure and identify where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha M Matz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - R Marena Guzman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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11
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Hsia HC, Hutti JE, Baldwin AS. Cytosolic DNA Promotes Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) Phosphorylation by TANK-binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) to Restrain STAT3 Activity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5405-5417. [PMID: 28188292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.771964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA can elicit beneficial as well as undesirable immune responses. For example, viral or microbial DNA triggers cell-intrinsic immune responses to defend against infections, whereas aberrant cytosolic accumulation of self-DNA results in pathological conditions, such as autoimmunity. Given the importance of these DNA-provoked responses, a better understanding of their molecular mechanisms is needed. Cytosolic DNA engages stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to activate TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which subsequently phosphorylates the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to promote interferon expression. Recent studies have reported that additional transcription factors, including nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), are also activated by cytosolic DNA, suggesting that cytosolic DNA-induced gene expression is orchestrated by multiple factors. Here we show that cytosolic DNA activates STAT3, another member of the STAT family, via an autocrine mechanism involving interferon β (IFNβ) and IL-6. Additionally, we observed a novel cytosolic DNA-induced phosphorylation at serine 754 in the transactivation domain of STAT3. Upon cytosolic DNA stimulation, Ser754 is directly phosphorylated by TBK1 in a STING-dependent manner. Moreover, Ser754 phosphorylation inhibits cytosolic DNA-induced STAT3 transcriptional activity and selectively reduces STAT3 target genes that are up-regulated in response to cytosolic DNA. Taken together, our results suggest that cytosolic DNA-induced STAT3 activation via IFNβ and IL-6 is restrained by Ser754 phosphorylation of STAT3. Our findings reveal a new signaling axis downstream of the cytosolic DNA pathway and suggest potential interactions between innate immune responses and STAT3-driven oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ching Hsia
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and.,the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jessica E Hutti
- the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Albert S Baldwin
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and .,the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Gasser S, Zhang WYL, Tan NYJ, Tripathi S, Suter MA, Chew ZH, Khatoo M, Ngeow J, Cheung FSG. Sensing of dangerous DNA. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 165:33-46. [PMID: 27614000 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of damaged and microbial DNA can pose a threat to the survival of organisms. Cells express various sensors that recognize specific aspects of such potentially dangerous DNA. Recognition of damaged or microbial DNA by sensors induces cellular processes that are important for DNA repair and inflammation. Here, we review recent evidence that the cellular response to DNA damage and microbial DNA are tightly intertwined. We also discuss insights into the parameters that enable DNA sensors to distinguish damaged and microbial DNA from DNA present in healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gasser
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore.
| | - Wendy Y L Zhang
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Nikki Yi Jie Tan
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Shubhita Tripathi
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Manuel A Suter
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Zhi Huan Chew
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Muznah Khatoo
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; Divsion of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore; Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Florence S G Cheung
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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13
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Vitak N, Hume DA, Chappell KJ, Sester DP, Stacey KJ. Induction of interferon and cell death in response to cytosolic DNA in chicken macrophages. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 59:145-152. [PMID: 26828392 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Responses to cytosolic DNA can protect against both infectious organisms and the mutagenic effect of DNA integration. Recognition of invading DNA is likely to be fundamental to eukaryotic cellular life, but has been described only in mammals. Introduction of DNA into chicken macrophages induced type I interferon mRNA via a pathway conserved with mammals, requiring the receptor cGAS and the signalling protein STING. A second pathway of cytosolic DNA recognition in mammalian macrophages, initiated by absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), results in rapid inflammasome-mediated pyroptotic cell death. AIM2 is restricted to mammals. Nevertheless, chicken macrophages underwent lytic cell death within 15 min of DNA transfection. The mouse AIM2-mediated response requires double stranded DNA, but chicken cell death was maintained with denatured DNA. This appears to be a novel form of rapid necrotic cell death, which we propose is an ancient response rendered redundant in mammalian macrophages by the appearance of the AIM2 inflammasome. The retention of these cytosolic DNA responses through evolution, with both conserved and non-conserved mechanisms, suggests a fundamental importance in cellular defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazarii Vitak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Keith J Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - David P Sester
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
| | - Katryn J Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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14
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Ho SSW, Zhang WYL, Tan NYJ, Khatoo M, Suter MA, Tripathi S, Cheung FSG, Lim WK, Tan PH, Ngeow J, Gasser S. The DNA Structure-Specific Endonuclease MUS81 Mediates DNA Sensor STING-Dependent Host Rejection of Prostate Cancer Cells. Immunity 2016; 44:1177-89. [PMID: 27178469 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Self-DNA is present in the cytosol of many cancer cells and can promote effective immune rejection of tumor cells, but the mechanisms leading to the presence of cytosolic DNA are unknown. Here, we report that the cleavage of genomic DNA by DNA structure-specific endonuclease MUS81 and PARP-dependent DNA repair pathways leads to the accumulation of cytosolic DNA in prostate cancer cells. The number of nuclear MUS81 foci and the amount of cytosolic dsDNA increased in tandem from hyperplasia to clinical stage II prostate cancers and decreased at stage III. Cytosolic DNA generated by MUS81 stimulated DNA sensor STING-dependent type I interferon (IFN) expression and promoted phagocytic and T cell responses, resulting in type I and II IFN-mediated rejection of prostate tumor cells via mechanisms that partly depended on macrophages. Our results demonstrate that the tumor suppressor MUS81 alerts the immune system to the presence of transformed host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S W Ho
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Wendy Y L Zhang
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Nikki Yi Jie Tan
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Muznah Khatoo
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Manuel A Suter
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Shubhita Tripathi
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Florence S G Cheung
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Weng Khong Lim
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore; Division of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597 Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597 Singapore; Divsion of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore; Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Stephan Gasser
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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15
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Abstract
Cytosolic DNA can indicate infection and induces type I interferon (IFN) and AIM2 inflammasome responses. Characterization of these responses has required introduction of DNA into the cytosol of macrophages by either chemical transfection or electroporation, each of which has advantages in different applications. We describe here optimized procedures for both electroporation and chemical transfection, including the centrifugation of chemical transfection reagent onto cells, which greatly increases the speed and strength of responses. Appropriate choice of DNA and use of these methods allow study of either the cytosolic DNA responses in isolation or the simultaneous stimulation of cytosolic receptors and the CpG DNA receptor toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in the endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katryn J Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Adi Idris
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Vitaliya Sagulenko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nazarii Vitak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David P Sester
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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16
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Zheng M, Xie L, Liang Y, Wu S, Xu H, Zhang Y, Liu H, Lin D, Han J, Lu K. Recognition of cytosolic DNA attenuates glucose metabolism and induces AMPK mediated energy stress response. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:587-94. [PMID: 25892965 PMCID: PMC4400389 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Both viral infection and DNA transfection expose single-stranded or double-stranded DNA to the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. Recognition of cytosolic DNA activates a series of cellular responses, including induction of pro-inflammatory genes such as type I interferon through the well-known cGAS-STING pathway. Here we show for the first time that intracellular administration of either single or double stranded interferon stimulating DNA (ISD), but not poly(dA) suppresses cell growth in many different cell types. Suppression of cell growth by cytosolic DNA is cGAS/STING independent and associated with inhibition of glucose metabolism, ATP depletion and subsequent cellular energy stress responses including activation of AMPK and inactivation of mTORC1. Our results suggest that in concert with but independent of innate immune response, recognition of cytosolic DNA induced cellular energy stress potentially functions as a metabolic barrier to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China. ; 2. Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Linna Xie
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China. ; 3. Department of Bioengineering, Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Yaoji Liang
- 4. State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Suqin Wu
- 4. State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- 2. Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yuedong Zhang
- 2. Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Hekun Liu
- 2. Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Dexin Lin
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Jiahuai Han
- 4. State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Kunping Lu
- 2. Translational Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China. ; 5. Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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