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Asad N, Cregg S, Shakya S, Stegman S, Timmons L. Sustainable and Cost-Effective Gel Documentation. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:mps6020021. [PMID: 36961041 PMCID: PMC10037652 DOI: 10.3390/mps6020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A common laboratory method involves gel electrophoresis followed by photographic documentation of the results, a procedure which is performed worldwide by students and experienced scientists alike. Proprietary Gel Documentation Systems are convenient and useful for documentation of electrophoresis results, but the systems can be prohibitively expensive to purchase and repair, they contain features that are not necessary for everyday documentation, and some users may not find the systems intuitive to operate. We describe our gel documentation setup that meets the everyday needs for documentation in our lab. The setup is inexpensive, modular, user friendly, and increases sustainability through extending the working life of obsolete cell phones, iPads, or other electronic devices containing a camera. More importantly, the setup completely shields users from potentially damaging ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Asad
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of West Virginia Health Science Center, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Scott Cregg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Sudeep Shakya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Sutton Stegman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Lisa Timmons
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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2
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Abdel-Ghaffar WH, Abdelghffar EA. Pathophysiological effects of Tamiflu on liver and kidneys of male rats. Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 2022; 11:15. [PMID: 35097134 PMCID: PMC8787452 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamiflu/oseltamivir phosphate (OP), an anti-influenza drug, has a highly doubted safety especially after many cases of abnormal behaviour and deaths reported after being used. Such controversy was also locally and globally generated, especially after being heavily used in COVID-19 treatment protocol. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of three different doses of OP on the liver and kidneys of male adult albino rats through histological approaches, measuring their DNA integrity and biochemical analyses. Different doses of Tamiflu applied to humans were converted to rats, then observed their effects on the liver and kidneys. Rats were divided into four groups. G1: considered as control group. The rest of the three treated groups were received the same calculated dose of Tamiflu (6.75 mg/kg b.w.) in three different durations. G2, G3 and G4 represented the animals orally received OP, in which the rats received OP twice for 5 consecutive days, once for 10 and 45 days, respectively. RESULTS Our data showed numerous deleterious necrotic and fibrotic histopathological changes in the liver, and kidneys; as well as necrotic DNA smears, by using electrophoresis, in OP-treated rats of G2 and G4. In addition, OP significantly increased the serum cellular hepatic/renal toxicity markers (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, indirect bilirubin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, & Na+). Also, it showed a reduction in the levels of serum total protein, albumin and K+ ions in rats of G2 and G4 compared with G1. In G3, OP treatment did not significantly alter hepatic/renal histological, DNA integrity and biochemical analyses in rats. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic and long-term prophylactic doses of OP most likely cause structural and functional hepato- and nephrotoxicity in experimentally subjected rats. So, caution must be taken during Tamiflu treatment, and not used for long durations and/or with repetitive doses (time- and/or accumulative-dose-dependent); especially with patients suffer from liver and/or kidney dysfunction, while the short-term prophylactic dose of OP appears to be relatively safe and could be explored for oral medications. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman A. Abdelghffar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu Branch, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Goldman JM, Kim S, Narburgh S, Armitage BA, Schneider JW. Rapid, multiplexed detection of the let-7 miRNA family using γPNA amphiphiles in micelle-tagging electrophoresis. Biopolymers 2021; 113:e23479. [PMID: 34643943 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
miRNA is a promising class of biomarkers whose levels can be assayed to detect various forms of cancer and other serious diseases. These short, noncoding nucleic acids are difficult to detect due to their low abundance and the marginal stability of their duplexes with DNA probes. In addition, miRNAs within the same family have high sequence homology, and often, related miRNA differ in sequence by only a single base. In this report, we demonstrate an independent detection seven members of the let-7 family of miRNA in a single run. Key to success is the use of mini-PEG-substituted PNA amphiphiles (γPNAA) and highly fluorescent DNA nanotags in micelle tagging electrophoresis (MTE). Multiplexed detection is accomplished in capillary electrophoresis (CE) using oligomeric nanotags of pre-programmed lengths where the presence of a specific miRNA links its nanotag to a micelle drag-tag, which shifts the nanotag elution time to a defined region for detection. We further demonstrate that the peak shape and elution time are unaffected by the presence of up to 10 mg/ml of serum protein in the sample, with a total runtime of less than 4 min and a LOD of 10-100 pM. We discuss efforts to substantially decrease the detection limit using nanotags that are >1000 bp in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan M Goldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Narburgh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce A Armitage
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James W Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lagos-Susaeta D, Salazar O, Asenjo JA. openPFGE: An open source and low cost pulsed-field gel electrophoresis equipment. HardwareX 2020; 8:e00128. [PMID: 35498240 PMCID: PMC9041189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2020.e00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
DNA electrophoresis is a fundamental technique in molecular biology that allows the separation of DNA molecules up to ~50 Kbp. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] is a variation of the conventional DNA electrophoresis technique that allows the separation of very large DNA molecules up to ~10 Mbp. PFGE equipment is very expensive and it becomes an access barrier to many laboratories. Also, just a few privative designs of the equipment are available and it becomes difficult for the community to improve or customize their functioning. Here, we provide an open source PFGE equipment capable of the separation of DNA molecules up to, at least, ~2 Mbp and at low cost: USD$850, about 3% of the price of typical commercial equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lagos-Susaeta
- Corresponding author at: Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Meza-Robles C, Barajas-Saucedo CE, Tiburcio-Jimenez D, Mokay-Ramírez KA, Melnikov V, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Martinez-Fierro ML, Garza-Veloz I, Zaizar-Fregoso SA, Guzman-Esquivel J, Ramirez-Flores M, Newton-Sanchez OA, Espinoza-Gómez F, Delgado-Enciso OG, Centeno-Ramirez AS, Delgado-Enciso I. One-step nested RT-PCR for COVID-19 detection: A flexible, locally developed test for SARS-CoV2 nucleic acid detection. J Infect Dev Ctries 2020; 14:679-684. [PMID: 32794453 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the coronavirus pandemic, identifying the infected individuals has become key to limiting its spread. Virus nucleic acid real-time RT-PCR testing has become the current standard diagnostic method but high demand could lead to shortages. Therefore, we propose a detection strategy using a one-step nested RT-PCR. METHODOLOGY The nucleotide region in the ORF1ab gene that has the greatest differences between the human coronavirus and the bat coronavirus was selected. Primers were designed after that sequence. All diagnostic primers are species-specific since the 3´ end of the sequence differs from that of other species. A primer set also creates a synthetic positive control. Amplified products were seen in a 2.5% agarose gel, as well as in an SYBR Green-Based Real-Time RT-PCR. RESULTS Amplification was achieved for the positive control and specific regions in both techniques. CONCLUSIONS This new technique is flexible and easy to implement. It does not require a real-time thermocycler and can be interpreted in agarose gels, as well as adapted to quantify the viral genome. It has the advantage that if the coronavirus mutates in one of the key amplification nucleotides, at least one pair can still amplify, thanks to the four diagnostic primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Meza-Robles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
| | - Carlos E Barajas-Saucedo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Tiburcio-Jimenez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
| | - Karen A Mokay-Ramírez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
| | - Valery Melnikov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
| | - Iram P Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Molecular and Structural Physiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nueo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico.
| | - Margarita L Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico.
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico
| | - Sergio A Zaizar-Fregoso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
| | - José Guzman-Esquivel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
| | - Mario Ramirez-Flores
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
| | - Oscar A Newton-Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Espinoza-Gómez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
| | - Osiris G Delgado-Enciso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
| | | | - Ivan Delgado-Enciso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
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Lopez-Canovas L, Martinez Benitez MB, Herrera Isidron JA, Flores Soto E. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis: Past, present, and future. Anal Biochem 2019; 573:17-29. [PMID: 30826351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) has been considered for many years the 'gold-standard' for characterizing many pathogenic organisms as well as for subtyping bacterial species causing infection outbreaks. This article reviews the basic principles of PFGE and it includes the main advantages and limitations of the different electrode configurations that have been used in PFGE equipment and their influence on the DNA electrophoretic separation. Remarkably, we summarize here the most relevant theoretical and practical aspects that we have learned for more than 20 years developing and using the miniaturized PFGE systems. We also discussed the theoretical aspects related to DNA migration in PFGE agarose gels. It served as the basis for simulating the DNA electrophoretic patterns in CHEF mini gels and mini-chambers during experimental design and optimization. A critical comparison between standard and miniaturized PFGE systems, as well as the enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods for intact immobilized DNA preparation, is provided throughout the review. The PFGE current applications, advantages, limitations and future challenges of the methodology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Lopez-Canovas
- Postgraduate Program in Genomic Sciences, School of Science and Technology (CCyT), Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Maximo B Martinez Benitez
- Postgraduate Program in Genomic Sciences, School of Science and Technology (CCyT), Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Eduardo Flores Soto
- Academy of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, UACM, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Zaffino RL, Mir M, Samitier J. Oligonucleotide probes functionalization of nanogap electrodes. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2712-2720. [PMID: 28504351 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nanogap electrodes have attracted a lot of consideration as promising platform for molecular electronic and biomolecules detection. This is mainly for their higher aspect ratio, and because their electrical properties are easily accessed by current-voltage measurements. Nevertheless, application of standard current-voltages measurements used to characterize nanogap response, and/or to modify specific nanogap electrodes properties, represents an issue. Since the strength of electrical fields in nanoscaled devices can reach high values, even at low voltages. Here, we analyzed the effects induced by different methods of surface modification of nanogap electrodes, in test-voltage application, employed for the electrical detection of a desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) target. Nanogap electrodes were functionalized with two antisymmetric oligo-probes designed to have 20 terminal bases complementary to the edges of the target, which after hybridization bridges the nanogap, closing the electrical circuit. Two methods of functionalization were studied for this purpose; a random self-assembling of a mixture of the two oligo-probes (OPs) used in the platform, and a selective method that controls the position of each OP at selected side of nanogap electrodes. We used for this aim, the electrophoretic effect induced on negatively charged probes by the application of an external direct current voltage. The results obtained with both functionalization methods where characterized and compared in terms of electrode surface covering, calculated by using voltammetry analysis. Moreover, we contrasted the electrical detection of a DNA target in the nanogap platform either in site-selective and in randomly assembled nanogap. According to our results, a denser, although not selective surface functionalization, is advantageous for such kind of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Letizia Zaffino
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Engineering: Electronics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Mir
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Engineering: Electronics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
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Fahrenkopf MA, Mukherjee T, Ydstie BE, Schneider JW. Optimization of ELFSE DNA sequencing with EOF counterflow and microfluidics. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3408-14. [PMID: 25154385 PMCID: PMC4504435 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We present a nonlinear optimization study of different implementations of the DNA electrophoretic method "End-labeled Free-solution Electrophoresis" in commercial capillary electrophoresis systems and microfluidics to improve the time required for readout. Here, the effect of electro-osmotic counterflows and snap-shot detection are considered to allow for detection of peaks soon after they are electorphoretically resolved. Using drag tags available in micelle form, we identify a design capable of sequencing 600 bases in 2.8 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A. Fahrenkopf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Tamal Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - B. Erik Ydstie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - James W. Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Abstract
We develop a non-convex non-linear programming problem that determines the minimum run time to resolve different lengths of DNA using a gel-free micelle end-labeled free solution electrophoresis separation method. Our optimization framework allows for efficient determination of the utility of different DNA separation platforms and enables the identification of the optimal operating conditions for these DNA separation devices. The non-linear programming problem requires a model for signal spacing and signal width, which is known for many DNA separation methods. As a case study, we show how our approach is used to determine the optimal run conditions for micelle end-labeled free-solution electrophoresis and examine the trade-offs between a single capillary system and a parallel capillary system. Parallel capillaries are shown to only be beneficial for DNA lengths above 230 bases using a polydisperse micelle end-label otherwise single capillaries produce faster separations.
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10
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Chen Z, Dorfman KD. Comparison of microfabricated hexagonal and lamellar post arrays for DNA electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:654-61. [PMID: 24132597 PMCID: PMC3973148 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We used Brownian dynamics simulations to compare DNA separations in microfabricated post arrays containing either hexagonal or lamellar lattices. Contrary to intuition, dense hexagonal arrays with frequent DNA post collisions do not yield the optimal separation. Rather, hexagonal arrays with pore sizes commensurate with the radius of gyration of the DNA lead to increased separation resolution due to a molecular weight dependent collision probability that increases with molecular weight. However, when the hexagonal array is too sparse, this advantage is lost due to the low number of collisions. Lamellar lattices, such as the DNA nanofence, appear to be superior to a hexagonal array at the same post density, since the lamellar lattice combines regions for DNA relaxation with locally dense post regions for collisions. The relative advantages of different post arrays designs are explained in terms of the statistics for the number of collisions and the holdup time, providing guidelines for designing post arrays for separating long DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Kevin D. Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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Chen Z, Dorfman KD. Tilted hexagonal post arrays: DNA electrophoresis in anisotropic media. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:405-11. [PMID: 23868490 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using Brownian dynamics simulations, we show that DNA electrophoresis in a hexagonal array of micron-sized posts changes qualitatively when the applied electric field vector is not coincident with the lattice vectors of the array. DNA electrophoresis in such "tilted" post arrays is superior to the standard "un-tilted" approach; while the time required to achieve a resolution of unity in a tilted post array is similar to an un-tilted array at a low-electric field strengths, this time (i) decreases exponentially with electric field strength in a tilted array and (ii) increases exponentially with electric field strength in an un-tilted array. Although the DNA dynamics in a post array are complicated, the electrophoretic mobility results indicate that the "free path," i.e. the average distance of ballistic trajectories of point-sized particles launched from random positions in the unit cell until they intersect the next post, is a useful proxy for the detailed DNA trajectories. The analysis of the free path reveals a fundamental connection between anisotropy of the medium and DNA transport therein that goes beyond simply improving the separation device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Kalinski A, Huettel RN. DNA Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism in Races of the Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines. J Nematol 1988; 20:532-538. [PMID: 19290251 PMCID: PMC2618857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Restriction endonuclease digests of total DNA from races 3, 4, and 5 of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, have been analyzed on agarose gels. DNA fragment patterns of race 4 were completely different from those patterns obtained for races 3 and 5 by all eight restriction enzymes tested. Differences in long and short restriction DNA fragments generated by the enzyme Msp I or its isoschizomer, Hpa II, were detected between race 3 and 5 digestion profiles. Rapid DNA isolation followed by its digestion with either Msp I or Hpa II enzymes and visualization of repetitive DNA fragments in agarose gels provided a diagnostic assay for the populations of the three races examined in this study.
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