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Paller KA. Recurring memory reactivation: The offline component of learning. Neuropsychologia 2024; 196:108840. [PMID: 38417546 PMCID: PMC10981210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
One can be aware of the effort needed to memorize a new fact or to recall the name of a new acquaintance. Because of experiences like this, learning can seem to have only two components, encoding information and, after some delay, retrieving information. To the contrary, learning entails additional, intervening steps that sometimes are hidden from the learner. For firmly acquiring fact and event knowledge in particular, learners are generally not cognizant of the necessity of offline consolidation. The memories that persist to be available reliably at a later time, according to the present conceptualization, are the ones we repeatedly rehearse and integrate with other knowledge, whether we do this intentionally or unknowingly, awake or asleep. This article examines the notion that learning is not a function of waking brain activity alone. What happens in the brain while we sleep also impacts memory storage, and consequently is a critical component of learning. The idea that memories can change over time and become enduring has long been present in memory research and is foundational for the concept of memory consolidation. Nevertheless, the notion that memory consolidation happens during sleep faced much resistance before eventually being firmly established. Research is still needed to elucidate the operation and repercussions of repeated reactivation during sleep. Comprehensively understanding how offline memory reactivation contributes to learning is vital for both theoretical and practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken A Paller
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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2
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Salvesen L, Capriglia E, Dresler M, Bernardi G. Influencing dreams through sensory stimulation: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 74:101908. [PMID: 38417380 PMCID: PMC11009489 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is typically considered a state of disconnection from the environment, yet instances of external sensory stimuli influencing dreams have been reported for centuries. Explaining this phenomenon could provide valuable insight into dreams' generative and functional mechanisms, the factors that promote sleep continuity, and the processes that underlie conscious awareness. Moreover, harnessing sensory stimuli for dream engineering could benefit individuals suffering from dream-related alterations. This PRISMA-compliant systematic review assessed the current evidence concerning the influence of sensory stimulation on sleep mentation. We included 51 publications, of which 21 focused on auditory stimulation, ten on somatosensory stimulation, eight on olfactory stimulation, four on visual stimulation, two on vestibular stimulation, and one on multimodal stimulation. Furthermore, nine references explored conditioned associative stimulation: six focused on targeted memory reactivation protocols and three on targeted lucid reactivation protocols. The reported frequency of stimulus-dependent dream changes across studies ranged from 0 to ∼80%, likely reflecting a considerable heterogeneity of definitions and methodological approaches. Our findings highlight a lack of comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms, functions, and neurophysiological correlates of stimulus-dependent dream changes. We suggest that a paradigm shift is required for meaningful progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Salvesen
- Sleep, Plasticity, and Conscious Experience Group, MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Capriglia
- Sleep, Plasticity, and Conscious Experience Group, MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Giulio Bernardi
- Sleep, Plasticity, and Conscious Experience Group, MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy.
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Shabahang R, Kim S, Aruguete MS, Azadimanesh P, Ghaemi Z, Khanzadeh AAH, Kakabaraee K, Zsila Á. Social media-related nightmare - a potential explanation for poor sleep quality and low affective well-being in the social media era? BMC Psychol 2024; 12:140. [PMID: 38475914 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Research has posited that social media use during the day may be reflected in nighttime dreams. Nevertheless, no prior studies have explored frightening, unpleasant dreams arising from social media use. This study introduces the construct of the social media-related nightmare by (a) developing and validating a scale capturing negative-valenced dreams with themes of helplessness, loss of control, inhibition, victimization, and making mistakes in social media, and (b) examining relationships between social media use, social media-related nightmares, sleep quality, and affective well-being. A convenience sample of 595 Iranian adult social media users (Mage = 27.45, SDage = 11.42) reported on social media-related nightmare, social media use integration, anxiety, peace of mind, sleep quality, and nightmare distress. The Social Media-Related Nightmare Scale (SMNS) demonstrated a unidimensional structure with sound psychometric properties. The most common nightmares involved the inability to log in to social media and the disruption of relationships with other users. Social media use intensity predicted frequency of social media-related nightmares. These nightmares were correlated with increased anxiety, lower peace of mind, poor sleep quality, and nightmare distress. Importantly, social media-related nightmares mediated the relationship between social media use intensity and low affective well-being (i.e., anxiety and peace of mind), poor sleeping, and nightmare distress. The findings suggest that social media-related nightmares could be a potential pathway through which social media engagement may lead to affective distress and sleep difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shabahang
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sohee Kim
- Department of Counseling and Instructional Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Mara S Aruguete
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Lincoln University, Missouri, MO, USA
| | | | - Zahra Ghaemi
- Department of Psychology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Keivan Kakabaraee
- Department of Psychology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ágnes Zsila
- Institute of Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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4
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Loukola V, Tuominen J, Kirsilä S, Kyyhkynen A, Lahdenperä M, Parkkali L, Ranta E, Malinen E, Vanhanen S, Välimaa K, Olkoniemi H, Revonsuo A, Valli K. Viral simulations in dreams: The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on threatening dream content in a Finnish sample of diary dreams. Conscious Cogn 2024; 119:103651. [PMID: 38335898 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected dreaming negatively. We compared 1132 dreams collected with prospective two-week dream diary during the pandemic to 166 dreams collected before the pandemic. We hypothesized that the pandemic would increase the number of threatening events, threats related to diseases, and the severity of threats. We also hypothesized that dreams that include direct references to the pandemic will include more threatening events, more disease-related threats, and more severe threats. In contradiction with our hypotheses, results showed no differences between pandemic and pre-pandemic samples in the number of threats, threats related to diseases, or severe threats. However, dreams with direct references to the pandemic had more threats, disease-related threats, and severe threats. Our results thus do not suggest a significant overall increase in nightmarish or threatening dream content during the pandemic but show a more profound effect on a minority of dreams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Loukola
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jarno Tuominen
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Santeri Kirsilä
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Annimaaria Kyyhkynen
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maron Lahdenperä
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lilja Parkkali
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Emilia Ranta
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eveliina Malinen
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sanni Vanhanen
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katariina Välimaa
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Olkoniemi
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Revonsuo
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Katja Valli
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
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Tomacsek V, Blaskovich B, Király A, Reichardt R, Simor P. Altered parasympathetic activity during sleep and emotionally arousing wakefulness in frequent nightmare recallers. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274:265-277. [PMID: 36862312 PMCID: PMC10914885 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Nightmare disorder is characterized by dysfunctional emotion regulation and poor subjective sleep quality reflected in pathophysiological features such as abnormal arousal processes and sympathetic influences. Dysfunctional parasympathetic regulation, especially before and during rapid eye movement (REM) phases, is assumed to alter heart rate (HR) and its variability (HRV) of frequent nightmare recallers (NM). We hypothesized that cardiac variability is attenuated in NMs as opposed to healthy controls (CTL) during sleep, pre-sleep wakefulness and under an emotion-evoking picture-rating task. Based on the polysomnographic recordings of 24 NM and 30 CTL participants, we examined HRV during pre-REM, REM, post-REM and slow wave sleep, separately. Additionally, electrocardiographic recordings of resting state before sleep onset and under an emotionally challenging picture-rating task were also analyzed. Applying repeated measures analysis of variance (rmANOVA), a significant difference was found in the HR of NMs and CTLs during nocturnal segments but not during resting wakefulness, suggesting autonomic dysregulation, specifically during sleep in NMs. As opposed to the HR, the HRV values were not significantly different in the rmANOVA in the two groups, implying that the extent of parasympathetic dysregulation on a trait level might depend on the severeness of dysphoric dreaming. Nonetheless, in the group comparisons, the NM group showed increased HR and reduced HRV during the emotion-evoking picture-rating task, which aimed to model the nightmare experience in the daytime, indicating disrupted emotion regulation in NMs under acute distress. In conclusion, trait-like autonomic changes during sleep and state-like autonomic responses to emotion-evoking pictures indicate parasympathetic dysregulation in NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Tomacsek
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 46 Izabella Street, Budapest, 1064, Hungary.
| | - Borbála Blaskovich
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Király
- National Institute of Locomotor Diseases and Disabilities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Richárd Reichardt
- Institute of Education and Psychology at Szombathely, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 46 Izabella Street, Budapest, 1064, Hungary
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI-ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Mateos-Moreno MV, Salgado-Peralvo ÁO, Garcillán-Izquierdo MR, Vivas-Mefle CA, Dorado-Jara L, Mateos-Moreno B. [Melatonin gummies or sugar gummies?]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2024; 98:e1-e5. [PMID: 38353457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María-Victoria Mateos-Moreno
- Unidad de Odontología Preventiva y Comunitaria; Departamento de Especialidades Clínicas Odontológicas; Facultad de Odontología; Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid. España
| | - Ángel-Orión Salgado-Peralvo
- Unidad de Odontología Preventiva y Comunitaria; Departamento de Especialidades Clínicas Odontológicas; Facultad de Odontología; Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid. España
| | - María-Rosario Garcillán-Izquierdo
- Unidad de Odontología Preventiva y Comunitaria; Departamento de Especialidades Clínicas Odontológicas; Facultad de Odontología; Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid. España
| | | | - Lorenzo Dorado-Jara
- Departamento de Patología y Terapéutica Dental I; Facultad de Odontología; Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia. Murcia. España
| | - Bibiana Mateos-Moreno
- Departamento de Dermatología, Estomatología, Radiología y Medicina Física; Facultad de Odontología; Universidad de Murcia. Murcia. España
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7
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El-Hourani M, Zadra A, Castellanos-Ryan N, Rioux C, Tremblay RE, Parent S, Séguin JR. Longitudinal Study of Early Adversity and Disturbing Dream Frequency: Moderating Role of Early Negative Emotionality. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:277-291. [PMID: 37589805 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Although disturbing dreams are prevalent in youth and are associated with psychopathology, little is known about their developmental course and risk factors. We aimed to examine the association between early social environment and subsequent disturbing dream frequency across adolescence as moderated by early negative emotionality. Measures of children's early social environment and negative emotionality were collected from the mothers of 410 children (5-42 months old) and measures of disturbing dream frequency directly from the children (13-18 years old). Preliminary steps identified subgroups of families with distinct profiles of social environment using latent variable mixture modeling, and captured changes in disturbing dream frequency using latent growth modeling. Regression and moderation analyses were conducted to test the study objectives. Results showed that the diverse family patterns were best captured by two profiles reflecting adverse and positive social environments and that overall disturbing dream frequency decreased during adolescence. Moderation analyses showed that when early negative emotionality was higher, DD frequency was not only more elevated in an adverse environment, but lower in a positive environment. These results indicate that the development of disturbing dreams is most strongly associated with a combination of individual and environment factors. Our study adds to the literature by refining our conception of individual traits and disturbing dream development and has implications for the prevention of bad dreams, nightmares, and associated psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira El-Hourani
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Bureau B17.107; 3175 Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, H3T 1C5, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Antonio Zadra
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Castellanos-Ryan
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Bureau B17.107; 3175 Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, H3T 1C5, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Charlie Rioux
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Richard E Tremblay
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Bureau B17.107; 3175 Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, H3T 1C5, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- School of Public Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie Parent
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Bureau B17.107; 3175 Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, H3T 1C5, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean R Séguin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Bureau B17.107; 3175 Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, H3T 1C5, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Lyvers M, Robinson M, Watt B, Thorberg FA. Alexithymia and aspects of dreaming: Differential associations of alexithymia facets with dream variables. Int J Psychol 2024; 59:132-142. [PMID: 37864284 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Research on aspects of dreaming associated with alexithymia has yielded mixed results. The present study recruited a young adult online sample of 577 participants who completed validated indices of alexithymia, emotion suppression, negative moods, and eight aspects of dreaming, with a focus on evaluating a counterintuitive previous finding that alexithymia and two of its core facets were associated with greater self-reported typical emotional intensity of dreams. Total alexithymia and facet scores showed differential relationships to aspects of dreaming including dream recall frequency, emotionality, meaningfulness, nightmare frequency, nightmare distress, usefulness of dreams in problem-solving and creativity, and learning about oneself through dreams. Planned hierarchical regression controlling for demographics, alcohol use, and dream recall frequency indicated that the difficulties identifying feelings (DIF) facet of alexithymia was a significant positive predictor of dream emotionality, whereas the externally oriented thinking (EOT) facet was a significant negative predictor. Stress, but not emotion suppression, mediated the positive relationship between DIF and dream emotionality. The likely role of dream emotionality in higher ratings of nightmare distress, dream meaningfulness, and learning about oneself through dreams among those with higher DIF scores is noted, along with other findings and the strengths and limitations of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lyvers
- School of Psychology, Bond University, QLD, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Morgana Robinson
- School of Psychology, Bond University, QLD, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Bruce Watt
- School of Psychology, Bond University, QLD, Gold Coast, Australia
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Deperrois N, Petrovici MA, Senn W, Jordan J. Learning beyond sensations: How dreams organize neuronal representations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 157:105508. [PMID: 38097096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Semantic representations in higher sensory cortices form the basis for robust, yet flexible behavior. These representations are acquired over the course of development in an unsupervised fashion and continuously maintained over an organism's lifespan. Predictive processing theories propose that these representations emerge from predicting or reconstructing sensory inputs. However, brains are known to generate virtual experiences, such as during imagination and dreaming, that go beyond previously experienced inputs. Here, we suggest that virtual experiences may be just as relevant as actual sensory inputs in shaping cortical representations. In particular, we discuss two complementary learning principles that organize representations through the generation of virtual experiences. First, "adversarial dreaming" proposes that creative dreams support a cortical implementation of adversarial learning in which feedback and feedforward pathways engage in a productive game of trying to fool each other. Second, "contrastive dreaming" proposes that the invariance of neuronal representations to irrelevant factors of variation is acquired by trying to map similar virtual experiences together via a contrastive learning process. These principles are compatible with known cortical structure and dynamics and the phenomenology of sleep thus providing promising directions to explain cortical learning beyond the classical predictive processing paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter Senn
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Jordan
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Xia LQ, Zhou R, Deng R, Zhou D, Han J, Zhao ZF, Gao SJ, Zhang XJ, Zhou YK, Xiong LZ. Dreaming during gastrointestinal endoscopy under propofol, ciprofol, or remimazolam anesthesia: study protocol for a parallel-design double-blind, single-center trial. Trials 2024; 25:2. [PMID: 38167210 PMCID: PMC10759531 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dreaming sometimes occurs during sedation. It has been reported that factors such as different anesthetics, depth of anesthesia, age, sex, and preoperative psychological state may affect dreams. Ciprofol and remimazolam are novel choices for painless endoscopy. Herein, we aimed to investigate dreaming during gastrointestinal endoscopy under propofol, ciprofol, and remimazolam anesthesia respectively. METHODS This is a prospective, parallel-design double-blind, single-center clinical trial. Three hundred and sixty subjects undergoing elective painless gastroscopy, colonoscopy, or gastroenteroscopy will be enrolled. Eligible subjects will undergo propofol-, ciprofol-, or remimazolam-induced anesthesia to finish the examination. Interviews about the modified Brice questionnaire will be conducted in the recovery room. Incidence of dreaming is set as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include type of dreams, improvement of sleep quality, evaluation of patients, incidence of insufficient anesthesia, and intraoperative awareness. Safety outcomes are the incidences of hypotension and hypoxia during examination and adverse events during recovery. DISCUSSION This study may observe different incidences of dreaming and diverse types of dreams, which might lead to different evaluations to the anesthesia procedure. Based on the coming results, anesthesiologists can make a better medication plan for patients who are going to undergo painless diagnosis and treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on May 18, 2023 (registration number ChiCTR2300071565).
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Qiang Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People's Hospital, NO. 173, Section 1 of Taishan North Road, Deyang City, 618000, China.
| | - Rui Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, NO. 1279, Sanmen Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People's Hospital, NO. 173, Section 1 of Taishan North Road, Deyang City, 618000, China
| | - Rui Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People's Hospital, NO. 173, Section 1 of Taishan North Road, Deyang City, 618000, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People's Hospital, NO. 173, Section 1 of Taishan North Road, Deyang City, 618000, China
| | - Jia Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People's Hospital, NO. 173, Section 1 of Taishan North Road, Deyang City, 618000, China
| | - Zhi-Fu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People's Hospital, NO. 173, Section 1 of Taishan North Road, Deyang City, 618000, China
| | - San-Jie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People's Hospital, NO. 173, Section 1 of Taishan North Road, Deyang City, 618000, China
| | - Xian-Jie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People's Hospital, NO. 173, Section 1 of Taishan North Road, Deyang City, 618000, China
| | - Yu-Kai Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People's Hospital, NO. 173, Section 1 of Taishan North Road, Deyang City, 618000, China
| | - Li-Ze Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, NO. 1279, Sanmen Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200434, China.
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11
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Andrillon T, Oudiette D. What is sleep exactly? Global and local modulations of sleep oscillations all around the clock. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105465. [PMID: 37972882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Wakefulness, non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) and rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep differ from each other along three dimensions: behavioral, phenomenological, physiological. Although these dimensions often fluctuate in step, they can also dissociate. The current paradigm that views sleep as made of global NREM and REM states fail to account for these dissociations. This conundrum can be dissolved by stressing the existence and significance of the local regulation of sleep. We will review the evidence in animals and humans, healthy and pathological brains, showing different forms of local sleep and the consequences on behavior, cognition, and subjective experience. Altogether, we argue that the notion of local sleep provides a unified account for a host of phenomena: dreaming in REM and NREM sleep, NREM and REM parasomnias, intrasleep responsiveness, inattention and mind wandering in wakefulness. Yet, the physiological origins of local sleep or its putative functions remain unclear. Exploring further local sleep could provide a unique and novel perspective on how and why we sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrillon
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm-CNRS, Paris 75013, France; Monash Centre for Consciousness & Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Delphine Oudiette
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm-CNRS, Paris 75013, France
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12
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Andrillon T. How we sleep: From brain states to processes. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:649-657. [PMID: 37625978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
All our lives, we alternate between wakefulness and sleep with direct consequences on our ability to interact with our environment, the dynamics and contents of our subjective experience, and our brain activity. Consequently, sleep has been extensively characterised in terms of behavioural, phenomenological, and physiological changes, the latter constituting the gold standard of sleep research. The common view is thus that sleep represents a collection of discrete states with distinct neurophysiological signatures. However, recent findings challenge such a monolithic view of sleep. Indeed, there can be sharp discrepancies in time and space in the activity displayed by different brain regions or networks, making it difficult to assign a global vigilance state to such a mosaic of contrasted dynamics. Viewing sleep as a multidimensional continuum rather than a succession of non-overlapping and mutually exclusive states could account for these local aspects of sleep. Moving away from the focus on sleep states, sleep can also be investigated through the brain processes that are present in sleep, if not necessarily specific to sleep. This focus on processes rather than states allows to see sleep for what it does rather than what it is, avoiding some of the limitations of the state perspective and providing a powerful heuristic to understand sleep. Indeed, what is sleep if not a process itself that makes up wake up every morning with a brain cleaner, leaner and less cluttered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Andrillon
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France; Monash Centre for Consciousness & Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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13
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Siegel JM. REM sleep function: Mythology vs. reality. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:643-648. [PMID: 37625974 PMCID: PMC10725301 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep in 1953, misconceptions have arisen as to the evidence for its adaptive function and its relation to dreams. Eye movements recorded during REM sleep have not been consistently reported to mirror the eye movements predicted by dream reports. But evidence on eye movement and somatic motor expression from patients with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is consistent with dream enacting behavior. The assumption that dreaming occurs only in REM sleep is incorrect, with numerous reports of nonREM dreaming. However, there may be qualitative differences between REM and nonREM dreams. Early studies that suggested a vital role for REM sleep in psychological well-being are refuted by studies of pharmacologically induced partial or complete REM sleep suppression. Studies of sleep across species show that the primitive monotreme mammals, platypus and echidna, have far more REM sleep than any other homeotherm group, whereas birds have far less REM sleep than any other homeotherm group. Human REM sleep amounts are not unusual, are correlated with nonREM sleep durations but are not correlated with intelligence. Across groups of homeotherms, REM sleep time is highly and inversely correlated (r=-0.975, P=0.02) with average core body temperature, suggesting that REM sleep cycles with nonREM sleep to regulate brain temperature during sleep. Cetacean mammals (dolphins and whales) do not have REM sleep despite their very large brain sizes and impressive cognitive abilities. Reports of "REM sleep-like states" in arachnids, cephalopods and in zebrafish larvae are lacking critical evidence that the observed behaviors are occurring during sleep and that the behaviors are homologous to mammalian REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Siegel
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Center for Sleep Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Neurobiology Research 151A3, North Hills, CA 91343, United States.
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14
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Abstract
Affective scientists traditionally have focused on periods of active wakefulness when people are responding to external stimuli or engaging in specific tasks. However, we live much of our lives immersed in experiences not related to the current environment or tasks at hand-mind-wandering (or daydreaming) during wakefulness and dreaming during sleep. Despite being disconnected from the immediate environment, our brains still generate affect during such periods. Yet, research on stimulus-independent affect has remained largely separate from affective science. Here, we suggest that one key future direction for affective science will be to expand our field of view by integrating the wealth of findings from research on mind-wandering, sleep, and dreaming to provide a more comprehensive account of affect across the wake-sleep cycle. In developing our argument, we address two key issues: affect variation across the wake-sleep cycle, and the benefits of expanding the study of affect across the full wake-sleep cycle. In considering these issues, we highlight the methodological and clinical implications for affective science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilleriin Sikka
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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15
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Beran MJ, James BT, French K, Haseltine EL, Kleider-Offutt HM. Assessing aphantasia prevalence and the relation of self-reported imagery abilities and memory task performance. Conscious Cogn 2023; 113:103548. [PMID: 37451040 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Aphantasia is the experience of having little to no visual imagery. We assessed the prevalence rate of aphantasia in 5,010 people from the general population of adults in the United States through self-report and responses to two visual imagery scales. The self-reported prevalence rate of aphantasia was 8.9% in this sample. However, not all participants who reported themselves as aphantasic showed low-imagery profiles on the questionnaire scales, and scale prevalence was much lower (1.5%). Self-reported aphantasic individuals reported lower dream frequencies and self-talk and showed poorer memory performance compared to individuals who reported average and high mental imagery. Self-reported aphantasic individuals showed a greater preference for written instruction compared to video instruction for learning a hypothetical new task although there were differences for men and women in this regard. Categorizing aphantasia using a scale measure and relying on self-identification may provide a more consistent picture of who lacks visual imagery.
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16
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Simor P, Peigneux P, Bódizs R. Sleep and dreaming in the light of reactive and predictive homeostasis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105104. [PMID: 36804397 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Dreams are often viewed as fascinating but irrelevant mental epihenomena of the sleeping mind with questionable functional relevance. Despite long hours of oneiric activity, and high individual differences in dream recall, dreams are lost into oblivion. Here, we conceptualize dreaming and dream amnesia as inherent aspects of the reactive and predictive homeostatic functions of sleep. Mental activity during sleep conforms to the interplay of restorative processes and future anticipation, and particularly during the second half of the night, it unfolds as a special form of non-constrained, self-referent, and future-oriented cognitive process. Awakening facilitates constrained, goal-directed prospection that competes for shared neural resources with dream production and dream recall, and contributes to dream amnesia. We present the neurophysiological aspects of reactive and predictive homeostasis during sleep, highlighting the putative role of cortisol in predictive homeostasis and forgetting dreams. The theoretical and methodological aspects of our proposal are discussed in relation to the study of dreaming, dream recall, and sleep-related cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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17
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Zhang Y, Song B, Zhu J. The relationship between different bispectral index and the occurrence of dreams in elective surgery under general anesthesia: protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. Trials 2023; 24:205. [PMID: 36941648 PMCID: PMC10026450 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dreaming reported after anesthesia remains a poorly understood phenomenon. At present, there is a hypothesis that dreaming occurs intraoperatively and is related to light or inadequate anesthesia; thus, in order to further verify the hypothesis, we choose elective surgery under general anesthesia to observe whether the generation of dreams is related to the dose of general anesthetics maintenance. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This randomized, double-blind controlled trial to observe whether the generation of dreams is related to the dose of general anesthetics maintenance in the elective surgery under general anesthesia. A total of 124 participants will be randomly allocated to a low bispectral index or high bispectral index group at a ratio of 1:1. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is used to assess the anxiety and depression status of participants during the perioperative period. Ramsay score is used to assess patients' sedation level after surgery in the PACU. Modified Brice questionnaire and awareness classification are used to assess whether patients experienced dreaming during the surgery. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This randomized, double-blind controlled trial received prospective ethics committee approval at the Human Research Ethical Committee of Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China (Institutional Review Board registration number 2021PS664K), and was compliant with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects participating in the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Bijia Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Otaiku AI. Distressing dreams, cognitive decline, and risk of dementia: A prospective study of three population-based cohorts. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 52:101640. [PMID: 36313147 PMCID: PMC9596309 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distressing dreams are associated with faster cognitive decline and increased dementia risk in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether distressing dreams might be associated with cognitive decline and dementia in people without PD is unknown. This study investigated the association between self-reported distressing dream frequency and the risk of cognitive decline and incident dementia in community-dwelling men and women without cognitive impairment or PD. METHODS Risk of cognitive decline was evaluated in 605 middle-aged adults (mean age = 50 years [IQR 44-57]; 55·7% female) from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, who were cognitively normal at baseline, and were followed-up for a maximum of 13 years (IQR 9-10). Cognitive decline was defined as having an annual rate of decline in global cognitive function (measured using five cognitive tests) ≥ 1 standard deviation faster than the mean decline rate from baseline to follow-up. Risk of incident all-cause dementia was evaluated in 2600 older adults (mean age = 83 years [IQR 81-84]; 56·7% female) pooled from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS) and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF), who were dementia-free at baseline, and were followed-up for up a maximum of 7 years (IQR 4-5). Incident dementia was based on doctor-diagnosis. Frequency of distressing dreams was assessed in all cohorts at baseline (January 2002 - March 2012) using item 5h of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The association between self-reported distressing dream frequency ("never", "less than weekly", "weekly") and later cognitive outcomes, was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression in both the middle-aged and pooled older adult cohorts. FINDINGS After adjustment for all covariates, a higher frequency of distressing dreams was linearly and statistically significantly associated with higher risk of cognitive decline amongst middle-aged adults (P for trend = 0·016), and higher risk of incident all-cause dementia amongst older adults (P for trend <0·001). Compared with middle-aged adults who reported having no distressing dreams at baseline, those who reported having weekly distressing dreams had a 4-fold risk of experiencing cognitive decline (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3·99; 95% CI: 1·07, 14·85). Amongst older adults, the difference in dementia risk was 2·2-fold (aOR = 2·21; 95% CI: 1·35, 3·62). In sex-stratified analyses, the associations between distressing dreams and both cognitive outcomes were only statistically significant amongst men. INTERPRETATION Distressing dreams predict cognitive decline and all-cause dementia in middle-aged and older adults without cognitive impairment or PD - especially amongst men. These findings may help to identify individuals at risk of dementia and could facilitate early prevention strategies. FUNDING The study received no external funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidemi I. Otaiku
- Department of Neurology, Birmingham City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Correspondence to: Department of Neurology, Birmingham City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK.
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Báthori N, Polner B, Simor P. Schizotypy unfolding into the night? Schizotypal traits and daytime psychotic-like experiences predict negative and salient dreams. Schizophr Res 2022; 246:17-25. [PMID: 35696857 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of insomnia and frequent nightmares are prevalent in psychotic disorders, and are associated with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in the non-clinical population. Whereas the role of impaired sleep in psychosis was extensively examined by longitudinal and interventional approaches, studies on the association between psychosis and dream quality are scarce, and mainly cross-sectional. We conducted a three-week long prospective study in a group of healthy adults (N = 55), assessed schizotypal traits, daily PLEs, and the emotional quality of dreams recalled in the morning (N = 490). We extracted the latent factors of schizotypal traits and dream emotions, and examined the predictive value of trait-and state-like variables on day-to-day reports of PLEs and dream quality. PLEs reported in the evening predicted emotionally more negative and salient dream reports the following morning. On the other hand, the quality of dreams were not predictive of PLEs reported later during the day. Schizotypal personality traits were differentially associated with dream quality: Introvertive Anhedonia, Cognitive Disorganization, and General-Disorganized schizotypy were linked to more negative dream valence, whereas Unusual Experiences were associated with more salient dreams. Our findings highlight the relevance of the multidimensional nature of schizotypal traits, the role of different facets of schizotypy in daytime and nocturnal mental experiences, and the day-to-day associations between PLEs and dream affect. GENERAL SCIENTIFIC SUMMARIES (GSS): The aim of the study was to examine the temporal associations between psychotic-like experiences and dream emotions, taking into account the trait factors of schizotypy. Psychotic-like experiences during the evening hours predicted reporting more negative and salient dreams the following morning, and schizotypal personality traits were differentially associated with the dimensions of dream emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Báthori
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI-ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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20
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Abstract
Previous work suggests that unexpected and surprising experiences (e.g., living in another culture or looking at surreal images) promotes creative thinking. This targeted literature review examines whether the inherent cognitive disruption associated with experiencing the seemingly impossible has a similar effect. Correlational and experimental research across six domains (entertainment magic, fantasy play, virtual reality and computer gaming, dreaming, science fiction/fantasy, and anomalous experiences) provided consistent support for the hypothesis. In addition, anecdotal evidence illustrated the possible impact that the creative output associated with each of these areas may have had on technology, science, and the arts. It is argued that impossible experiences are an important driver of creative thinking, thus accounting for reports of such experiences across the lifespan and throughout history. The theoretical and practical implications of this work are discussed, along with recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wiseman
- Department of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Watt
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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21
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Murillo-Rodríguez E, Coronado-Álvarez A, López-Muciño LA, Pastrana-Trejo JC, Viana-Torre G, Barberena JJ, Soriano-Nava DM, García-García F. Neurobiology of dream activity and effects of stimulants on dreams. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1280-1295. [PMID: 35761491 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220627162032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle is the result of the activity of a multiple neurobiological network interaction. Dreaming feature is one interesting sleep phenomena that represents sensorial components, mostly visual perceptions, accompanied with intense emotions. Further complexity has been added to the topic of the neurobiological mechanism of dreams generation by the current data that suggests the influence of drugs on dream generation. Here, we discuss the review on some of the neurobiological mechanism of the regulation of dream activity, with special emphasis on the effects of stimulants on dreaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Astrid Coronado-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Luis Angel López-Muciño
- Health Sciences Program. Health Sciences Institute. Veracruzana University. Xalapa. Veracruz. Mexico
| | - José Carlos Pastrana-Trejo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Gerardo Viana-Torre
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Juan José Barberena
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Escuela de Psicología, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México
| | - Daniela Marcia Soriano-Nava
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Fabio García-García
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Health Sciences Program. Health Sciences Institute. Veracruzana University. Xalapa. Veracruz. Mexico
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22
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Otaiku DAI. Distressing dreams and risk of Parkinson's disease: A population-based cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 48:101474. [PMID: 35783487 PMCID: PMC9249554 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with alterations to the phenomenology of dreaming - including an increased frequency of distressing dreams. Whether distressing dreams may precede the development of PD is unknown. This study investigated the association between frequent distressing dreams and the risk of incident PD. METHODS 3818 men aged 67 years or older from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS), a population-based cohort from the USA, who were free from PD at baseline (December 2003 - April 2011) and completed item 5h of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index - which probes the frequency of distressing dreams in the past month, were included in this analysis. Incident PD was based on doctor diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) for incident PD according to distressing dream frequency, with adjustment for potential confounders. FINDINGS During a mean follow-up of 7·3 years, 91 (2·4%) cases of incident PD were identified. Participants with frequent distressing dreams at baseline had a 2-fold risk for incident PD (OR, 2·01; 95% CI, 1·1-3·6, P = 0.02). When stratified by follow-up time, frequent distressing dreams were associated with a greater than 3-fold risk for incident PD during the first 5 years after baseline (OR, 3·38; 95% CI, 1·3-8·7; P = 0·01), however no effect was found during the subsequent 7 years (OR, 1·55; 95% CI, 0·7-3·3; P = 0·26). INTERPRETATION In this prospective cohort, frequent distressing dreams were associated with an increased risk for incident PD. The association was only significant within the 5 years prior to diagnosis, which suggests that frequent distressing dreams may be a prodromal symptom of PD. FUNDING The study received no external funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dr Abidemi I. Otaiku
- Department of Neurology, Birmingham City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Corresponding author at: Department of Neurology, Birmingham City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK.
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Mallett R, Picard-Deland C, Pigeon W, Wary M, Grewal A, Blagrove M, Carr M. The Relationship Between Dreams and Subsequent Morning Mood Using Self-Reports and Text Analysis. Affect Sci 2022; 3:400-405. [PMID: 36046002 PMCID: PMC9382969 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
While material from waking life is often represented in dreams, it is less clear whether and how dreams impact waking life. Here, we assessed whether dream mood and content from home diaries predict subsequent waking mood using both subjective self-reports and an objective automated word detection approach. Subjective ratings of dream and morning mood were highly correlated within participants for both negative and positive valence, suggesting that dream mood persists into waking. Text analyses revealed similar relationships between affect words in dreams and morning mood. Moreover, dreams referencing death or the body were related to worse morning mood, as was first-person singular pronoun usage (e.g., "I"). Dreams referencing leisure or ingestion, or including first-person plural pronouns (e.g., "we"), were related to better morning mood. Together, these results suggest that subjective experiences during sleep, while often overlooked, may be an important contributor to waking mood. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-021-00080-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remington Mallett
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | | | - Wilfred Pigeon
- Sleep & Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Madeline Wary
- Sleep & Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Alam Grewal
- Sleep & Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Mark Blagrove
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Michelle Carr
- Sleep & Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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24
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Baird B, Aparicio MK, Alauddin T, Riedner B, Boly M, Tononi G. Episodic thought distinguishes spontaneous cognition in waking from REM and NREM sleep. Conscious Cogn 2022; 97:103247. [PMID: 34864360 PMCID: PMC8752510 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests continuity between cognition in waking and sleeping states. However, one type of cognition that may differ is episodic thoughts of the past and future. The current study investigated this across waking, NREM sleep and REM sleep. We analyzed thought reports obtained from a large sample of individuals (N = 138) who underwent experience-sampling during wakefulness as well as serial awakenings in sleep. Our data suggest that while episodic thoughts are common during waking spontaneous thought, episodic thoughts of both the past and the future rarely occur in either N2 or REM sleep. Moreover, replicating previous findings, episodic thoughts during wakefulness exhibit a strong prospective bias and frequently involve autobiographical planning. Together, these results suggest that the occurrence of spontaneous episodic thoughts differs substantially across waking and dreaming sleep states. We suggest that this points to a difference in the way that human consciousness is typically experienced across the sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Baird
- Center for Sleep and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Mariel Kalkach Aparicio
- Center for Sleep and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tariq Alauddin
- Center for Sleep and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brady Riedner
- Center for Sleep and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melanie Boly
- Center for Sleep and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Center for Sleep and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Simeoni C. Development as Liberation. Development (Rome) 2022; 65:106-7. [PMID: 36406475 DOI: 10.1057/s41301-022-00356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
At a point in history where the worlds social and ecological boundaries are at a true testing point, this article presents some thoughts and questions around the tensions between reformist and revolutionary actions and ends in presenting dreaming as a tool towards emancipation. Through these thoughts, collective action is a central cog towards meaningful progress.
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Radek L, Koskinen L, Sandman N, Laaksonen L, Kallionpää RE, Scheinin A, Rajala V, Maksimow A, Laitio T, Revonsuo A, Scheinin H, Valli K. On no man's land: Subjective experiences during unresponsive and responsive sedative states induced by four different anesthetic agents. Conscious Cogn 2021; 96:103239. [PMID: 34801782 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To understand how anesthetics with different molecular mechanisms affect consciousness, we explored subjective experiences recalled after responsive and unresponsive sedation induced with equisedative doses of dexmedetomidine, propofol, sevoflurane, and S-ketamine in healthy male participants (N = 140). The anesthetics were administered in experimental setting using target-controlled infusion or vapouriser for one hour. Interviews conducted after anesthetic administration revealed that 46.9% (n = 46) of arousable participants (n = 98) reported experiences, most frequently dreaming or memory incorporation of the setting. Participants receiving dexmedetomidine reported experiences most often while S-ketamine induced the most multimodal experiences. Responsiveness at the end of anesthetic administration did not affect the prevalence or content of reported experiences. These results demonstrate that subjective experiences during responsive and unresponsive sedation are common and anesthetic agents with different molecular mechanisms of action may have different effects on the prevalence and complexity of the experiences, albeit in the present sample the differences between drugs were minute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Radek
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Lauri Koskinen
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Nils Sandman
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Lauri Laaksonen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland; Department of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Roosa E Kallionpää
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Annalotta Scheinin
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland; Department of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Rajala
- Department of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Maksimow
- Department of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Laitio
- Department of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Revonsuo
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, PO Box 408, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - Harry Scheinin
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland; Department of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine and Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Katja Valli
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, and Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland; Department of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO Box 52, FI-20521 Turku, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, PO Box 408, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
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27
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Malinowski JE, Scheel D, McCloskey M. Do animals dream? Conscious Cogn 2021; 95:103214. [PMID: 34653784 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of biological functions of sleep has improved recently, including an understanding of the deep evolutionary roots of sleep among animals. However, dreaming as an element of sleep may be particularly difficult to address in non-human animals because in humans dreaming involves a non-wakeful form of awareness typically identified through verbal report. Here, we argue that parallels that exist between the phenomenology, physiology, and sleep behaviors during human dreaming provide an avenue to investigate dreaming in non-human animals. We review three alternative measurements of human dreaming - neural correlates of dreaming, 'replay' of newly-acquired memories, and dream-enacting behaviors - and consider how these may be applied to non-human animal models. We suggest that while animals close in brain structure to humans (such as mammals and birds) may be optimal models for the first two of these measurements, cephalopods, especially octopuses, may be particularly good candidates for the third.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Malinowski
- School of Psychology, University of East London, Stratford, UK.
| | - D Scheel
- Institute of Culture & Environment, Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK, USA.
| | - M McCloskey
- Institute of Culture & Environment, Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK, USA.
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Sikka P, Valli K, Revonsuo A, Tuominen J. The dynamics of affect across the wake-sleep cycle: From waking mind-wandering to night-time dreaming. Conscious Cogn 2021; 94:103189. [PMID: 34419707 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Affective experiences occur across the wake-sleep cycle-from active wakefulness to resting wakefulness (i.e., mind-wandering) to sleep (i.e., dreaming). Yet, we know little about the dynamics of affect across these states. We compared the affective ratings of waking, mind-wandering, and dream episodes. Results showed that mind-wandering was more positively valenced than dreaming, and that both mind-wandering and dreaming were more negatively valenced than active wakefulness. We also compared participants' self-ratings of affect with external ratings of affect (i.e., analysis of affect in verbal reports). With self-ratings all episodes were predominated by positive affect. However, the affective valence of reports changed from positively valenced waking reports to affectively balanced mind-wandering reports to negatively valenced dream reports. These findings show that (1) the positivity bias characteristic to waking experiences decreases across the wake-sleep continuum, and (2) conclusions regarding affective experiences depend on whether self-ratings or verbal reports describing these experiences are analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilleriin Sikka
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, Sweden.
| | - Katja Valli
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, Sweden
| | - Antti Revonsuo
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, Sweden
| | - Jarno Tuominen
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Finland
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29
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Picard-Deland C, Aumont T, Samson-Richer A, Paquette T, Nielsen T. Whole-body procedural learning benefits from targeted memory reactivation in REM sleep and task-related dreaming. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 183:107460. [PMID: 34015442 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sleep facilitates memory consolidation through offline reactivations of memory traces. Dreaming may play a role in memory improvement and may reflect these memory reactivations. To experimentally address this question, we used targeted memory reactivation (TMR), i.e., application, during sleep, of a stimulus that was previously associated with learning, to assess whether it influences task-related dream imagery (or task-dream reactivations). Specifically, we asked if TMR or task-dream reactivations in either slow-wave (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep benefit whole-body procedural learning. Healthy participants completed a virtual reality (VR) flying task prior to and following a morning nap or rest period during which task-associated tones were readministered in either SWS, REM sleep, wake or not at all. Findings indicate that learning benefits most from TMR when applied in REM sleep compared to a Control-sleep group. REM dreams that reactivated kinesthetic elements of the VR task (e.g., flying, accelerating) were also associated with higher improvement on the task than were dreams that reactivated visual elements (e.g., landscapes) or that had no reactivations. TMR did not itself influence dream content but its effects on performance were greater when coexisting with task-dream reactivations in REM sleep. Findings may help explain the mechanistic relationships between dream and memory reactivations and may contribute to the development of sleep-based methods to optimize complex skill learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Picard-Deland
- Dream & Nightmare Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM - Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tomy Aumont
- Dream & Nightmare Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM - Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Samson-Richer
- Dream & Nightmare Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM - Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tyna Paquette
- Dream & Nightmare Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM - Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tore Nielsen
- Dream & Nightmare Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM - Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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30
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Malinowski JE, Horton CL. Dreams reflect nocturnal cognitive processes: Early-night dreams are more continuous with waking life, and late-night dreams are more emotional and hyperassociative. Conscious Cogn 2020; 88:103071. [PMID: 33360822 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Contributions of specific sleep stages to cognitive processes are increasingly understood. Non-REM sleep is particularly implicated in episodic memory consolidation, whilst REM sleep preferentially consolidates and regulates emotional information, and gives rise to creativity and insight. Dream content reflects these processes: non-REM dreams are more likely to picture episodic memories, whereas REM dreams are more emotional and bizarre. However, across-the-night differences in the memory sources of dream content, as opposed to sleep stage differences, are less well understood. In the present study, 68 participants were awoken from sleep in the early and late night and recorded their dreams and waking-life activities. Early-night dreams were more clearly relatable to (or continuous with) waking life than late-night dreams. Late-night dreams were more emotional-important, more time orientation varied, and more hyperassociative, than early-night dreams. These dream content differences may underlie the mental content that accompanies sleep processes like memory consolidation, emotion-processing, and creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Malinowski
- University of Bedfordshire, Vicarage Street, Luton LU1 3JU, UK; University of East London, School of Psychology, Water Lane, Stratford E15 4LZ, UK(1).
| | - C L Horton
- Leeds Beckett University, Civic Campus, Calverley Street, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK; DrEAMSLab, Bishop Grosseteste University, Longdales Road, Lincoln LN1 3DY, UK(1)
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31
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Park D, Kim S, Shin C, Suh S. Prevalence of and factors associated with nightmares in the elderly in a population based cohort study. Sleep Med 2020; 78:15-23. [PMID: 33373930 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nightmares are extremely unpleasant and vivid recurring dreams that are accompanied with awakening during sleep. However, earlier studies were mostly conducted with children and adults, with very few studies on nightmares in older adults. This population-based study aims to investigate the prevalence of nightmares and its associated factors nightmares in the elderly. METHODS This study utilized a subsample from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Participants (n = 2940; mean age 63.71 ± 6.73) completed the questionnaires on nightmares (Disturbing Dream and Nightmare Severity Index; DDNSI), depression, suicidal ideation, sleep quality and stress. RESULTS Among the sample, 2.7% (n = 79) were classified into the nightmare group (NG), which was classified with DDNSI scores. In the age group over 70, prevalence of nightmares was 6.3% (n = 37), which was significantly higher than other age groups. Marital status, employment status and family income were associated with nightmares. Additionally, NG reported significantly more sleep problems, higher suicidal ideation, depression and stress compared to the non-nightmare group (N-NG). Logistic regression analyses results indicated that the NG was 4.35 times at higher risk for depression, and 3.16 higher risks for stress, and 3.45 higher risks for suicidal ideation compared to the N-NG after controlling for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that psychological and demographic factors are associated with nightmares in the elderly. Furthermore, this population-based cohort study showed the prevalence of nightmares increased after age 70, which suggests the need for further studies of nightmares in older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Park
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soriul Kim
- Institute for Human Genomic Study, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Institute for Human Genomic Study, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Pulmonary Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooyeon Suh
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Aru J, Siclari F, Phillips WA, Storm JF. Apical drive-A cellular mechanism of dreaming? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:440-455. [PMID: 33002561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dreams are internally generated experiences that occur independently of current sensory input. Here we argue, based on cortical anatomy and function, that dream experiences are tightly related to the workings of a specific part of cortical pyramidal neurons, the apical integration zone (AIZ). The AIZ receives and processes contextual information from diverse sources and could constitute a major switch point for transitioning from externally to internally generated experiences such as dreams. We propose that during dreams the output of certain pyramidal neurons is mainly driven by input into the AIZ. We call this mode of functioning "apical drive". Our hypothesis is based on the evidence that the cholinergic and adrenergic arousal systems, which show different dynamics between waking, slow wave sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep, have specific effects on the AIZ. We suggest that apical drive may also contribute to waking experiences, such as mental imagery. Future studies, investigating the different modes of apical function and their regulation during sleep and wakefulness are likely to be richly rewarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaan Aru
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany.
| | - Francesca Siclari
- Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.
| | - William A Phillips
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.
| | - Johan F Storm
- Brain Signalling Group, Section for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Domus Medica, University of Oslo, PB 1104 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
The paper discusses the violence of emotions and the violent retaliation against the mind as a way of protecting oneself against overwhelming pain. Leaning on Bion's thinking, it is suggested that violence may be an outcome of a quantity of excitation that the individual is unable to elaborate mentally. This violence is often dormant, covered by a veneer of civilization. Thus, in analysis we may repeatedly be deluded by the patient's seemingly non-psychotic functioning. Prenatal experiences that were never mentally registered serve as a model for overwhelming, undreamt and undreamable experience, which may be encapsulated in an unrepressed unconscious. Such unmentalized emotional experience may be forcibly discharged, either outward through physical violence, perversions, addictions, etc., or inward into the body. However, it is not only the overwhelming experience that one tries to expel, but also the perceiving mind itself, which is attacked and fragmented in order to evade awareness of an intolerable emotional reality. Detailed clinical material will illustrate the temptation to remain blind to the violent emotions lurking behind, and the massive forces, in both analyst and patient, working against getting in touch with painful psychic reality.
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Carr M, Haar A, Amores J, Lopes P, Bernal G, Vega T, Rosello O, Jain A, Maes P. Dream engineering: Simulating worlds through sensory stimulation. Conscious Cogn 2020; 83:102955. [PMID: 32652511 PMCID: PMC7415562 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We explore the application of a wide range of sensory stimulation technologies to the area of sleep and dream engineering. We begin by emphasizing the causal role of the body in dream generation, and describe a circuitry between the sleeping body and the dreaming mind. We suggest that nearly any sensory stimuli has potential for modulating experience in sleep. Considering other areas that might afford tools for engineering sensory content in simulated worlds, we turn to Virtual Reality (VR). We outline a collection of relevant VR technologies, including devices engineered to stimulate haptic, temperature, vestibular, olfactory, and auditory sensations. We believe these technologies, which have been developed for high mobility and low cost, can be translated to the field of dream engineering. We close by discussing possible future directions in this field and the ethics of a world in which targeted dream direction and sleep manipulation are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Carr
- Sleep & Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Hennig T, Schlier B, Lincoln TM. Sleep and psychotic symptoms: An actigraphy and diary study with young adults with low and elevated psychosis proneness. Schizophr Res 2020; 221:12-9. [PMID: 31796308 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental research has shown that poor sleep triggers psychotic experiences, even in healthy participants. This warrants an in-depth investigation of this mechanism in a naturalistic environment, an exploration of which particular aspects of poor sleep trigger psychotic symptoms, and a test for reverse effects of symptoms on sleep. For this purpose, we conducted a 14-day ambulatory assessment study with 82 young adults (age: M = 21.24 years, SD = 1.54; 64.6% female), half of which were characterized by elevated psychosis proneness. Objective sleep parameters (actigraphically-measured sleep time, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency), self-reported sleep parameters (feeling rested, dream recall, dream valence), and psychotic symptoms (paranoid symptoms, hallucinatory experiences) were assessed once per day. Using multilevel regressions (928 data points), we found that shorter sleep time and negative dream valence predicted paranoid symptoms, whereas feeling less rested and dream recall predicted hallucinatory experiences. In participants with elevated psychosis proneness, associations with the aforementioned sleep parameters were increased for hallucinatory experiences but not for paranoid symptoms. Finally, we found bidirectional associations between poor sleep and paranoid symptoms but only unidirectional associations between poor sleep and hallucinatory experiences. The findings corroborate the relevance of sleep disturbance as a predictor of psychotic experiences. Future studies should further investigate the potential of sleep interventions to prevent psychotic symptoms and disorders.
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Okabe S, Hayashi M, Abe T, Fukuda K. Presentation of familiar odor induces negative dream emotions during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in healthy adolescents. Sleep Med 2020; 66:227-232. [PMID: 31978867 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.11.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Odor presentation is a crucial tool in the experimental investigation of dreaming since odors rarely cause arousal, and are processed in the brain during sleep. Our previous study demonstrated that the presentation of a preferred odor during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-induced negative dream emotions. However, preference and familiarity of an odor are known to be strongly related to each other in olfactory perception. Consequently, the above result might have been due to the confounding effects of familiarity. Therefore, the present study was designed to clarify the effects of an individual's degree of familiarity with an odor on negative emotions experienced when dreaming. METHODS The airflow with phenylethyl alcohol (PEA: rose-like smell) was presented as a stimulus of experimental condition, and odorless airflow was presented as the control. Participants who were familiar (n = 7) and unfamiliar (n = 7) with the odor of PEA experienced both conditions during REM sleep in the second and later sleep cycle. Then, they were awakened, and they rated the characteristics of their dream using a questionnaire. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Participants who were familiar with the odor of PEA rated their dreams more negatively in the experimental condition relative to the control condition. It is concluded based on these results that a familiar odor may induce negative emotion in dreams, possibly because familiar odors tend to be perceived more strongly, and the olfactory pathway has direct connections to the amygdala, which is primarily involved in processing negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Okabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Hayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Takashi Abe
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukuda
- College of Sociology, Edogawa University, 474 Komagi, Nagareyama, Chiba 270-0198, Japan
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Abstract
Lucid dreaming refers to the phenomenon of becoming aware of the fact that one is dreaming during ongoing sleep. Despite having been physiologically validated for decades, the neurobiology of lucid dreaming is still incompletely characterized. Here we review the neuroscientific literature on lucid dreaming, including electroencephalographic, neuroimaging, brain lesion, pharmacological and brain stimulation studies. Electroencephalographic studies of lucid dreaming are mostly underpowered and show mixed results. Neuroimaging data is scant but preliminary results suggest that prefrontal and parietal regions are involved in lucid dreaming. A focus of research is also to develop methods to induce lucid dreams. Combining training in mental set with cholinergic stimulation has shown promising results, while it remains unclear whether electrical brain stimulation could be used to induce lucid dreams. Finally, we discuss strategies to measure lucid dreaming, including best-practice procedures for the sleep laboratory. Lucid dreaming has clinical and scientific applications, and shows emerging potential as a methodology in the cognitive neuroscience of consciousness. Further research with larger sample sizes and refined methodology is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Baird
- Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Sergio A Mota-Rolim
- Brain Institute, Physiology Department and Onofre Lopes University Hospital - Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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38
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Tuominen J, Stenberg T, Revonsuo A, Valli K. Social contents in dreams: An empirical test of the Social Simulation Theory. Conscious Cogn 2019; 69:133-145. [PMID: 30769273 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Social Simulation Theory (SST) considers the function of dreaming to be the simulation of social events. The Sociality Bias and the Strengthening hypotheses of SST were tested. Social Content Scale (SCS) was developed to quantify social events. Additionally, we attempted to replicate a previous finding (McNamara et al., 2005, Psychological Science) of REM dreams as predisposed to aggressive, and NREM dreams to prosocial interactions. Further, we investigated the frequency and quality of interactions in late vs early REM and NREM dreams. Data consisted of wake, REM and NREM home dream reports (N = 232, 116, 116, respectively) from 15 students. Dreams overrepresented social events compared to wake reports, supporting the Sociality Bias hypothesis. However, the Strengthening Hypothesis was not supported. We weren't able to replicate the McNamara et al. finding, and no time of night effect was found. While SST gained partial support, further research on social contents in dreams is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarno Tuominen
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Tuula Stenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Revonsuo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, School of Biosciences, University of Skövde SE-54128, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Katja Valli
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, School of Biosciences, University of Skövde SE-54128, Skövde, Sweden
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Schiappa C, Scarpelli S, D’Atri A, Gorgoni M, De Gennaro L. Narcolepsy and emotional experience: a review of the literature. Behav Brain Funct 2018; 14:19. [PMID: 30587203 PMCID: PMC6305999 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. This disease affects significantly the overall patient functioning, interfering with social, work, and affective life. Some symptoms of narcolepsy depend on emotional stimuli; for instance, cataplectic attacks can be triggered by emotional inputs such as laughing, joking, a pleasant surprise, and also anger. Neurophysiological and neurochemical findings suggest the involvement of emotional brain circuits in the physiopathology of cataplexy, which seems to depending on the dysfunctional interplay between the hypothalamus and the amygdala associated with an alteration of hypocretin levels. Furthermore, behavioral studies suggest an impairment of emotions processing in narcolepsy-cataplexy (NC), like a probable coping strategy to avoid or reduce the frequency of cataplexy attacks. Consistently, NC patients seem to use coping strategies even during their sleep, avoiding unpleasant mental sleep activity through lucid dreaming. Interestingly, NC patients, even during sleep, have a different emotional experience than healthy subjects, with more vivid, bizarre, and frightening dreams. Notwithstanding this evidence, the relationship between emotion and narcolepsy is poorly investigated. This review aims to provide a synthesis of behavioral, neurophysiological, and neurochemical evidence to discuss the complex relationship between NC and emotional experience and to direct future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Schiappa
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - S. Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - A. D’Atri
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Blake Y, Terburg D, Balchin R, van Honk J, Solms M. The role of the basolateral amygdala in dreaming. Cortex 2019; 113:169-83. [PMID: 30660955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have repeatedly shown amygdala activity during sleep (REM and NREM). Consequently, various theorists propose central roles for the amygdala in dreaming - particularly in the generation of dream affects, which seem to play a major role in dream plots. However, a causal role for the amygdala in dream phenomena has never been demonstrated. The traditional first step in determining this role is to observe the functional effects of isolated lesions to the brain structure in question. However, circumscribed bilateral amygdala lesions are extremely rare. Furthermore, the treatment of the amygdala as a unitary structure is problematic, as the basolateral and centromedial amygdala (BLA and CMA) may serve very different functions. We analysed 23 dream reports collected from eight adult patients with bilateral calcification of the BLA as a result of a very rare genetic condition called Urbach-Wiethe Disease (UWD). We compared these dream reports to 52 reports collected from 17 matched controls. Given that the BLA has been implicated in various affective processes in waking life, we predicted that the emotional content of the patients' dreams would differ from that of controls. Due to the exploratory nature of this research, a range of different dream characteristics were analysed. A principal components analysis run on all data returned three key factors, namely pleasantness, length and danger. The UWD patients' dream reports were significantly more pleasant and significantly shorter and less complex than control reports. No differences were found in levels of threat or danger. The results support some current hypotheses concerning the amygdala's role in dreaming, and call others into question. Future research should examine whether these UWD patients show generally impaired emotional episodic memory due to BLA damage, which could explain some of the current findings.
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Picard-Deland C, Carr M, Paquette T, Nielsen T. Sleep spindles are altered in early- but not late-onset nightmare recallers. Sleep Med 2018; 52:34-42. [PMID: 30218785 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nightmares are a common sleep disorder, defined as highly disturbing mentation which usually awakens the individual from rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. While nightmares are mainly a REM sleep phenomenon, Picard-Deland et al., (2017) recently showed an association between nightmare recall and sleep spindles, which are a non-rapid eye movement (NREM) oscillatory feature. Their results pointed to fewer slow spindles and a higher oscillatory frequency for fast spindles among frequent nightmare recallers compared with controls. To test the suggestion that nightmares stem from changes to emotional neural circuits arising in early childhood (Nielsen, 2017), including early changes in sleep spindles (Scholle et al., 2007), we investigated if the spindle features of early-onset nightmare recallers (ie, recalling nightmares since childhood) (N = 22), differed from those of late-onset nightmare recallers (ie, since adolescence or adulthood) (N = 11), or from those of controls (N = 23). A retrospective analysis of the sleep spindles of 56 participants who had undergone a polysomnographically-recorded morning nap revealed that Early starters uniquely exhibited lower slow spindle densities in five of six derivations (all p < 0.045) and higher fast spindle frequencies in all six derivations (all p < 0.015). These results add precision to previously reported findings for Nightmare recallers: spindle differences are shown to hold only for Early starters. The lifelong occurrence of nightmares may be closely tied to disruptions in the normal development of spindle generation processes occurring early in development.
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Abstract
In the late 50s Michel Jouvet discovered the presence of muscle atonia during REM sleep in cats and created the first model of REM sleep behavior disorder. He built and led in Lyon, France, the "Laboratory of Molecular Dream Science" (a merry oxymoron to silently protest against the research policy of favoring molecular biology over physiology), where in the late 80s, you could cross people who had worked on sleep in the python, tench fish, tortoise, iguana, hen, lamb, mouse, rat and cat. This brilliant physiologist was also a great storyteller with a very good sense of humor. He supported the theory that dreaming is equivalent to REM sleep (which he called "paradoxical sleep"), kept his own dream diary, and imagined that the ponto-geniculo-occipital waves during REM sleep could compose the song sheet of dreams. He wrote several books published in French on dreams and dreaming.
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van Rijn E, Reid AM, Edwards CL, Malinowski JE, Ruby PM, Eichenlaub JB, Blagrove MT. Daydreams incorporate recent waking life concerns but do not show delayed ('dream-lag') incorporations. Conscious Cogn 2017; 58:51-59. [PMID: 29128282 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the time course of incorporation of waking life experiences into daydreams. Thirty-one participants kept a diary for 10 days, reporting major daily activities (MDAs), personally significant events (PSEs) and major concerns (MCs). They were then cued for daydream, Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and N2 dream reports in the sleep laboratory. There was a higher incorporation into daydreams of MCs from the previous two days (day-residue effect), but no day-residue effect for MDAs or PSEs, supporting a function for daydreams of processing current concerns. A day-residue effect for PSEs and the delayed incorporation of PSEs from 5 to 7 days before the dream (the dream-lag effect) have previously been found for REM dreams. Delayed incorporation was not found in this study for daydreams. Daydreams might thus differ in function from REM sleep dreams. However, the REM dream-lag effect was not replicated here, possibly due to design differences from previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander M Reid
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK; Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | | | - Perrine M Ruby
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Abstract
This is a clinical paper in which the author describes analytic work in which he dreams the analytic session with three of his patients. He begins with a brief discussion of aspects of analytic theory that make up a good deal of the context for his clinical work. Central among these concepts are (1) the idea that the role of the analyst is to help the patient dream his previously "undreamt" and "interrupted" dreams; and (2) dreaming the analytic session involves engaging in the experience of dreaming the session with the patient and, at the same time, unconsciously (and at times consciously) understanding the dream. The author offers no "technique" for dreaming the analytic session. Each analyst must find his or her own way of dreaming each session with each patient. Dreaming the session is not something one works at; rather, one tries not to get in its way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Ogden
- Personal and Supervising Analyst at the Psychoanalytic Institute of Northern California
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Koppehele-Gossel J, Klimke A, Schermelleh-Engel K, Voss U. A template model of embodiment while dreaming: Proposal of a mini-me. Conscious Cogn 2016; 46:148-162. [PMID: 27718407 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dreams are usually centered around a dream self capable of tasks generally impossible in waking, e.g. flying or walking through walls. Moreover, the bodily dream self appears relatively stable and insensitive to changes of the embodied wake self, raising the question of whether and to what extent the dream self is embodied. To further explore its determinants, we tested whether the dream self would be affected by either pre-sleep focused attention to a body part or by its experimental alteration during the day. Choosing a repeated-measures design, we analyzed how often key words reflecting the experimental manipulations appeared in the dream reports. Results suggest that the dream self is not affected by these manipulations, strengthening the hypothesis that, in the majority of dreams, the dream self is only weakly embodied, utilizing a standard template of embodiment akin to a prototype of self operating independently from the physical waking self.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ansgar Klimke
- Department of Psychiatry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, VITOS Hochtaunus Klinik, Germany
| | | | - Ursula Voss
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, VITOS Hochtaunus Klinik, Germany; Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
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Gyulaházi J, Redl P, Karányi Z, Varga K, Fülesdi B. Dreaming under anesthesia: is it a real possiblity? Investigation of the effect of preoperative imagination on the quality of postoperative dream recalls. BMC Anesthesiol 2016; 16:53. [PMID: 27484458 PMCID: PMC4970206 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-016-0214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Images evoked immediately before the induction of anesthesia by means of suggestions may influence dreaming during anesthesia. This study is a retrospective re-evaluation of the original prospective randomized trial. Methods Dream reports were studied in two groups. In group 1. dreams of patients who received suggestions, and in group 2, those of the control group of patients who did not. The incidence of dream reports and the characteristics and the theme of the reported dreams were compared among the groups. Results In general, the control and the psychological intervention groups were different in terms of dreaming frequency, and non-recall dreaming. The incidence of dream reports was significantly higher in the suggestion group (82/190 at 10 min and 71/190 at 60 min respectively) than in the control group (16/80 at 10 min and 13/80 at 60 min, respectively; p10 = 0.001 and p60 = 0.002). There were no differences in the nature (thought- like or cinematic), quality (color or B&W) and the mood (positive vs. negative) of the recalled dreams. In general, the contents of the imaginary favorite place and the reported dream were identical in 73.2 %. Among the topics most successfully applied in the operating theater were loved ones (83.8 %), holiday (77.8 %) and sport (63.6 %). Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that dreams during anesthesia are influenced by suggestions administered immediately preceding anesthesia. Trial registration The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: Q1 NCT01839201, Date: 12 Apr. 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Gyulaházi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Redl
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Karányi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Varga
- Department of Affective Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Lóránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Fülesdi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Cipolli C, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L, Plazzi G. Beyond the neuropsychology of dreaming: Insights into the neural basis of dreaming with new techniques of sleep recording and analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 35:8-20. [PMID: 27569701 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in electrophysiological [e.g., surface high-density electroencephalographic (hd-EEG) and intracranial recordings], video-polysomnography (video-PSG), transcranial stimulation and neuroimaging techniques allow more in-depth and more accurate investigation of the neural correlates of dreaming in healthy individuals and in patients with brain-damage, neurodegenerative diseases, sleep disorders or parasomnias. Convergent evidence provided by studies using these techniques in healthy subjects has led to a reformulation of several unresolved issues of dream generation and recall [such as the inter- and intra-individual differences in dream recall and the predictivity of specific EEG rhythms, such as theta in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, for dream recall] within more comprehensive models of human consciousness and its variations across sleep/wake states than the traditional models, which were largely based on the neurophysiology of REM sleep in animals. These studies are casting new light on the neural bases (in particular, the activity of dorsal medial prefrontal cortex regions and hippocampus and amygdala areas) of the inter- and intra-individual differences in dream recall, the temporal location of specific contents or properties (e.g., lucidity) of dream experience and the processing of memories accessed during sleep and incorporated into dream content. Hd-EEG techniques, used on their own or in combination with neuroimaging, appear able to provide further important insights into how the brain generates not only dreaming during sleep but also some dreamlike experiences in waking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cipolli
- Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- DIBINEM - Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS - Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, AUSL di Bologna, Italy.
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Abstract
Although the relationship between dreaming and psychopathology has been studied quite extensively, research on dreaming in patients with personality disorders has been very scarce. In patients with borderline personality disorder, negatively toned dreams and heightened nightmare frequency have been found-characteristics not determined by co-morbid depression or posttraumatic stress disorder. The review includes suggestions for future studies as the existing results clearly indicate that this line of research is most interesting. Lastly, clinical recommendations especially regarding the treatment of the often found co-morbid nightmare disorder will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schredl
- Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, PO Box 12 21 20, 68072, Mannheim, Germany.
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Malinowski JE. Dreaming and personality: Wake-dream continuity, thought suppression, and the Big Five Inventory. Conscious Cogn 2015; 38:9-15. [PMID: 26496477 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have found relationships between dream content and personality traits, but there are still many traits that have been underexplored or have had questionable conclusions drawn about them. Experimental work has found a 'rebound' effect in dreams when thoughts are suppressed prior to sleep, but the effect of trait thought suppression on dream content has not yet been researched. In the present study participants (N=106) reported their Most Recent Dream, answered questions about the content of the dream, and completed questionnaires measuring trait thought suppression and the 'Big Five' personality traits. Of these, 83 were suitably recent for analyses. A significant positive correlation was found between trait thought suppression and participants' ratings of dreaming of waking-life emotions, and high suppressors reported dreaming more of their waking-life emotions than low suppressors did. The results may lend support to the compensation theory of dreams, and/or the ironic process theory of mental control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie E Malinowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Bedfordshire, University Square, Luton, Bedfordshire LU1 3JU, UK.
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Domhoff GW, Fox KCR. Dreaming and the default network: A review, synthesis, and counterintuitive research proposal. Conscious Cogn 2015; 33:342-53. [PMID: 25723600 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article argues that the default network, augmented by secondary visual and sensorimotor cortices, is the likely neural correlate of dreaming. This hypothesis is based on a synthesis of work on dream content, the findings on the contents and neural correlates of mind-wandering, and the results from EEG and neuroimaging studies of REM sleep. Relying on studies in the 1970s that serendipitously discovered episodes of dreaming during waking mind-wandering, this article presents the seemingly counterintuitive hypothesis that the neural correlates for dreaming could be further specified in the process of carrying out EEG/fMRI studies of mind-wandering and default network activity. This hypothesis could be tested by asking participants for experiential reports during moments of differentially high levels of default network activation, as indicated by mixed EEG/fMRI criteria. Evidence from earlier EEG/fMRI studies of mind-wandering and from laboratory studies of dreaming during the sleep-onset process is used to support the argument.
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Affiliation(s)
- G William Domhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Kieran C R Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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