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Manou D, Bouris P, Kletsas D, Götte M, Greve B, Moustakas A, Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD. Serglycin activates pro-tumorigenic signaling and controls glioblastoma cell stemness, differentiation and invasive potential. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100033. [PMID: 33543029 PMCID: PMC7852318 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the functional role of serglycin as an intracellular proteoglycan, a variety of malignant cells depends on its expression and constitutive secretion to advance their aggressive behavior. Serglycin arose to be a biomarker for glioblastoma, which is the deadliest and most treatment-resistant form of brain tumor, but its role in this disease is not fully elucidated. In our study we suppressed the endogenous levels of serglycin in LN-18 glioblastoma cells to decipher its involvement in their malignant phenotype. Serglycin suppressed LN-18 (LN-18shSRGN) glioblastoma cells underwent astrocytic differentiation characterized by induced expression of GFAP, SPARCL-1 and SNAIL, with simultaneous loss of their stemness capacity. In particular, LN-18shSRGN cells presented decreased expression of glioma stem cell-related genes and ALDH1 activity, accompanied by reduced colony formation ability. Moreover, the suppression of serglycin in LN-18shSRGN cells retarded the proliferative and migratory rate, the invasive potential in vitro and the tumor burden in vivo. The lack of serglycin in LN-18shSRGN cells was followed by G2 arrest, with subsequent reduction of the expression of cell-cycle regulators. LN-18shSRGN cells also exhibited impaired expression and activity of proteolytic enzymes such as MMPs, TIMPs and uPA, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, suppression of serglycin in LN-18shSRGN cells eliminated the activation of pro-tumorigenic signal transduction. Of note, LN-18shSRGN cells displayed lower expression and secretion levels of IL-6, IL-8 and CXCR-2. Concomitant, serglycin suppressed LN-18shSRGN cells demonstrated repressed phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, SRC and STAT-3, which together with PI3K/AKT and IL-8/CXCR-2 signaling control LN-18 glioblastoma cell aggressiveness. Collectively, the absence of serglycin favors an astrocytic fate switch and a less aggressive phenotype, characterized by loss of pluripotency, block of the cell cycle, reduced ability for ECM proteolysis and pro-tumorigenic signaling attenuation.
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Key Words
- ALDH1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1
- Astrocytic differentiation
- CXCR, C-X-C chemokine receptor
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acid protein
- Glioblastoma
- IL, interleukin
- Interleukins
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MMPs, metalloproteinases
- PGs, proteoglycans
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- Proteoglycans
- Proteolytic enzymes
- SRGN, serglycin
- STAT-3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Serglycin
- Signaling
- Stemness
- TIMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
- uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Manou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Bouris
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Ageing, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’, Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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Kidd M, Modlin IM, Bodei L, Drozdov I. Decoding the Molecular and Mutational Ambiguities of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm Pathobiology. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:131-153. [PMID: 28210673 PMCID: PMC5301133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NEN), considered a heterogeneous neoplasia, exhibit ill-defined pathobiology and protean symptomatology and are ubiquitous in location. They are difficult to diagnose, challenging to manage, and outcome depends on cell type, secretory product, histopathologic grading, and organ of origin. A morphologic and molecular genomic review of these lesions highlights tumor characteristics that can be used clinically, such as somatostatin-receptor expression, and confirms features that set them outside the standard neoplasia paradigm. Their unique pathobiology is useful for developing diagnostics using somatostatin-receptor targeted imaging or uptake of radiolabeled amino acids specific to secretory products or metabolism. Therapy has evolved via targeting of protein kinase B signaling or somatostatin receptors with drugs or isotopes (peptide-receptor radiotherapy). With DNA sequencing, rarely identified activating mutations confirm that tumor suppressor genes are relevant. Genomic approaches focusing on cancer-associated genes and signaling pathways likely will remain uninformative. Their uniquely dissimilar molecular profiles mean individual tumors are unlikely to be easily or uniformly targeted by therapeutics currently linked to standard cancer genetic paradigms. The prevalence of menin mutations in pancreatic NEN and P27KIP1 mutations in small intestinal NEN represents initial steps to identifying a regulatory commonality in GEP-NEN. Transcriptional profiling and network-based analyses may define the cellular toolkit. Multianalyte diagnostic tools facilitate more accurate molecular pathologic delineations of NEN for assessing prognosis and identifying strategies for individualized patient treatment. GEP-NEN remain unique, poorly understood entities, and insight into their pathobiology and molecular mechanisms of growth and metastasis will help identify the diagnostic and therapeutic weaknesses of this neoplasia.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine
- Akt, protein kinase B
- BRAF, gene encoding serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf
- Blood
- CGH, comparative genomic hybridization
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- Carcinoid
- CgA, chromogranin A
- D cell, somatostatin
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- EC, enterochromaffin
- ECL, enterochromaffin-like
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- G cell, gastrin
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GEP-NEN, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
- IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor-I
- ISG, immature secretory vesicles
- Ki-67
- LOH, loss of heterozygosity
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MEN-1/MEN1, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
- MSI, microsatellite instability
- MTA, metastasis associated-1
- NEN, neuroendocrine neoplasms
- NFκB, nuclear factor κB
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PI3, phosphoinositide-3
- PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10
- Proliferation
- SD-208, 2-(5-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-4-[(4-pyridyl)amino]p-teridine
- SNV, single-nucleotide variant
- SSA, somatostatin analog
- SST, somatostatin
- Somatostatin
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TGN, trans-Golgi network
- TSC2, tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (tuberin)
- Transcriptome
- VMAT, vesicular monoamine transporters
- X/A-like cells, ghrelin
- cAMP, adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- miR/miRNA, micro-RNA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irvin M. Modlin
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Irvin M. Modlin, MD, PhD, The Gnostic Consortium, Wren Laboratories, 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut, 06405.
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Petrocchi P, Quaresima S, Mongiardi MP, Severini C, Possenti R. Activation of kinase phosphorylation by heat-shift and mild heat-shock. Cell Biol Int Rep (2010) 2010; 17:e00002. [PMID: 23119140 DOI: 10.1042/CBR20100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most cells activate intracellular signalling to recover from heat damage. An increase of temperature, known as HS (heat shock), induces two major signalling events: the transcriptional induction of HSPs (heat-shock proteins) and the activation of the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascade. We performed the present study to examine the effects of HS, induced by different experimental conditions, on various kinases [ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), p38, Akt, AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and PKC (protein kinase C)]. We investigated by Western blot analysis the phosphorylation of MAPK as a measure of cellular responsiveness to heat shift (37°C) and mild HS (40°C) in different cell lines. The results of the study indicate that every cell line responded to heat shift, and to a greater extent to HS, increasing ERK and JNK phosphorylation, whereas variable effects on activation or inhibition of PKC, AMPK, Akt and p38 were observed. Besides the implications of intracellular signalling activated by heat variations, these data may be of technical relevance, indicating possible sources of error due to different experimental temperature conditions.
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Yanagisawa M, Ariga T, Yu RK. Cytotoxic effects of G(M1) ganglioside and amyloid β-peptide on mouse embryonic neural stem cells. ASN Neuro 2010; 2:e00029. [PMID: 20305711 DOI: 10.1042/AN20090063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AD (Alzheimer’s disease) is a neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia. One of the pathological hallmarks of AD is the aggregation of extracellular Aβs (amyloid β-peptides) in senile plaques in the brain. The process could be initiated by seeding provided by an interaction between GM1 ganglioside and Aβs. Several reports have documented the bifunctional roles of Aβs in NSCs (neural stem cells), but the precise effects of GM1 and Aβ on NSCs have not yet been clarified. We evaluated the effect of GM1 and Aβ-(1–40) on mouse NECs (neuroepithelial cells), which are known to be rich in NSCs. No change of cell number was detected in NECs cultured in the presence of either GM1 or Aβ-(1–40). On the contrary, a decreased number of NECs were cultured in the presence of a combination of GM1 and Aβ-(1–40). The exogenously added GM1 and Aβ-(1–40) were confirmed to incorporate into NECs. The Ras–MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, important for cell proliferation, was intact in NECs simultaneously treated with GM1 and Aβ-(1–40), but caspase 3 was activated. NECs treated with GM1 and Aβ-(1–40) were positive in the TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) assay, an indicator of cell death. It was found that GM1 and Aβ-(1–40) interacted in the presence of cholesterol and sphingomyelin, components of cell surface microdomains. The cytotoxic effect was found also in NSCs prepared via neurospheres. These results indicate that Aβ-(1–40) and GM1 co-operatively exert a cytotoxic effect on NSCs, likely via incorporation into NEC membranes, where they form a complex for the activation of cell death signalling.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
- Aβ, amyloid β-peptide
- CCD, charge-coupled device
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- FITC-Aβ-(1–40), FITC-conjugated Aβ-(1–40)
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GM1 ganglioside
- IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
- IL, interleukin
- MAP2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- N2-DMEM/F12, N2-supplemented DMEM/Ham’s Nutrient Mixture F12
- NEC, neuroepithelial cell
- NSC, neural stem cell
- RT–PCR, reverse transcription–PCR
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling
- amyloid β-peptide (Aβ)
- apoptosis
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- biotin-Ctxb, biotin-conjugated cholera toxin B subunit
- glycosphingolipid
- neural stem cell
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