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Korovina I, Vehlow A, Temme A, Cordes N. Targeting integrin α2 as potential strategy for radiochemosensitization of glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:648-661. [PMID: 36219689 PMCID: PMC10076950 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fast-growing primary brain tumor characterized by high invasiveness and resistance. This results in poor patient survival. Resistance is caused by many factors, including cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Here, we addressed the role of adhesion protein integrin α2, which we identified in a high-throughput screen for novel potential targets in GBM cells treated with standard therapy consisting of temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation. METHODS In our study, we used a range of primary/stem-like and established GBM cell models in vitro and in vivo. To identify regulatory mechanisms, we employed high-throughput kinome profiling, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, reporter, and activity assays. RESULTS Our data showed that integrin α2 is overexpressed in GBM compared to normal brain and, that its deletion causes radiochemosensitization. Similarly, invasion and adhesion were significantly reduced in TMZ-irradiated GBM cell models. Furthermore, we found that integrin α2-knockdown impairs the proliferation of GBM cells without affecting DNA damage repair. At the mechanistic level, we found that integrin α2 affects the activity of activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1) and modulates the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) regulated by extracellular signals. Finally, we demonstrated that integrin α2-deficiency inhibits tumor growth and thereby prolongs the survival of mice with orthotopically growing GBM xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Taken together our data suggest that integrin α2 may be a promising target to overcome GBM resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Thus, it would be worth evaluating how efficient and safe the adjuvant use of integrin α2 inhibitors is to standard radio(chemo)therapy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Korovina
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology–OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Vehlow
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Temme
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery and Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nils Cordes
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology–OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Chen J, Chen Z, Yuan P, Huang H, Wang J, Shi P, Sun X. ERK1 loss accelerates the progression of osteoarthritis in aged mice via NRF2/BACH1 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 622:129-135. [PMID: 35849954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is now a common degenerative joint related disease. However, the clinical efficacy of drugs associated with cartilage regeneration remains limited. In our study, we firstly explored the role of ERK1 in the progression of OA. We clarified that ERK1-deficient mice were susceptible to age-related OA. The higher OARSI scores and more severe cartilage degeneration was observed in the ERK1-deficient mice. ERK1 deficiency decreased the nuclear transportation of Nrf2 in the chondrocytes and accelerated chondrocyte aging in vitro. Moreover, chondrocytes with ERK1 deficiency elevated the nuclear expression of BACH1, resulting in lowered expression of antioxidant enzymes in ERK1-deficient chondrocytes. The Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarate (DMF) was used. Our experiments demonstrated the protective function of DMF against OA in ERK1 knockout mice. Above all, we confirmed the effects of ERK1 on the progression of OA and clarified the mechanisms underlying these effects. DMF might has significant use in the development of novel drugs for the therapy of OA in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Putao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiying Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peihua Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xuewu Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Huang H, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Hou B, Zhang Q, Shi X, Min J. Dexmedetomidine suppresses the isoflurane-induced neurological damage by upregulating Heme Oxygenase-1 via activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 axis in aged rats. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 367:110114. [PMID: 36027947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX) displays a neuroprotective role in aged rats with isoflurane (ISO)-induced cognitive impairment through antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Therefore, the present study was performed to define the molecular mechanism of DEX on ISO-induced neurological impairment in aged rats in relation to the MEK1/ERK1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis. The study enrolled elderly patients undergoing ISO anesthesia. Patient cognitive function following treatment with DEX was evaluated using mini-mental state examination (MMSE). The results revealed that DEX supplementation of anesthesia contributed to higher MMSE scores in patients one week post treatment. Rat model of neurological impairment was also induced in 18-month-age Wistar rats by ISO, followed by DEX treatment. Based on the results of Morris water maze experiment, ELISA, and TUNEL and hematoxylin-eosin staining, in vivo experiments confirmed that DEX could reduce the oxidative stress and neurological damage induced by ISO in rats. DEX activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)/Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway. DEX upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 by activating the MEK1/ERK1 pathway, whereby attenuating the ISO-caused oxidative stress and neurological damage in rats. Collectively, DEX suppresses the ISO-induced neurological impairment in the aged rats by promoting HO-1 through activation of the MEK1/ERK1/Nrf2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Yunsheng Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Benchao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Jia Min
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China.
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Nojima I, Hosoda R, Toda Y, Saito Y, Ueda N, Horimoto K, Iwahara N, Horio Y, Kuno A. Downregulation of IGFBP5 contributes to replicative senescence via ERK2 activation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2966-2988. [PMID: 35378512 PMCID: PMC9037271 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are secretory proteins that regulate IGF signaling. In this study, we investigated the role of IGFBP5 in replicative senescence in embryonic mouse fibroblasts (MEFs). During passages according to the 3T3 method, MEFs underwent senescence after the 5th passage (P5) based on cell growth arrest, an increase in the number of cells positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-GAL) staining, and upregulation of p16 and p19. In P8 MEFs, IGFBP5 mRNA level was markedly reduced compared with that in P2 MEFs. Downregulation of IGFBP5 via siRNA in P2 MEFs increased the number of SA-β-GAL-positive cells, upregulated p16 and p19, and inhibited cell growth. Incubation of MEFs with IGFBP5 during serial passage increased the cumulative population doubling and decreased SA-β-GAL positivity compared with those in vehicle-treated cells. IGFBP5 knockdown in P2 MEFs increased phosphorylation levels of ERK1 and ERK2. Silencing of ERK2, but not that of ERK1, blocked the increase in the number of SA-β-GAL-positive cells in IGFBP5-knockdown cells. The reduction in the cell number and upregulation of p16 and p21 in IGFBP5-knockdown cells were attenuated by ERK2 knockdown. Our results suggest that downregulation of IGFBP5 during serial passage contributes to replicative senescence via ERK2 in MEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyori Nojima
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Hosoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Toda
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Horimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Iwahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Horio
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Chi B, Deng L, Zhi Z, Wei Y, Lv L, Yang W, Wei C, Yu H, Song L, Pang L. Upregulation of miRNA-26a Enhances the Apoptosis of Cerebral Neurons by Targeting EphA2 and Inhibiting the MAPK Pathway. Dev Neurosci 2022; 44:615-628. [PMID: 36049464 DOI: 10.1159/000526666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) constitute the second most common congenital malformation of the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of NTDs is not entirely clear. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have become a hot spot in genetic and developmental biology research. The present study aimed to explore the potential role of miRNA-26a in NTDs and the underlying pathogenesis thereof. First, we found significantly increased miRNA-26a expression in fetuses with NTDs (p < 0.0001), which significantly downregulated EphA2 and ERK1 mRNA and protein expression levels in fetuses with NTDs compared to normal controls (p < 0.01). In addition, a dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-26a negatively regulated EphA2 by directly binding with the 3'-untranslated region of EphA2. Second, the upregulation of miRNA-26a expression increased caspase 3 and 9 protein expression levels (p < 0.01) and decreased EphA2 mRNA and protein expression levels (p < 0.01), as well as ERK1 and SRF protein expression levels (p < 0.01) in mouse neural stem cells (NE-4C) and human astroblastoma cells (U87MG). Furthermore, the upregulation of miRNA-26a inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of NE-4C and U87MG cells (p < 0.05). Similar results were observed with the MAPK inhibitor PD98059 (p < 0.01). These results suggest that miR-26a targets EphA2, modulates phosphorylation of the MAPK/ERK (MEK) pathway, regulates SRF, and participates in regulating nervous cell proliferation and apoptosis. Dysregulation of the aforementioned mechanism may be involved in the pathogenesis of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chi
- Second Ward of Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China,
| | - Lingjie Deng
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Genetic Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhifu Zhi
- Second Ward of Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiyun Wei
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Genetic Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liqin Lv
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenmei Yang
- Second Ward of Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Changqiang Wei
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Obstetrics of Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Liang Song
- Obstetrics of Maternity and Child Health Care of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Lihong Pang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Genetic Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Gaungxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Thalassemia of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Galganska H, Jarmuszkiewicz W, Galganski L. Carbon dioxide inhibits COVID-19-type proinflammatory responses through extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, novel carbon dioxide sensors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8229-42. [PMID: 34741187 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways are crucial for developmental processes, oncogenesis, and inflammation, including the production of proinflammatory cytokines caused by reactive oxygen species and upon severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. There are no drugs that can effectively prevent excessive inflammatory responses in endothelial cells in the lungs, heart, brain, and kidneys, which are considered the main causes of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this work, we demonstrate that human MAPKs, i.e. extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), are CO2 sensors and CO2 is an efficient anti-inflammatory compound that exerts its effects through inactivating ERK1/2 in cultured endothelial cells when the CO2 concentration is elevated. CO2 is a potent inhibitor of cellular proinflammatory responses caused by H2O2 or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. ERK1/2 activated by the combined action of RBD and cytokines crucial for the development of severe COVID-19, i.e. interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), are more effectively inactivated by CO2 than by dexamethasone or acetylsalicylic acid in human bronchial epithelial cells. Previously, many preclinical and clinical studies showed that the transient application of 5–8% CO2 is safe and effective in the treatment of many diseases. Therefore, our research indicates that CO2 may be used for the treatment of COVID-19 as well as the modification of hundreds of cellular pathways.
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Jiang Y, Li F, Li Y, Duan J, Di C, Zhu Y, Zhao J, Jia X, Qu J. CD69 mediates the protective role of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells against Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e563. [PMID: 34841721 PMCID: PMC8567058 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study shows that Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are a promising strategy for cell-based therapy against pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS cDNA microarray assay was performed to explore the transcriptome of ASCs primed by P. aeruginosa. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was constructed to select the receptor candidates for P. aeruginosa recognition and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production in ASCs. The soluble protein chimeras containing the extracellular domain of human CD69 fused to the Fc region of human immunoglobulin IgG1 were used as a probe to validate the recognition of P. aeruginosa. The association between CD69 and extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) was explored via co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA, and inhibitor. The murine models of P. aeruginosa pneumonia treated with WT-ASCs, GM-CSF-/- -ASCs Cd69-/- -ASCs or Erk1-/- -ASCs were used to determine the role of GM-CSF, CD69, and ERK1 in ASCs against P. aeruginosa infection. RESULTS We showed that C-type lectin receptor CD69 mediated the protective effects of ASCs partly through GM-CSF. CD69 could specifically recognize P. aeruginosa and regulate GM-CSF secretion of ASCs. CD69 regulated the production of GM-CSF via ERK1 in ASCs after P. aeruginosa infection. Moreover, the Administration of ASCs with deficiency of CD69 or ERK1 completely blocked its protective effects in a murine model of P. aeruginosa pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS CD69 recognizes P. aeruginosa and further facilitates ERK1 activation, which plays a crucial role in ASCs-based therapy against P. aeruginosa pneumonia. CD69 may be a novel target molecule to improve ASCs-based therapy against P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
- Institute of Respiratory DiseasesSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency PreventionDiagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious DiseasesShanghai200025China
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Fan Li
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
- Institute of Respiratory DiseasesSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency PreventionDiagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious DiseasesShanghai200025China
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jielin Duan
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Caixia Di
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
- Institute of Respiratory DiseasesSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency PreventionDiagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious DiseasesShanghai200025China
| | - Yinggang Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineHuadong HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jingya Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
- Institute of Respiratory DiseasesSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency PreventionDiagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious DiseasesShanghai200025China
| | - Xinming Jia
- Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jieming Qu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineRuijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
- Institute of Respiratory DiseasesSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200025China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency PreventionDiagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious DiseasesShanghai200025China
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Etchevers L, Belotti EM, Díaz PU, Rodríguez FM, Rey F, Salvetti NR, Ortega HH, Amweg AN. MC2R/MRAP2 activation could affect bovine ovarian steroidogenesis potential after ACTH treatment. Theriogenology 2021; 174:102-113. [PMID: 34425302 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stressors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, reducing fertility by interfering with the mechanisms that regulate the timing of events within the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. In the HPA axis, melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) mediates responses to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in concert with melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2). The aims of the present study were: (1) to evaluate the effects of ACTH administered in cows in the preovulatory period on the expression of the MC2R/MRAP2 complex in the dominant follicle; and (2) to analyze the involvement of Extracellular signal Regulated Kinase 1 (ERK1) signaling in the activation of MC2R and the expression of key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of glucocorticoids (GCs) in the dominant follicle. To this end, 100 IU ACTH was administered to Holstein cows from a local dairy farm during pro-estrus every 12 h for four days until ovariectomy, which was performed before ovulation. Protein immunostaining of MC2R was higher in the dominant follicles of ACTH-treated cows (p < 0.05). Also, Western blot analysis showed higher activation of the ERK1 signaling pathway in ACTH-treated cows (p < 0.05). Finally, immunohistochemistry performed in the dominant follicles of ACTH-treated cows detected higher expression of CYP17A1 and CYP21A2 (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the bovine ovary is able to respond locally to ACTH as a consequence of stress altering the expression of relevant steroidogenic enzymes. The results also confirm that the complete GC biosynthesis pathway is present in bovine dominant follicle and therefore GCs could be produced locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Etchevers
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E M Belotti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P U Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F M Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F Rey
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - N R Salvetti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - H H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A N Amweg
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Najar MA, Aravind A, Dagamajalu S, Sidransky D, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Gowda H, Prasad TSK, Modi PK, Chatterjee A. Hyperactivation of MEK/ERK pathway by Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 promotes cellular proliferation by activating cyclin-dependent kinases and minichromosome maintenance protein in gastric cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:769-783. [PMID: 34437731 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although CAMKK2 is overexpressed in several cancers, its role and relevant downstream signaling pathways in gastric cancer (GC) are poorly understood. Treatment of AGS GC cells with a CAMKK2 inhibitor, STO-609, resulted in decreased cell proliferation, cell migration, invasion, colony-forming ability, and G1/S-phase arrest. Quantitative phosphoproteomics in AGS cells with the CAMKK2 inhibitor led to the identification of 9603 unique phosphosites mapping to 3120 proteins. We observed decreased phosphorylation of 1101 phosphopeptides (1.5-fold) corresponding to 752 proteins upon CAMKK2 inhibition. Bioinformatics analysis of hypo-phosphorylated proteins revealed enrichment of MAPK1/MAPK3 signaling. Kinase enrichment analysis of hypo-phosphorylated proteins using the X2K Web tool identified ERK1, cyclin-dependant kinase 1 (CDK1), and CDK2 as downstream substrates of CAMKK2. Moreover, inhibition of CAMKK2 and MEK1 resulted in decreased phosphorylation of ERK1, CDK1, MCM2, and MCM3. Immunofluorescence results were in concordance with our mass spectroscopy data and Western blot analysis results. Taken together, our data reveal the essential role of CAMKK2 in the pathobiology of GC through the activation of the MEK/ERK1 signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd A Najar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Anjana Aravind
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Shobha Dagamajalu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Prashant K Modi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
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10
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Hossain KFB, Hosokawa T, Saito T, Kurasaki M. Zinc-pretreatment triggers glutathione and Nrf2-mediated protection against inorganic mercury-induced cytotoxicity and intrinsic apoptosis in PC12 cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 207:111320. [PMID: 32947215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a hazardous metal, poses environmental problems with severe human health effects; whereas zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient with antioxidant properties. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of Zn on inorganic Hg-induced cytotoxicity in the PC12 cells. The cells were treated with HgCl2 (5 μM) for 48 h with/without 1 h prior ZnCl2-treatment (100 μM) and deliberated for further analysis. After 48 h of incubation with only Hg2+, the cell showed reduced cell viability, compromised cell membrane, DNA degradation, depleted glutathione level, ROS generation and drastically increased apoptosis. Subsequently, Hg2+-treated cells demonstrated a significant downregulation of akt, mTOR, ERK1, Nrf2, HO1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and upregulation of p53, Bax, cytochrome c and cleaved caspase 3, indicating intrinsic apoptosis induction. However, cells pretreated with Zn2+ before Hg2+-exposure showed a significant improvement in cell viability, cell membrane, DNA damage, glutathione level, ROS amount and apoptotic cells, with a significant upregulation in mTOR, akt, ERK1, Nrf2, HO1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and downregulation in p53, Bax, cytochrome c and cleaved caspase 3, indicating inhibition of apoptosis. The findings suggested that Zn2+-pretreatment not only improves glutathione content but also induces activation of Nrf2-HO1 pathway, which would tend to suppress Hg-cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshiyuki Hosokawa
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0817, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan; Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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11
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Hossain KFB, Rahman MM, Sikder MT, Hosokawa T, Saito T, Kurasaki M. Selenium modulates inorganic mercury induced cytotoxicity and intrinsic apoptosis in PC12 cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 207:111262. [PMID: 32916531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) in its all forms, including inorganic Hg (iHg) is an environmental contaminant due to toxicity and diseases in human. However, a little is known about the underlying mechanisms responsible for iHg toxicity. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element, recognized as an antioxidant and protective agent against metal toxicities. The purpose of this research was to investigate ameliorations of Se counter to iHg-mediated toxicity in PC12 cells. Cytotoxic assays have been shown that iHg (5 μM) caused oxidative stress and intrinsic apoptosis via ROS generation, oxidizing glutathione, damaging DNA, degrading cell membrane integrity, down-regulating mTOR, p-mTOR, akt and ERK1, and up-regulating cleaved caspase 3 and cytochrome c release in PC12 cells 48 h after incubation. Co-treatment of Se (5 μM) inhibited intrinsic apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by iHg (5 μM) via inhibiting ROS formation, boosting GPx contents, increasing reduced glutathione, limiting DNA degradation, improving cell membrane integrity, up-regulating mTOR, p-mTOR, akt, ERK1 and caspase 3, and down-regulating cleaved caspase 3 and cytochrome c leakage in PC12 cells. In conclusion, these results recommended that excessive ROS generation acts a critical role in iHg-influenced oxidative stress and co-treatment of Se attenuates iHg-cytotoxicity through its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tajuddin Sikder
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Toshiyuki Hosokawa
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0817, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Faculty of Health Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan; Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
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12
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Hossain KFB, Hosokawa T, Saito T, Kurasaki M. Amelioration of butylated hydroxytoluene against inorganic mercury induced cytotoxicity and mitochondrial apoptosis in PC12 cells via antioxidant effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111819. [PMID: 33091556 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal, well-known for its dangerous health effects on human. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a phenolic component generally consumed as a food additive as an antioxidant. However, BHT induced antioxidant properties against heavy metals-influenced toxicity are little studied. We hypothesized that BHT has a regulatory effect on Hg-induced cytotoxicity. The objective of this research was to assess the protecting effects of BHT against inorganic Hg (iHg)-toxicity in PC12 cells, where cells were treated with/without HgCl2 (Hg2+) (5 μM) and BHT (100 μM) for 48 h and analyzed further. Cells treated by Hg caused a significant cell viability reduction, membrane damage, glutathione reduction, DNA fragmentation, ROS generation, with suppressed expressions of akt, mTOR, ERK1, Nrf2 and HO1; and elevated apoptotic expressions of p53, Bax, cytochrome c and active caspase 3. However, BHT and Hg2+ co-exposure showed prevention against Hg2+-toxicity by improving GSH content and inhibiting ROS generation and oxidative stress mediated damages. Additionally, BHT co-treatment inverted the pro-apoptotic proteins by augmenting pro-survival regulatory proteins akt, mTOR, ERK1, Nrf2 and HO1. These findings proved that BHT inhibits Hg2+-toxicity, hindering ROS generation and intrinsic apoptosis, via enhancing glutathione and antioxidants; and suggested BHT implications as therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshiyuki Hosokawa
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0817, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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13
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Devaiah BN, Mu J, Akman B, Uppal S, Weissman JD, Cheng D, Baranello L, Nie Z, Levens D, Singer DS. MYC protein stability is negatively regulated by BRD4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13457-67. [PMID: 32482868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919507117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of MYC protein levels is associated with most human cancers. MYC is regulated by both transcription and protein stability. BRD4, a driver of oncogenesis that activates Myc transcription, is being investigated as a therapeutic target in MYC-driven cancers. We report that BRD4 directly destabilizes MYC protein by phosphorylating it at a site leading to ubiquitination and degradation, thereby maintaining homeostatic levels of MYC protein. While JQ1, an inhibitor which releases BRD4 from chromatin and reduces MYC transcription has no effect on MYC protein stability, MZ1, which degrades BRD4 has the paradoxical effect of decreasing MYC transcription but increasing MYC stability. Our findings demonstrating BRD4-mediated MYC degradation are likely to have significant translational implications. The protooncogene MYC regulates a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation and metabolism. Maintaining MYC at homeostatic levels is critical to normal cell function; overexpression drives many cancers. MYC stability is regulated through phosphorylation: phosphorylation at Thr58 signals degradation while Ser62 phosphorylation leads to its stabilization and functional activation. The bromodomain protein 4 (BRD4) is a transcriptional and epigenetic regulator with intrinsic kinase and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activities that activates transcription of key protooncogenes, including MYC. We report that BRD4 phosphorylates MYC at Thr58, leading to MYC ubiquitination and degradation, thereby regulating MYC target genes. Importantly, BRD4 degradation, but not inhibition, results in increased levels of MYC protein. Conversely, MYC inhibits BRD4’s HAT activity, suggesting that MYC regulates its own transcription by limiting BRD4-mediated chromatin remodeling of its locus. The MYC stabilizing kinase, ERK1, regulates MYC levels directly and indirectly by inhibiting BRD4 kinase activity. These findings demonstrate that BRD4 negatively regulates MYC levels, which is counteracted by ERK1 activation.
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14
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Liu Y, Song H, Yu S, Huang KH, Ma X, Zhou Y, Yu S, Zhang J, Chen L. Protein Kinase D3 promotes the cell proliferation by activating the ERK1/c-MYC axis in breast cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2135-2144. [PMID: 31944568 PMCID: PMC7011155 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading death cause of cancer death for all women. Previous study suggested that Protein Kinase D3 (PRKD3) was involved in breast cancer progression. In addition, the protein level of PRKD3 in triple‐negative breast adenocarcinoma was higher than that in normal breast tissue. However, the oncogenic mechanisms of PRKD3 in breast cancer is not fully investigated. Multi‐omic data showed that ERK1/c‐MYC axis was identified as a major pivot in PRKD3‐mediated downstream pathways. Our study provided the evidence to support that the PRKD3/ERK1/c‐MYC pathway play an important role in breast cancer progression. We found that knocking out PRKD3 by performing CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering technology suppressed phosphorylation of both ERK1 and c‐MYC but did not down‐regulate ERK1/2 expression or phosphorylation of ERK2. The inhibition of ERK1 and c‐MYC phosphorylation further led to the lower protein level of c‐MYC and then reduced the expression of the c‐MYC target genes in breast cancer cells. We also found that loss of PRKD3 reduced the rate of the cell proliferation in vitro and tumour growth in vivo, whereas ectopic (over)expression of PRKD3, ERK1 or c‐MYC in the PRKD3‐knockout breast cells reverse the suppression of the cell proliferation and tumour growth. Collectively, our data strongly suggested that PRKD3 likely promote the cell proliferation in the breast cancer cells by activating ERK1‐c‐MYC axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Song
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyi Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinxing Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yehui Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jingzhong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Tianjin Guokeyigong Science and Technology Development Company Limited, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Smorodinsky-Atias K, Soudah N, Engelberg D. Mutations That Confer Drug-Resistance, Oncogenicity and Intrinsic Activity on the ERK MAP Kinases-Current State of the Art. Cells 2020; 9:E129. [PMID: 31935908 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique characteristics distinguish extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erks) from other eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs). Unlike most ePKs, Erks do not autoactivate and they manifest no basal activity; they become catalysts only when dually phosphorylated on neighboring Thr and Tyr residues and they possess unique structural motifs. Erks function as the sole targets of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)-Ras-Raf-MEK signaling cascade, which controls numerous physiological processes and is mutated in most cancers. Erks are therefore the executers of the pathway’s biology and pathology. As oncogenic mutations have not been identified in Erks themselves, combined with the tight regulation of their activity, Erks have been considered immune against mutations that would render them intrinsically active. Nevertheless, several such mutations have been generated on the basis of structure-function analysis, understanding of ePK evolution and, mostly, via genetic screens in lower eukaryotes. One of the mutations conferred oncogenic properties on Erk1. The number of interesting mutations in Erks has dramatically increased following the development of Erk-specific pharmacological inhibitors and identification of mutations that cause resistance to these compounds. Several mutations have been recently identified in cancer patients. Here we summarize the mutations identified in Erks so far, describe their properties and discuss their possible mechanism of action.
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16
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Yu S, Zhang M, Huang L, Ma Z, Gong X, Liu W, Zhang J, Chen L, Yu Z, Zhao W, Liu Y. ERK1 indicates good prognosis and inhibits breast cancer progression by suppressing YAP1 signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12295-314. [PMID: 31848326 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated (MAPK/ERK) pathway is a well-characterized signaling pathway during the development of various cancer types. ERK1 and ERK2, the two kinase effectors of MAPK cascade, exhibit high similarity. However, it is still unknown whether these two kinases are functionally different or in contrast functionally redundant during the development of breast cancer. We found that ERK1 expression levels were significantly lower in basal breast cancer compared with luminal breast cancer and normal breast tissues. RNA sequencing data suggested that ERK1 was associated with Hippo signaling pathway and cell proliferation in breast cancer cells. The gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) further showed enrichment for YAP1 signaling pathway in breast cancer cell lines and tumors with low expression of ERK1. Silencing of ERK1 elevated YAP1 expression and TEAD activity in breast cancer cells. Additionally, ERK1 inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation via regulation of YAP1. The Kaplan-Meier analysis of data in patients with breast cancer suggested that, higher expression of ERK1 was associated with better prognosis, whereas, higher expression of ERK2 predicted poorer prognosis. These findings unveiled the role of ERK1 on regulation of YAP1 signaling pathway, indicating ERK1 as a negative regulator of breast cancer progression.
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17
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Ishola AA, Adewole KE. In Silico Screening Reveals Histone Deacetylase 7 and ERK1/2 as Potential Targets for Artemisinin Dimer and Artemisinin Dimer Hemisuccinate. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2019; 17:725-734. [PMID: 31284865 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190705164756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have observed overexpression of histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) and overactivity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) in many tumors; therefore, pharmacological interventions to inhibit overexpression of HDAC7 and overactivity of ERK1/2 in cancerous cells holds great promise in cancer treatment. The promising anticancer properties of artemisinin and artemisinin-derivatives (ARTs) have been validated by various experimental reports, including advanced pre-clinical trials. OBJECTIVE Our aim in this in silico study is to identify additional inhibitors of HDAC7, ERK1 and ERK2 as potential anticancer drug agents and provide insight into the molecular level of interactions of such ligands relative to known standards. METHODS To achieve this aim, the binding affinities of ulixertinib (the standard ERK inhibitor), apicidin (the standard HDAC7 inhibitor) as well as 49 ARTs for HDAC7, ERK1 and ERK2 were evaluated using AutodockVina. The molecular binding interactions of compounds with remarkable binding affinity for all the 3 target proteins, relative to their respective standards, were viewed with Discovery Studio Visualizer, BIOVIA, 2016. RESULTS Out of the 49 ARTs, our study identified 2 compounds, artemisinin dimer and artemisinin dimer hemisuccinate, as having higher binding affinities for all the target proteins compared to their respective standard inhibitors. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that artemisinin dimer and artemisinin dimer hemisuccinate could be promising anticancer drug agents, with better therapeutic efficacy than ulixertinib and apicidin for the treatment of cancer via inhibition of HDAC7, ERK1 and ERK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Ishola
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Kayode E Adewole
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria
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18
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Liu Y, Zhang M. miR-132 Regulates Adriamycin Resistance in Colorectal Cancer Cells Through Targeting Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2019; 34:398-404. [PMID: 30939040 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) is an important signal transduction molecule in the ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. miR-132 downregulation is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, whether it is related to drug resistance remains poorly understood. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated the targeting relationship between miR-132 and ERK1 3'-UTR. This study investigated the role of miR-132 in regulating ERK1 expression and affecting CRC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and adriamycin (ADM) resistance. Materials and Methods: Dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to evaluate the targeted relationship between miR-132 and ERK1. ADM-resistant cell lines Lovo/ADM and SW480/ADM were established followed by analysis of miR-132 and ERK1 expression levels, and cell proliferation by cell counting kit-8 assay. The impact of ADM on cell proliferation and apoptosis was assessed by 5-bromodeoxyuridine (EdU) staining and flow cytometry, respectively. Lovo/ADM and SW480/ADM cells were cultured in vitro and divided into two groups, including miR-NC group and miR-132 mimic group. Results: There was a targeted regulatory relationship between miR-132 and ERK1 mRNA. The miR-132 expression was significantly lower, whereas ERK1 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher in Lovo/ADM and SW480/ADM cells than those in Lovo and SW480 cells. Transfection of miR-132 mimic significantly reduced the expression of ERK1 in Lovo/ADM and SW480/ADM cells, enhanced cell apoptosis, and weakened cell proliferation. Conclusions: miR-132 reduction and ERK1 elevation are related to ADM resistance in CRC cells. Upregulation of miR-132 expression inhibits CRC cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, and reduces ADM resistance possibly by targeting ERK1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- 1Department of General Surgery, Yan'an People's Hospital, Yan'an, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shaanxi, Xi'an, China
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19
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Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a common malignant tumor in gynecology. Its incidence and development are closely associated with the levels of estrogenic and progesterone hormone. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway abnormity is associated with a variety of tumors. This study detected estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), ERK1, and ERK2 expression in EC and analyzed their correlations. A total of 40 EC patients in our hospital were selected as test group, while another 40 healthy volunteers were enrolled as control group. ER, PR, ERK1, and ERK2 expression in EC tissue, para-carcinoma tissue, and normal endometrial tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The positive rate of ER, PR, ERK1, and ERK2 in the test group was 50%, 40%, 60%, and 65%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control (P< 0.05). ER, PR, ERK1, and ERK2 protein expressions in EC cell were significantly higher than those in the control (P< 0.05). ERK1 and ERK2 presented positive correlation with ER and PR (P< 0.05). In conclusion, EC patients presented higher expressions of ER, PR, which were correlated with higher levels of ERK1 and ERK2, suggesting they might be involved in the pathogenesis of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Luo
- Department of Gynaecology, The First People's Hospital of Jining City, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Lina Xu
- Department of Gynaecology, The First People's Hospital of Jining City, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Jining City, Jining, Shandong, China
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20
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Sharma K, Vu TT, Cook W, Naseri M, Zhan K, Nakajima W, Harada H. p53-independent Noxa induction by cisplatin is regulated by ATF3/ATF4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:788-798. [PMID: 29352505 PMCID: PMC5983129 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The platinum‐based DNA damaging agent cisplatin is used as a standard therapy for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the mechanisms underpinning the cytotoxic effects of this compound are not entirely elucidated. Cisplatin produces anticancer effects primarily via activation of the DNA damage response, followed by inducing BCL‐2 family dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. We have previously demonstrated that cisplatin induces the expression of proapoptotic BCL‐2 family protein, Noxa, that can bind to the prosurvival BCL‐2 family protein, MCL‐1, to inactivate its function and induce cell death. Here, we show that the upregulation of Noxa is critical for cisplatin‐induced apoptosis in p53‐null HNSCC cells. This induction is regulated at the transcriptional level. With a series of Noxa promoter‐luciferase reporter assays, we find that the CRE (cAMP response element) in the promoter is critical for the Noxa induction by cisplatin treatment. Among the CREB/ATF transcription factors, ATF3 and ATF4 are induced by cisplatin, and downregulation of ATF3 or ATF4 reduced cisplatin‐induced Noxa. ATF3 and ATF4 bind to and cooperatively activate the Noxa promoter. Furthermore, ERK1 is involved in cisplatin‐induced ATF4 and Noxa induction. In conclusion, ATF3 and ATF4 are important regulators that induce Noxa by cisplatin treatment in a p53‐independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Sharma
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Thien-Trang Vu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Wade Cook
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mitra Naseri
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kevin Zhan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Wataru Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hisashi Harada
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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21
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Ho JY, Hsu RJ, Wu CH, Liao GS, Gao HW, Wang TH, Yu CP. Reduced miR-550a-3p leads to breast cancer initiation, growth, and metastasis by increasing levels of ERK1 and 2. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53853-53868. [PMID: 27462780 PMCID: PMC5288226 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the Ras/ERK pathway contributes to breast cancer initiation and progression, and recent evidence suggests aberrant signaling of miRNAs that regulate the Ras/ERK pathway play important roles during carcinogenesis and cancer progression. In this study, we demonstrate that miR-550a-3p expression is negatively correlated with levels of ERK1 and ERK2, two pivotal effectors in the Ras/ERK pathway. MiR-550a-3p gradually decreased during breast cancer initiation and progression and this reduction was a prognostic indicator of poorer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) among breast cancer patients. Our mechanistic studies demonstrated that miR-550a-3p exerts its tumor-suppressor role by directly repressing ERK1 and ERK2 protein expression, thereby suppressing the oncogenic ERK/RSK cascades, which reduced breast cancer cell viability, survival, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. The inhibitory effects of miR-550a-3p were rescued by ectopic expression of ERK1 and/or ERK2. The novel connection between miR-550a-3p and ERK defines a new diagnostic and prognostic role for miR-550a-3p and highlights ERK inhibition as a candidate therapeutic target for breast cancers exhibiting hyperactivated Ras/ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jar-Yi Ho
- Department of Pathology, and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jun Hsu
- Department of Pathology, and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biobank Management Center of Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsi Wu
- Department of Pathology, and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Shiou Liao
- Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Gao
- Department of Pathology, and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Yu
- Department of Pathology, and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biobank Management Center of Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are the focus of many studies due to their involvement in numerous physiological and pathological processes, such as cell proliferation and differentiation, and oncogenic transformation, respectively. ERK1/2 belong to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) family, which are serine/threonine kinases that participate in signal transduction and are activated by dual phosphorylation in the Thr-X-Tyr motif located in their activation loop. In addition, ERK activation induces its dimerization and translocation into the nucleus. On the basis of this knowledge, different assays and tools have been developed to determine ERK activity or monitor its activation. In this chapter, we describe methods to assay ERK activity based on the ability of ERK immunocomplexes to phosphorylate a substrate, as well as on immunoblot analysis using antibodies that recognize ERK1/2 phosphorylated in the Thr-X-Tyr motif. In addition, we describe an immunocytochemistry procedure to reveal stimuli-induced nuclear translocation of ERK1/2.
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23
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Abstract
The oncogene HDAC6 controls numerous cell processes that are related to tumorigenesis and metastasis, and has recently arisen as a target to treat malignancies. The ERK cascade is a classic pathway driving oncogenesis, and the components of this pathway are either highly mutated in cancers or are vital in cancer's pathological activity. The interactions between these important components of tumor proliferation have been examined, and our research has demonstrated that they regulate each other as evidenced by different posttranslational modifications. Preclinical evidence also supports clinical trials cotargeting these two pathways, which may provide better efficacy than single treatment. Furthermore, HDAC6 and ERK both participate in the regulation of T cell maturation and may have implications on the functions of immune cells. This leads to the possibility of connecting HDAC6 and ERK to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the published studies about the interaction of HDAC6 and ERK cascade and their relationship to cancers. We also include the association of HDAC6 and ERK to immune system and discuss the plausibility of linking these to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheng-Yu Wu
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Niko Moses
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Wenlong Bai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Xiaohong Mary Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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24
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Sangiorgi C, Vallese D, Gnemmi I, Bucchieri F, Balbi B, Brun P, Leone A, Giordano A, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJ, Cappello F, Di Stefano A. HSP60 activity on human bronchial epithelial cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 30:333-340. [PMID: 28976240 PMCID: PMC5806805 DOI: 10.1177/0394632017734479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP60 has been implicated in chronic inflammatory disease pathogenesis, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the mechanisms by which this chaperonin would act are poorly understood. A number of studies suggest a role for extracellular HSP60, since it can be secreted from cells and bind Toll-like receptors; however, the effects of this stimulation have never been extensively studied. We investigated the effects (pro- or anti-inflammatory) of HSP60 in human bronchial epithelial cells (16-HBE) alone and in comparison with oxidative, inflammatory, or bacterial challenges. 16-HBE cells were cultured for 1–4 h in the absence or presence of HSP60, H2O2, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or cytomix. The cell response was evaluated by measuring the expression of IL-8 and IL-10, respectively, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines involved in COPD pathogenesis, as well as of pertinent TLR-4 pathway mediators. Stimulation with HSP60 up-regulated IL-8 at mRNA and protein levels and down-regulated IL-10 mRNA and protein. Likewise, CREB1 mRNA was up-regulated. H2O2 and LPS up-regulated IL-8. Experiments with an inhibitor for p38 showed that this mitogen-activated protein kinase could be involved in the HSP60-mediated pro-inflammatory effects. HSP60 showed pro-inflammatory properties in bronchial epithelial cells mediated by activation of TLR-4-related molecules. The results should prompt further studies on more complex ex-vivo or in-vivo models with the aim to elucidate further the role of those molecules in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sangiorgi
- 1 Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Davide Vallese
- 1 Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Isabella Gnemmi
- 1 Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- 2 Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,3 Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruno Balbi
- 1 Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- 4 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Leone
- 2 Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,3 Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Giordano
- 1 Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- 5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.,6 Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alberto Jl Macario
- 3 Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland - Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.,6 Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Cappello
- 2 Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,3 Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- 1 Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
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25
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Luo H, Li Y, Liu B, Yang Y, Xu ZQD. MicroRNA-15b-5p targets ERK1 to regulate proliferation and apoptosis in rat PC12 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:1023-1029. [PMID: 28609839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in multiple biological processes, and many miRNAs have been shown to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-15b-5p in cell proliferation and apoptosis in PC12 cells. We found that overexpression of miR-15b-5p could decrease cell proliferation and induce apoptosis and cytotoxic activities in PC12 cells. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase activities assays showed that miR-15b-5p might target extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) by binding to its 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Moreover, we also found that overexpression of ERK1 could attenuate the effects of miR-15b-5p in PC12 cells. Finally, our results suggest that miR-15b-5p might inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in PC12 cells by targeting ERK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiang Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Centre of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders (MOST), Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yueting Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Centre of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders (MOST), Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Centre of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders (MOST), Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yutao Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Centre of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders (MOST), Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Centre of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders (MOST), Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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26
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Abstract
ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2) are the primary effector kinases of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. A variety of substrates and regulatory partners associate with ERK1/2 through distinct D-peptide- and DEF-docking sites on their kinase domains. While understanding of D-peptides that bind to ERK1/2 has become increasingly clear over the last decade, only more recently have structures of proteins interacting with other binding sites on ERK1/2 become available. PEA-15 is a 130-residue ERK1/2 regulator that engages both the D-peptide- and DEF-docking sites of ERK kinases, and directly sequesters the ERK2 activation loop in various different phosphorylation states. Here we describe the methods used to derive crystallization-grade complexes of ERK2-PEA-15, which may also be adapted for other regulators that associate with the activation loop of ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Weijman
- Biochemistry Department, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, 56, 710 Cumberland St., Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Stefan J Riedl
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter D Mace
- Biochemistry Department, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, 56, 710 Cumberland St., Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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27
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Vougiouklakis T, Sone K, Saloura V, Cho HS, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Alachkar H, Nakamura Y, Hamamoto R. SUV420H1 enhances the phosphorylation and transcription of ERK1 in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43162-71. [PMID: 26586479 PMCID: PMC4791223 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic protein ERK, a member of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade, is a well characterized signaling molecule involved in tumorigenesis. The ERK signaling pathway is activated in a large proportion of cancers and plays a critical role in tumor development. Functional regulation by phosphorylation of kinases in the ERK pathway has been extensively studied, however methylation of the ERK protein has not been reported to date. Here, we demonstrated that the protein lysine methyltransferase SUV420H1 tri-methylated ERK1 at lysines 302 and 361, and that substitution of methylation sites diminished phosphorylation levels of ERK1. Concordantly, knockdown of SUV420H1 reduced phosphorylated ERK1 and total ERK1 proteins, and interestingly suppressed ERK1 at the transcriptional level. Our results indicate that overexpression of SUV420H1 may result in activation of the ERK signaling pathway through enhancement of ERK phosphorylation and transcription, thereby providing new insights in the regulation of the ERK cascade in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Vougiouklakis
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kenbun Sone
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vassiliki Saloura
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Houda Alachkar
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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28
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Hahm JR, Ahmed M, Kim DR. RKIP phosphorylation-dependent ERK1 activation stimulates adipogenic lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes overexpressing LC3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:12-17. [PMID: 27470585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
3T3-L1 preadipocytes undergo adipogenesis in response to treatment with dexamethaxone, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, and insulin (DMI) through activation of several adipogenic transcription factors. Many autophagy-related proteins are also highly activated in the earlier stages of adipogenesis, and the LC3 conjugation system is required for formation of lipid droplets. Here, we investigated the effect of overexpression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 fusion protein on adipogenesis. Overexpression of GFP-LC3 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes using poly-l-lysine-assisted adenoviral GFP-LC3 transduction was sufficient to produce intracellular lipid droplets. Indeed, GFP-LC3 overexpression stimulated expression of some adipogenic transcription factors (e.g., C/EBPα or β, PPARγ, SREBP2). In particular, SREBP2 was highly activated in preadipocytes transfected with adenoviral GFP-LC3. Also, phosphorylation of Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) at serine 153, consequently stimulating extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)1 activity, was significantly increased during adipogenesis induced by either poly-l-lysine-assisted adenoviral GFP-LC3 transduction or culture in the presence of dexamethasone, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, and insulin. Furthermore, RKIP knockdown promoted ERK1 and PPARγ activation, and significantly increased the intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerides in DMI-induced adipogenesis. In conclusion, GFP-LC3 overexpression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes stimulates adipocyte differentiation via direct modulation of RKIP-dependent ERK1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ryeal Hahm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, JinJu, 527-27, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, JinJu, 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, JinJu, 527-27, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, JinJu, 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, JinJu, 527-27, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, JinJu, 527-27, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Kim HO, Kim BG, Cha SJ, Park YG, Lee TJ. Clinicopathologic Significance of BRAF Mutation and Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase 1/2 Expression in Patients With a Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Ann Coloproctol 2015; 31:9-15. [PMID: 25745621 PMCID: PMC4349919 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2015.31.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose BRAF mutation and expression of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) are linked with colorectal carcinogenesis through the serrated pathway. BRAF and ERK1/2 play important roles in the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways. The present study investigated the clinicopathologic outcomes of BRAF mutation and ERK1/2 expression in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and the possibility of using them as prognostic indicators. Methods Dual-priming oligonucleotide-based multiplex polymerase chain reaction for BRAFV600E mutation and immunohistochemical analysis of ERK1/2 were performed using 65 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from patients with CRC. We analyzed the dependences of the clinicopathologic features on BRAF mutation and ERK1/2 expression. Results Out of 65 samples from CRC patients, BRAF mutation was detected in 3 (4.6%). The 3 patients with BRAF mutation presented with T3 CRC with lymph node metastasis (stage III) showing moderately or poorly differentiated histology. ERK1 and ERK2 were positively detected in 73.8% and 15.4% of the patients with CRC, respectively. ERK1 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.049). ERK2 expression was significantly correlated with tumor emboli (P < 0.05), tumor invasion (P = 0.035), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.017), and stage (P = 0.02). Conclusion BRAF mutation and ERK1/2 expression may be associated with advanced or more aggressive CRC. These molecular markers might play prognostic roles in CRC developed through the serrated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Ook Kim
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Gyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Jae Cha
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Gum Park
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Gong Y, He H, Liu H, Zhang C, Zhao W, Shao RG. Phosphorylation of myofibrillogenesis regulator-1 activates the MAPK signaling pathway and induces proliferation and migration in human breast cancer MCF7 cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2903-10. [PMID: 25066297 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myofibrillogenesis regulator-1 (MR-1) has been characterized as a tumor promoter in many cancers. However, its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that MR-1 is overexpressed in human breast cancer cells and participates in tumor promotion in human breast cancer MCF7 cells by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. MR-1 interacts with MEK1/2 and ERK1, and its N-terminal sequence plays a major role in promoting the MEK/ERK cascade. Furthermore, six phosphorylation sites of MR-1 were identified, and phosphorylation at S46 was shown to be critical for the activation of MEK/ERK. Therefore, our findings suggest that MR-1 functions as a tumor promoter in MCF7 cells by activating the MEK/ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Gong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongwei He
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wuli Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rong-Guang Shao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
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31
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Carvalho LA, Vitorino LC, Guimarães RPM, Allodi S, de Melo Reis RA, Cavalcante LA. Selective stimulatory action of olfactory ensheathing glia-conditioned medium on oligodendroglial differentiation, with additional reference to signaling mechanisms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 449:338-43. [PMID: 24853803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of conditioned medium from olfactory ensheathing glia (OEGCM) on the differentiation of oligodendrocytes in mixed cultures of early postnatal hippocampi. Differentiation was judged from the numerical density (ND) of cells immunoreactive to 2'3' cyclic nucleotide 3'phosphodiesterase (CNPase) and O4 antibodies. NDs increased according to inverted-U dose-response curves, particularly for CNPase+ cells (9-fold at optimal dilution) and these changes were blocked by inhibitors of ERK1, p38-MAPK, and PI3K. Our results raise the possibility that OEG secreted factor(s) may counteract demyelination induced by trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, and advanced age, and should stimulate novel methods to deliver these factors and/or potentiating chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litia A Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Fisiologia), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biofísica), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Louise C Vitorino
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biofísica), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta P M Guimarães
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biofísica), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvana Allodi
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Fisiologia), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biofísica), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A de Melo Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Fisiologia), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biofísica), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leny A Cavalcante
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Fisiologia), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Hammer KDP, Alsop JD, Buresh-Stiemke RA, Frantskevich K, Malinowski RL, Roethe LS, Powers GL, Marker PC. A novel method for somatic transgenesis of the mouse prostate using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system. Prostate 2014; 74:781-91. [PMID: 24647932 PMCID: PMC4089518 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo ectopic gene expression is a common approach for prostate research through the use of transgenes in germline transgenic mice. For some other organs, somatic transgenesis with the Sleeping Beauty transposon system has allowed in vivo ectopic gene expression with higher throughput and lower cost than germline transgenic approaches. METHODS Mouse e16 urogenital sinuses (UGSs) were co-injected with plasmids expressing the Sleeping Beauty transposase and plasmids with control or activated BRAF expressing transposons. Following electroporation, the transduced UGSs were grown as allografts in mouse hosts for 8 weeks, and the resulting allografts were evaluated for several endpoints. RESULTS Transposon-transduced UGS allografts developed into prostatic tissue with normal tissue structure and cellular differentiation. Integration of transposon vectors into the genomes of transduced allografts was confirmed using linker-mediated PCR, sequencing, and in situ PCR. Transduction of UGS allografts with transposons expressing activated BRAF resulted in ectopic BRAF expression that was detectable at both the mRNA and protein levels. Prostatic ducts over-expressing activated BRAF also had ectopic activation of the ERK1/2 mitogen activated kinases and increased epithelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The Sleeping Beauty transposon system can be used to achieve somatic transgenesis of prostatic allografts. This new method for achieving ectopic gene expression in the prostate will complement other existing approaches such as ectopic gene expression in cell lines and in germline transgenic mice. Advantages of this new approach include preservation of stromal-epithelial interactions not possible with cell lines, and higher throughput and lower cost than traditional germline transgenic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D P Hammer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Abstract
The role of Ras–ERK signaling in behavioral plasticity is well established. Inhibition studies using the blood–brain barrier permeable drug SL327 have conclusively demonstrated that this neuronal cell signaling cascade is a crucial component of the synaptic machinery implicated in the formation of various forms of long-term memory, from spatial learning to fear and operant conditioning. However, abnormal Ras–ERK signaling has also been linked to a number of neuropsychiatric conditions, including mental retardation syndromes (“RASopathies”), drug addiction, and l-DOPA induced dyskinesia (LID). The work recently done on these brain disorders has pointed to previously underappreciated roles of Ras–ERK in specific subsets of neurons, like GABAergic interneurons of the hippocampus or the cortex, as well as in the medium spiny neurons of the striatum. Here we will highlight the open questions related to Ras–ERK signaling in these behavioral manifestations and propose crucial experiments for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fasano
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and University Milano, Italy
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