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Karaman M. Biochemical and molecular assessment of oxidative stress in fruit fly exposed to azo dye Brilliant Black PN. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:150. [PMID: 38236489 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azo dyes are widely used in the food industry to prevent color loss during processing and storage of products. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a diazo dye Brilliant Black PN (E151) on oxidative stress-related parameters in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) at biochemical and molecular levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Third instar larvae were transferred to a medium containing the dye at different doses (1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL). Gene expression and activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes were determined in the heads of adult flies obtained from these larvae. In addition, the glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde levels were measured using spectrophotometric analysis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number was also detected by real-time PCR. The results showed that treatment with 5 mg/mL of the dye caused a decrease in both gene expression and enzyme activity of CAT and GPx. Moreover, the same dose of dye treatment decreased AChE activity, GSH level, and mtDNA copy number. CONCLUSIONS As a result, Brilliant Black PN dye can trigger toxicity by altering the level and activity of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, more comprehensive studies are needed to elucidate the side effect mechanism and toxicity of this dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Karaman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
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2
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Wu X, Boulos S, Syryamina V, Nyström L, Yulikov M. Interaction of barley β-glucan with food dye molecules - An insight from pulse dipolar EPR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 309:120698. [PMID: 36906364 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between dietary fibers (DFs) and small molecules are of great interest to food chemistry and nutrition science. However, the corresponding interaction mechanisms and structural rearrangements of DFs at the molecular level are still opaque due to the usually weak binding and the lack of appropriate techniques to determine details of conformational distributions in such weakly organized systems. By combining our previously established methodology on stochastic spin-labelling of DFs with the appropriately revised set of pulse electron paramagnetic resonance techniques, we present here a toolkit to determine the interactions between DFs and small molecules, using barley β-glucan as an example for neutral DF and a selection of food dye molecules as examples for small molecules. The proposed here methodology allowed us to observe subtle conformational changes of β-glucan by detecting multiple details of the local environment of the spin labels. Substantial variations of binding propensities were detected for different food dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wu
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Samy Boulos
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Victoria Syryamina
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Laura Nyström
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Jiang R, Shen TT, Zhu HY, Fu YQ, Jiang ST, Li JB, Wang JL. Magnetic Fe 3O 4 embedded chitosan-crosslinked-polyacrylamide composites with enhanced removal of food dye: Characterization, adsorption and mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:1234-1244. [PMID: 36464188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The water solubility in acid solution, relative low adsorption capacities and unsatisfactory separation performance limit application of traditional chitosan-based adsorbents in wastewater treatment. To break the limitation, a hydrophilic magnetic Fe3O4 embedded chitosan-crosslinked-polyacrylamide composites (abbreviated as m-CS-c-PAM) were prepared by a two-step method. The m-CS-c-PAM composites were systematically characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, VSM, TGA and BET. Sunset yellow (SY) was selected as model food dye to investigate adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of food dye adsorption onto m-CS-c-PAM. Compared with magnetic Fe3O4/chitosan, m-CS-c-PAM can adapt to a wider range of pH (2-10) and resist the presence of inorganic salts. m-CS-c-PAM was proved to have high adsorption capacity (359.71 mg g-1) for SY dye at 298 K, much higher than magnetic Fe3O4/chitosan and many reported adsorbents. Moreover, m-CS-c-PAM could be rapidly and efficiently separated from treated solution within 15 s by an external magnet and regenerated by NaOH solution. With its excellent adsorption capacity, pH-independent adsorption capability for food dye, easy and convenient separation ability, satisfactory reusability, m-CS-c-PAM can be a promising material for food wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua-Yue Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China.
| | - Yong-Qian Fu
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Jian-Bing Li
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Jian-Ling Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
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Sakuma C, Kanuka H. A simple and affordable method for estimating the fluid volume a mosquito sucks using food dyes. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:13. [PMID: 33536084 PMCID: PMC7856782 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-sucking by mosquitoes is an inevitable behavior when pathogens are transmitted among humans. Adenine nucleotides such as ATP are known as phagostimulants for mosquitoes and are widely used to induce and enhance the blood-sucking activity in an artificial manner. Although using ATP solution is convenient to introduce a variety of substances (for example chemicals and pathogens) into the mosquito body via sucking, establishing an easy and cost-effective method to quantify the amount of solution ingested has yet to be reported. RESULTS A set of commercial food dyes (green, blue, yellow, and red) was employed in this study. Each dye was added to ATP solution used to colorize the abdomen of Ae. aegypti female mosquitoes after ingestion. The intake of food dyes did not show any toxicity to the mosquitoes, affecting neither ATP-sucking behavior nor survival of the mosquitoes. We observed that quantifying the color intensity of green dye in the mosquito abdomen by spectral analysis, as well as distinguishing the size of the colored abdomen using the naked eye, allowed the estimation of the amount of ingested solution. Using this method, capsaicin, a pungent component of chili peppers, was identified as an aversive tastant that can discourage mosquitoes from sucking the ATP solution. CONCLUSIONS Employing commercially available, non-toxic food dyes converted ATP-driven membrane feeding into an easy-to-use method to estimate the amount of solution ingested by mosquitoes. This method can be further applied for a variety of experiments such as introducing a certain quantity of chemical compounds or microbes into the mosquito body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisako Sakuma
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Center for Medical Entomology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Center for Medical Entomology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Staples JW, Stine JM, Mäki-Lohiluoma E, Steed E, George KM, Thompson CM, Woodahl EL. Food dyes as P-glycoprotein modulators. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111785. [PMID: 33011351 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is often investigated in drug-interaction studies because the activity is modulated by a wide variety of xenobiotics including drugs, herbal products, and food components. In this study, we tested six common arylsulfonate food dyes-allura red, carmoisine, ponceau 4R, quinolone yellow, sunset yellow, and tartrazine-as activators and inhibitors of P-gp activity in vitro. The dyes were studied as P-gp activators by measuring ATPase activity in P-gp-expressing membranes. Compared to verapamil, a known activator of P-gp, the six food dyes showed no stimulatory activity. The potential for these six food dyes to act as P-gp inhibitors was tested in an intracellular efflux assay with P-gp-expressing cells. Compared to GF120918, a known P-gp inhibitor, there was no inhibitory activity for these six food dyes. The six food dyes tested do not interact with P-gp in vitro and, therefore, are unlikely cause clinical drug-food dye interactions. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether these food dyes could interact with other drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Staples
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Jessica M Stine
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Eero Mäki-Lohiluoma
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Emily Steed
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Kathleen M George
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Charles M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Erica L Woodahl
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.
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Camara AS, Lütke SF, Pinheiro CP, Vieira MLG, Sant'Anna Cadaval TR, de Almeida Pinto LA. Chitosan-coated sand and its application in a fixed-bed column to remove dyes in simple, binary, and real systems. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:37938-37945. [PMID: 32617809 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of tartrazine yellow food dye, in a fixed-bed column, was carried out using a single system, a binary system (in the presence of sunset yellow food dye), and in a real effluent provides from an ice cream industry. Chitosan was used to coat sand particles by the dip-coating technique, and these particles were applied in fixed-bed adsorption. The assays were performed in flow rates of 3 mL min-1 and 5 mL min-1. The best performance was reached at 3 mL min-1. In this flow rate, for single and binary systems, the breakthrough time was 95 min and 65 min, and the maximum capacity of the column was around 595 mg g-1 and 497 mg g-1, respectively. In the assay conducted with the real effluent, the breakthrough time was 10 min, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the column was reduced to 191 mg g-1 for tartrazine dye. The dynamic models of Thomas and Yoon-Nelson were used, and both were suitable to represent the breakthrough curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Schons Camara
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, km 8 Italia Avenue, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Frantz Lütke
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, km 8 Italia Avenue, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Pereira Pinheiro
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, km 8 Italia Avenue, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Mery Luiza Garcia Vieira
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, km 8 Italia Avenue, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Tito Roberto Sant'Anna Cadaval
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, km 8 Italia Avenue, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Antonio de Almeida Pinto
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, km 8 Italia Avenue, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
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7
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Lemoine A, Pauliat-Desbordes S, Challier P, Tounian P. Adverse reactions to food additives in children: A retrospective study and a prospective survey. Arch Pediatr 2020; 27:368-371. [PMID: 32807620 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic reactions to food additives are often suspected by families. The aim of this study was to describe oral food challenge (OFC) outcomes in a pediatric cohort with a suspected diagnosis of allergy to food additives (food dyes or sodium benzoate). METHODS All patients who underwent an open OFC to carmine red, cochineal red, erythrosine, patent blue V, tartrazine, yellow sunset S, and/or sodium benzoate were included. A survey was sent to families after testing to evaluate whether the OFC results had altered feeding behaviors with food additives. RESULTS Twenty-three patients were included. The main suspected food was candy (n=11/23; 48%). Only one OFC out of 45 was formally positive for the carmine and cochineal red. Subsequently, most OFCs were negative (44/45; 97.8%). Despite the negativity of the challenge, four families out of 14 reported occurrences of supposed allergic reactions to food additives and six out of 15 continued to completely avoid the additive of concern in their children's diet. CONCLUSIONS Allergies to food additives remain rare. Even if an IgE-mediated allergy was excluded with a negative OFC, families remained suspicious about ready-made products. Health professionals and parents should be reassured about the low risk of food dye intolerance or allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lemoine
- Department of Paediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, 21, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - S Pauliat-Desbordes
- Department of Paediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France
| | - P Challier
- Department of Paediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France
| | - P Tounian
- Department of Paediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, 21, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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8
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Garrido C, Clavijo E, Copaja S, Gómez-Jeria J, Campos-Vallette M. Vibrational and electronic spectroscopic detection and quantification of carminic acid in candies. Food Chem 2019; 283:164-169. [PMID: 30722856 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Carminic acid (CA) contained in one kind of gummy candy was detected and quantified by using vibrational and electronic spectroscopy, respectively; the proposed methodology in solution is simple and rapid without sample pretreatment as usually used and reported. The identification of CA in candies was performed through the Raman and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra along with the equivalent spectral data from the natural CA dye. A modified silver colloidal solution was used in order to obtain SERS activity of CA at very low concentration in colloidal aqueous solution. Theoretical calculations allow infer about both the CA/silver surface interaction nature and on the orientation of CA on the surface. The electronic spectroscopic (UV-Vis) data allowed quantify CA in candies; the amount resulted nearly identical to that determined from HPLC traditional measurements. The present results should contribute to the health of children consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garrido
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Metallic Nanoparticles, Faculty of Basics Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Vibrational Spectroscopy, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ernesto Clavijo
- Laboratory of Vibrational Spectroscopy, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sylvia Copaja
- Laboratory of Organic and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Gómez-Jeria
- Laboratory of Vibrational Spectroscopy, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Campos-Vallette
- Laboratory of Vibrational Spectroscopy, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ehrenberg S, Lewkowski O, Erler S. Dyeing but not dying: Colourful dyes as a non-lethal method of food labelling for in vitro-reared honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae. J Insect Physiol 2019; 113:1-8. [PMID: 30582906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several environmental factors (e.g. food source, pesticides, toxins, parasites and pathogens) influence development and maturation of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Therefore, controlled experimental conditions are mandatory when studying the impact of environmental factors: particularly food quality and nutrient consumption. In vitro larval rearing is a standard approach for monitoring food intake of larvae and the labelling of food is necessary to quantify intake in controlled feeding experiments. Here, we tested the suitability of two food dyes, Allura Red and Brilliant Blue, in an experimental set up using in vitro reared honey bee larvae and freshly hatched adult workers. Absorbance of both dyes was measured, in food and dye-fed larvae, to determine the optimal dye concentrations for accurate detection and quantification. By quantifying relative dye concentrations in dye mixtures, relative concentrations of mixed dyes can be estimated independent of the total food consumed by the larvae. Survival assays were conducted to test the impact of both dyes on larval and worker bee survival. Worker bees showed no increase in adult mortality, when fed with dyed honey. Larval survival was not significantly different until the late pupal stage. The physiological impact of dye feeding was tested by measuring larval immune response. No changes in innate immune gene expression were detectable for larvae fed with dyed and non-dyed food. In conclusion, we established a non-invasive food labelling protocol for food intake quantification in in vitro reared honey bee larvae, using non-toxic, inexpensive, and easy to apply food dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ehrenberg
- Institute of Biology, Molecular Ecology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Oleg Lewkowski
- Institute of Biology, Molecular Ecology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Silvio Erler
- Institute of Biology, Molecular Ecology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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10
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Tekin G, Ersöz G, Atalay S. Visible light assisted Fenton oxidation of tartrazine using metal doped bismuth oxyhalides as novel photocatalysts. J Environ Manage 2018; 228:441-450. [PMID: 30243079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This research focused on the abatement of the model food dye, tartrazine, using visible light photo-Fenton oxidation with novel bismuth oxyhalide catalysts. Bismuth-oxyhalide and metal doped bismuth oxyhalide catalysts (BiOCl, Cu-BiOCl, and Fe-BiOCl) were synthesized via the facile co-precipitation method. The catalysts were characterized by SEM-EDX, XRD, BET, and DRS analyses and the results showed that Cu-BiOCl possess a unique flower-like nanostructure with narrow band gap (2.53 eV) which enhanced its visible light photocatalytic activity remarkably which was proven by catalyst screening experiments. A detailed experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of operating parameters on the degradation and decolorization of the dye and from this the optimum values were determined as 0.25 g/L for photocatalyst loading, 100 W for visible light power, 6 for initial pH, 6 mM for initial H2O2 concentration, and temperature of 70 °C. Approximately 91% degradation, 95% decolorization, and 59% TOC reduction were obtained at optimum conditions. The results for the kinetic study showed that the degradation and decolorization reactions are in the pseudo-first order and obey the simplified Langmuir-Hinselwood kinetic model. The activation energies were calculated as 86.54 and 69.39 kJ/mol for degradation and decolorization, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülen Tekin
- Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, 35100, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Gülin Ersöz
- Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, 35100, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Süheyda Atalay
- Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, 35100, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey.
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Abstract
Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a localized type IV sensitivity reaction to a systemically introduced allergen. It usually occurs as a result of new medication, making identification and avoidance of the trigger medication straightforward; however, in a rare subset of cases no pharmacological source is identified. In such cases, the causative agent is often a food or food additive. In this report we describe a case of a FDE in a 12-year-old girl recently immigrated to the United States from Ecuador who had no medication exposure over the course of her illness. Through an exhaustive patient history and literature review, we were able to hypothesize that her presentation was caused by a dietary change of the natural achiote dye used in the preparation of yellow rice to a locally available commercial dye mix containing tartrazine, or Yellow 5, which has previously been implicated in both systemic hypersensitivity reactions and specifically in FDE. This report adds to the small body of available literature on non-pharmacological fixed hypersensitivity eruptions and illustrates an effective approach to the management of such a presentation when history is not immediately revealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Tattersall
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., USA
| | - Bobby Y Reddy
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., USA
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12
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Soares BM, Araújo TMT, Ramos JAB, Pinto LC, Khayat BM, De Oliveira Bahia M, Montenegro RC, Burbano RMR, Khayat AS. Effects on DNA repair in human lymphocytes exposed to the food dye tartrazine yellow. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:1465-1474. [PMID: 25750299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tartrazine is a food additive that belongs to a class of artificial dyes and contains an azo group. Studies about its genotoxic, cytotoxic and mutagenic effects are controversial and, in some cases, unsatisfactory. This work evaluated the potential in vitro cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and effects on DNA repair of human lymphocytes exposed to the dye. We assessed the cytotoxicity of tartrazine by 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide test and the response of DNA repair through comet assay (alkaline version). We used different concentrations of the dye, ranging from 0.25-64.0 mM. The results demonstrated that tartrazine has no cytotoxic effects. However, this dye had a significant genotoxic effect at all concentrations tested. Although most of the damage was amenable to repair, some damage remained higher than positive control after 24 h of repair. These data demonstrate that tartrazine may be harmful to health and its prolonged use could trigger carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moreira Soares
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil Oncology Research Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Taíssa Maíra Thomaz Araújo
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil Oncology Research Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Laine Celestino Pinto
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil Oncology Research Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raquel Carvalho Montenegro
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil Oncology Research Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rommel Mario Rodríguez Burbano
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil Oncology Research Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - André Salim Khayat
- Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil Oncology Research Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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