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Palumbo TB, Miwa JM. Lynx1 and the family of endogenous mammalian neurotoxin-like proteins and their roles in modulating nAChR function. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106845. [PMID: 37437646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The promise of nicotinic receptors as a therapeutic target has yet to be fully realized, despite solid data supporting their involvement in neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. The reasons for this are likely complex and manifold, having to do with the widespread action of the cholinergic system and the biophysical mechanism of action of nicotinic receptors leading to fast desensitization and down-regulation. Conventional drug development strategies tend to focus on receptor subtype-specific action of candidate therapeutics, although the broad agonist, nicotine, is being explored in the clinic. The potential negative effects of nicotine make the search for alternate strategies warranted. Prototoxins are a promising yet little-explored avenue of nicotinic receptor drug development. Nicotinic receptors in the brain belong to a complex of proteins, including those that bind to the extracellular face of the receptor, as well as chaperones that bind the intracellular domain, etc. Lynx prototoxins have allosteric modularity effects on receptor function and number and have been implicated in complex in vivo processes such as neuroplasticity, learning, and memory. Their mechanism of action and binding specificity on sets of nAChR subtypes present intriguing possibilities for more efficacious and nuanced therapeutic targeting than nicotinic receptor subtypes alone. An allosteric drug may restrict its actions to physiologically relevant time points, which tend to be correlated with salient events which would be encoded into long-term memory storage. Rather than blanketing the brain with a steady and prolonged elevation of agonist, an allosteric nAChR compound could avoid side effects and loss of efficacy over time. This review details the potential strengths and challenges of prototoxin proteins as therapeutic targets, and some of the utility of such therapeutics based on the emerging understanding of cholinergic signaling in a growing number of complex neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talulla B Palumbo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Dr., Iacocca Hall, B-217, Bethlehem PA, USA.
| | - Julie M Miwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Dr., Iacocca Hall, B-217, Bethlehem PA, USA.
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2
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Mínguez JJ, El Bouyafrouri Y, Godoy JA, Rivas A, Fernández J, Asensio V, Serra R, Perez-Aspa MJ, Lorenzo V. Benign juvenile idiopathic epilepsy in captive Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in the ex situ conservation program (2005-2019). BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:165. [PMID: 33858406 PMCID: PMC8047521 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Benign juvenile idiopathic epilepsy has been described in humans but rarely in animals. The objectives of the study were to describe the clinical signs, clinical data, imaging findings, genetic examinations, treatment, long-term outcome and prognosis in Iberian lynx with juvenile epilepsy. Medical records, video recordings and diagnostic data from 2005 to 2019 were reviewed. Results Twenty lynx cubs with early onset of epileptic seizures (ES) from the conservation program were included. The average age at seizure onset was 75 days. Isolated and cluster ES were recorded. Focal ES, focal ES evolving into generalized ES with a stereotypical pattern and generalized ES were observed. All the cubs were normal between episodes, had a normal neurological examination and unremarkable investigations. Phenobarbital was used as a first line antiepileptic drug (AED). ES halted 10 days (0–34) after starting treatment in eight out of twenty cubs (40%). Treatment was discontinued in this group after a mean of 578 days and no further ES were reported (mean follow-up longer than 5 years). Eleven animals (55%) continued on AED treatment for a mean of 1306 days (70–3466). An adult-onset was observed for one lynx (5%). Polytherapy was necessary in seven lynxes (35%). The inheritance pattern observed was compatible with an autosomal recessive condition. Based on this assumption, mating between two identified carriers has been avoided since 2012, which may have contributed to the subsequent decrease in prevalence, with no further cases detected in 2018 and 2019. Conclusions Lynx pardinus may have an early onset self-limiting ES syndrome characteristic of benign juvenile idiopathic epilepsy. Information obtained from this study strongly suggests a genetic basis for the here presented epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Mínguez
- Hospital Veterinario Guadiamar, Sanlúcar la Mayor, Seville, Spain. .,Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK.
| | - Yasmin El Bouyafrouri
- Centro de cría del lince ibérico El Acebuche-OAPN/Tragsatec. Parque Nacional de Doñana, Huelva, Spain
| | - José A Godoy
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivas
- Centro de cría del lince ibérico El Acebuche-OAPN/Tragsatec. Parque Nacional de Doñana, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Asensio
- Centro de Cría en cautividad de Lince ibérico (CCLI) de Zarza de Granadilla, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Serra
- Centro Nacional de Reprodução de Lince Ibérico, Silves, Portugal
| | - María J Perez-Aspa
- Centro de Cría en cautividad de Lince ibérico (CCLI) la Olivilla. Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucia, Jaen, Spain
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Grigoryan G, Aghayan SA, Gevorgyan H, Malkhasyan A, Vallee I, Karadjian G. The First Report of Trichinella britovi in Armenia. Iran J Parasitol 2020; 15:452-456. [PMID: 33082812 PMCID: PMC7548463 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: More than a hundred species of mammals, birds, and reptiles are infected by nematodes of the Trichinella genus worldwide. Although, Trichinella spp. are widely distributed in neighboring countries including Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and Iran, no study was conducted in Armenia since 1980’s. Methods: In 2017–2018, five muscle samples belonging to Armenian lynx, otter, wild boar, fox and wolf were tested for Trichinella spp. and recovered larvae were identified by multiplex PCR technique. Results: Twenty-six larvae/gram and one larva/gram were found in lynx and fox samples respectively. They were identified as T. britovi. Conclusion: So far only two species were identified in Armenia, T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis, and this is the first time that T. britovi is reported in Armenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohar Grigoryan
- Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sargis A Aghayan
- Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hasmik Gevorgyan
- Molecular Parasitology Research Group, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, The National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Isabelle Vallee
- JRU BIPAR, Anses, Alfort Vet School, INRAE, World Animal Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Grégory Karadjian
- JRU BIPAR, Anses, Alfort Vet School, INRAE, World Animal Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Bajer A, Alsarraf M, Dwużnik D, Mierzejewska EJ, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Behnke-Borowczyk J, Banasiak Ł, Grzybek M, Tołkacz K, Kartawik N, Stańczak Ł, Opalińska P, Krokowska-Paluszak M, Górecki G, Alsarraf M, Behnke JM. Rodents as intermediate hosts of cestode parasites of mammalian carnivores and birds of prey in Poland, with the first data on the life-cycle of Mesocestoides melesi. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:95. [PMID: 32087754 PMCID: PMC7036256 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rodents constitute an important part of the diet of many carnivore species. This predator-prey food chain is exploited by helminth parasites, such as cestodes, whose larval stages develop in rodents and then mature to the adult stage in predators. The main aim of our study was to use molecular techniques for identification of cestode species recovered from both intermediate and definitive hosts, with a particular focus on the genus Mesocestoides. Methods Larval cestodes were obtained during our long-term studies on rodent helminth communities in the Mazury Lake District in the north-east Poland in 2000–2018. Cestode larvae/cysts were collected from body cavities or internal organs (e.g. liver) during autopsies. Adult tapeworms were derived from nine red foxes, three Eurasian badgers and one Eurasian lynx. PCR amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were conducted employing three genetic markers: 18S rDNA, mitochondrial (mt) 12S rDNA and the mt cytochrome c oxydase subunit 1 (cox1) gene fragment. Results Altogether 19 Mesocestoides samples were analyzed, including 13 adult tapeworms from definitive hosts and six larval samples from 4 bank voles and 2 yellow-necked mice. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three well-supported trees of similar topology. In each case the Mesocestoides samples formed two separate clades. All isolates from foxes, the lynx isolate and two isolates from rodents grouped with Mesocestoides litteratus. Four isolates from rodents and all three isolates from Eurasian badgers were resolved in a separate clade, most similar to North American M. vogae (syn. M. corti). Examination of fixed, stained adult specimens from Eurasian badgers revealed consistency with the morphology of Mesocestoides melesi. Therefore, this clade is likely to represent M. melesi, a species first described in 1985 from the Eurasian badger Meles meles. Molecular analysis allowed also the identification of Taenia crassiceps, Hydatigera kamiyai and Cladotaenia globifera among larvae derived from rodents. Conclusions Molecular and phylogenetic analyses support the recognition of M. melesi as a valid species. Our data represent the first record of the larvae of this species in rodents. This is the first report on the occurrence of H. kamiyai in rodents from Poland.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bajer
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mohammed Alsarraf
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Dwużnik
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa J Mierzejewska
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jolanta Behnke-Borowczyk
- Department of Forest Phytopathology, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Banasiak
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Grzybek
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, University of Gdansk, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tołkacz
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Kartawik
- Department of Forest Phytopathology, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stańczak
- Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Patrycja Opalińska
- Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Krokowska-Paluszak
- Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Górecki
- Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mustafa Alsarraf
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy M Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Bandler SR, Chervenak JA, Datesman AM, Devasia AM, DiPirro M, Sakai K, Smith SJ, Stevenson TR, Yoon W, Bennett D, Mates B, Swetz D, Ullom JN, Irwin KD, Eckart ME, Figueroa-Feliciano E, McCammon D, Ryu K, Olson J, Zeiger B. Lynx x-ray microcalorimeter. J Astron Telesc Instrum Syst 2019; 5:021017. [PMID: 33442556 PMCID: PMC7802767 DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.5.2.021017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lynx is an x-ray telescope, one of four large satellite mission concepts currently being studied by NASA to be a flagship mission. One of Lynx's three instruments is an imaging spectrometer called the Lynx x-ray microcalorimeter (LXM), an x-ray microcalorimeter behind an x-ray optic with an angular resolution of 0.5 arc sec and ∼2 m2 of area at 1 keV. The LXM will provide unparalleled diagnostics of distant extended structures and, in particular, will allow the detailed study of the role of cosmic feedback in the evolution of the Universe. We discuss the baseline design of LXM and some parallel approaches for some of the key technologies. The baseline sensor technology uses transition-edge sensors, but we also consider an alternative approach using metallic magnetic calorimeters. We discuss the requirements for the instrument, the pixel layout, and the baseline readout design, which uses microwave superconducting quantum interference devices and high-electron mobility transistor amplifiers and the cryogenic cooling requirements and strategy for meeting these requirements. For each of these technologies, we discuss the current technology readiness level and our strategy for advancing them to be ready for flight. We also describe the current system design, including the block diagram, and our estimate for the mass, power, and data rate of the instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Bandler
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Aaron M. Datesman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States
- Wyle Information Systems, McLean, Virginia, United States
| | - Archana M. Devasia
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States
- CRESST and University of Maryland Department of Physics, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Michael DiPirro
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States
| | - Kazuhiro Sakai
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States
- CRESST and University of Maryland Department of Physics, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Stephen J. Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States
- CRESST and University of Maryland Department of Physics, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Wonsik Yoon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States
- ASRC Federal Space and Defense, Beltsville, Maryland, United States
| | - Douglas Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Benjamin Mates
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Daniel Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Joel N. Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Kent D. Irwin
- Stanford University, Department of Physics, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Megan E. Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States
| | | | - Dan McCammon
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kevin Ryu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Advanced Imager Technology Group, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jeffrey Olson
- Lockheed Martin Space, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Ben Zeiger
- Luxel Corporation, Friday Harbor, Washington, United States
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Persson BRR, Gjelsvik R, Holm E. Radioecological modelling of Polonium-210 and Caesium-137 in lichen-reindeer-man and top predators. J Environ Radioact 2018; 186:54-62. [PMID: 28870414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work deals with analysis and modelling of the radionuclides 210Pb and210Po in the food-chain lichen-reindeer-man in addition to 210Po and 137Cs in top predators. By using the methods of Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) the atmospheric deposition of 210Pb and 210Po is predicted at the sample locations. Dynamic modelling of the activity concentration with differential equations is fitted to the sample data. Reindeer lichen consumption, gastrointestinal absorption, organ distribution and elimination is derived from information in the literature. Dynamic modelling of transfer of 210Pb and 210Po to reindeer meat, liver and bone from lichen consumption, fitted well with data from Sweden and Finland from 1966 to 1971. The activity concentration of 210Pb in the skeleton in man is modelled by using the results of studying the kinetics of lead in skeleton and blood in lead-workers after end of occupational exposure. The result of modelling 210Pb and 210Po activity in skeleton matched well with concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po in teeth from reindeer-breeders and autopsy bone samples in Finland. The results of 210Po and 137Cs in different tissues of wolf, wolverine and lynx previously published, are analysed with multivariate data processing methods such as Principal Component Analysis PCA, and modelled with the method of Projection to Latent Structures, PLS, or Partial Least Square Regression PLSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil R R Persson
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Barngatan 2, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Runhild Gjelsvik
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, PO Box 55, NO-1332 Østerås, Norway
| | - Elis Holm
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgren Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Arvaniti M, Polli FS, Kohlmeier KA, Thomsen MS, Andreasen JT. Loss of Lypd6 leads to reduced anxiety-like behaviour and enhanced responses to nicotine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:86-94. [PMID: 29195920 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine consumption through smoking affects anxious states in humans. However, the precise role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) circuitry in the regulation of anxiety remains elusive. The Lynx protein Lypd6 is highly enriched in synaptic loci and has been previously identified as an endogenous inhibitor of neuronal nAChR function in vitro. Here, we investigate the effect of Lypd6 in anxiety-related behaviour and examine the molecular underpinnings of its function in the brain. We employ the marble burying (MB) and elevated zero maze (EZM) tests in Lypd6 knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice and find that loss of Lypd6 leads to decreased digging behaviour in the MB test and increased time spent in the open area in the EZM test. Moreover, we demonstrate that acute nicotine administration reduces digging in the MB test in both KO and WT mice and further accentuates the inherent genotype difference. Using in vitro electrophysiology in dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) neurons from Lypd6 KO mice, we show that nicotine-evoked whole-cell currents are enhanced in the absence of Lypd6. Collectively, these data are the first to indicate the involvement of Lypd6 in circuits associated with anxiety and suggest that a possible underlying neurobiological mechanism is the modulation of cholinergic responses in the DRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arvaniti
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip S Polli
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten S Thomsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; H. Lundbeck A/S, Department of Synaptic Transmission In Vitro, Valby, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Andreasen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lazarus M, Sekovanić A, Orct T, Reljić S, Kusak J, Jurasović J, Huber Đ. Apex predatory mammals as bioindicator species in environmental monitoring of elements in Dinaric Alps (Croatia). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:23977-23991. [PMID: 28879543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue element investigations of apex terrestrial mammals are very scarce in Europe. We quantified 16 essential and nonessential elements in the kidney cortex, liver, and muscle tissue of 467 brown bears (Ursus arctos), 125 gray wolves (Canis lupus), one Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), and three golden jackals (Canis aureus) from Croatia by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Renal cadmium (0.6% of animals) and lead (1%) and hepatic lead (5%) were found in toxicologically relevant levels for mammals only in bears, while the other elements were within normal range. The association of age, sex, season, and region with measured tissue elements in bear and wolf was estimated by multiple regression analyses. Age-related accumulation of cadmium was observed in bears and wolves. Lead tissue content increased with the age of bears but declined in wolves. Female bears and wolves had higher arsenic, iron, and thallium than males in some tissues. Also, cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, and uranium were more abundant only in female bears. Male bears had higher potassium, zinc, and magnesium, while male wolves had higher calcium in some tissues compared to female wolves. Seasonal differences were mainly observed for bears' tissues and region-specific differences only in wolves. The bear kidneys had the highest levels of cobalt, copper, molybdenum, cadmium, and lead among the four studied species. The element levels reported for bears and wolves represent baseline values for the Dinaric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Lazarus
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, P.O. Box 291, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ankica Sekovanić
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, P.O. Box 291, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Orct
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, P.O. Box 291, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slaven Reljić
- Department of Biology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Kusak
- Department of Biology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Jurasović
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, P.O. Box 291, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Đuro Huber
- Department of Biology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Marmesat E, Schmidt K, Saveljev AP, Seryodkin IV, Godoy JA. Retention of functional variation despite extreme genomic erosion: MHC allelic repertoires in the Lynx genus. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:158. [PMID: 28676046 PMCID: PMC5496644 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demographic bottlenecks erode genetic diversity and may increase endangered species' extinction risk via decreased fitness and adaptive potential. The genetic status of species is generally assessed using neutral markers, whose dynamic can differ from that of functional variation due to selection. The MHC is a multigene family described as the most important genetic component of the mammalian immune system, with broad implications in ecology and evolution. The genus Lynx includes four species differing immensely in demographic history and population size, which provides a suitable model to study the genetic consequences of demographic declines: the Iberian lynx being an extremely bottlenecked species and the three remaining ones representing common and widely distributed species. We compared variation in the most variable exon of the MHCI and MHCII-DRB loci among the four species of the Lynx genus. RESULTS The Iberian lynx was characterised by lower number of MHC alleles than its sister species (the Eurasian lynx). However, it maintained most of the functional genetic variation at MHC loci present in the remaining and genetically healthier lynx species at all nucleotide, amino acid, and supertype levels. CONCLUSIONS Species-wide functional genetic diversity can be maintained even in the face of severe population bottlenecks, which caused devastating whole genome genetic erosion. This could be the consequence of divergent alleles being retained across paralogous loci, an outcome that, in the face of frequent gene conversion, may have been favoured by balancing selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marmesat
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), C/Américo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Schmidt
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Alexander P Saveljev
- Department of Animal Ecology, Russian Research Institute of Game Management and Fur Farming, 79 Preobrazhenskaya Str, Kirov, 610000, Russia
| | - Ivan V Seryodkin
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Animals, Pacific Institute of Geography of Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 7 Radio Street, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova Street, Vladivostok, 690091, Russia
| | - José A Godoy
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), C/Américo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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Abascal F, Corvelo A, Cruz F, Villanueva-Cañas JL, Vlasova A, Marcet-Houben M, Martínez-Cruz B, Cheng JY, Prieto P, Quesada V, Quilez J, Li G, García F, Rubio-Camarillo M, Frias L, Ribeca P, Capella-Gutiérrez S, Rodríguez JM, Câmara F, Lowy E, Cozzuto L, Erb I, Tress ML, Rodriguez-Ales JL, Ruiz-Orera J, Reverter F, Casas-Marce M, Soriano L, Arango JR, Derdak S, Galán B, Blanc J, Gut M, Lorente-Galdos B, Andrés-Nieto M, López-Otín C, Valencia A, Gut I, García JL, Guigó R, Murphy WJ, Ruiz-Herrera A, Marques-Bonet T, Roma G, Notredame C, Mailund T, Albà MM, Gabaldón T, Alioto T, Godoy JA. Extreme genomic erosion after recurrent demographic bottlenecks in the highly endangered Iberian lynx. Genome Biol 2016; 17:251. [PMID: 27964752 PMCID: PMC5155386 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic studies of endangered species provide insights into their evolution and demographic history, reveal patterns of genomic erosion that might limit their viability, and offer tools for their effective conservation. The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is the most endangered felid and a unique example of a species on the brink of extinction. RESULTS We generate the first annotated draft of the Iberian lynx genome and carry out genome-based analyses of lynx demography, evolution, and population genetics. We identify a series of severe population bottlenecks in the history of the Iberian lynx that predate its known demographic decline during the 20th century and have greatly impacted its genome evolution. We observe drastically reduced rates of weak-to-strong substitutions associated with GC-biased gene conversion and increased rates of fixation of transposable elements. We also find multiple signatures of genetic erosion in the two remnant Iberian lynx populations, including a high frequency of potentially deleterious variants and substitutions, as well as the lowest genome-wide genetic diversity reported so far in any species. CONCLUSIONS The genomic features observed in the Iberian lynx genome may hamper short- and long-term viability through reduced fitness and adaptive potential. The knowledge and resources developed in this study will boost the research on felid evolution and conservation genomics and will benefit the ongoing conservation and management of this emblematic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Abascal
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - André Corvelo
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Cruz
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Americo Vespucio, s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L Villanueva-Cañas
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vlasova
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Martínez-Cruz
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Americo Vespucio, s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jade Yu Cheng
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 8, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pablo Prieto
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Quesada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier Quilez
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Francisca García
- Servei de Cultius Cel.lulars (SCC, SCAC), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Rubio-Camarillo
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Leonor Frias
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Capella-Gutiérrez
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Rodríguez
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- National Bioinformatics Institute (INB), Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Francisco Câmara
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernesto Lowy
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ionas Erb
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael L Tress
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Jose L Rodriguez-Ales
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Ruiz-Orera
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Reverter
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Casas-Marce
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Americo Vespucio, s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Laura Soriano
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Americo Vespucio, s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier R Arango
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sophia Derdak
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Galán
- Department of Environmental Biology, Center for Biological Research (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie Blanc
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Lorente-Galdos
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Andrés-Nieto
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- National Bioinformatics Institute (INB), Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Ivo Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L García
- Department of Environmental Biology, Center for Biological Research (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roderic Guigó
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Computational Genomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Aurora Ruiz-Herrera
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cedric Notredame
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Mailund
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 8, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Mar Albà
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Godoy
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Americo Vespucio, s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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11
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Arvaniti M, Jensen MM, Soni N, Wang H, Klein AB, Thiriet N, Pinborg LH, Muldoon PP, Wienecke J, Imad Damaj M, Kohlmeier KA, Gondré-Lewis MC, Mikkelsen JD, Thomsen MS. Functional interaction between Lypd6 and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Neurochem 2016; 138:806-20. [PMID: 27344019 PMCID: PMC5017906 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) affect multiple physiological functions in the brain and their functions are modulated by regulatory proteins of the Lynx family. Here, we report for the first time a direct interaction of the Lynx protein LY6/PLAUR domain-containing 6 (Lypd6) with nAChRs in human brain extracts, identifying Lypd6 as a novel regulator of nAChR function. Using protein cross-linking and affinity purification from human temporal cortical extracts, we demonstrate that Lypd6 is a synaptically enriched membrane-bound protein that binds to multiple nAChR subtypes in the human brain. Additionally, soluble recombinant Lypd6 protein attenuates nicotine-induced hippocampal inward currents in rat brain slices and decreases nicotine-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in PC12 cells, suggesting that binding of Lypd6 is sufficient to inhibit nAChR-mediated intracellular signaling. We further show that perinatal nicotine exposure in rats (4 mg/kg/day through minipumps to dams from embryonic day 7 to post-natal day 21) significantly increases Lypd6 protein levels in the hippocampus in adulthood, which did not occur after exposure to nicotine in adulthood only. Our findings suggest that Lypd6 is a versatile inhibitor of cholinergic signaling in the brain, and that Lypd6 is dysregulated by nicotine exposure during early development. Regulatory proteins of the Lynx family modulate the function of nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). We report for the first time that the Lynx protein Lypd6 binds to nAChRs in human brain extracts, and that recombinant Lypd6 decreases nicotine-induced ERK phosphorylation and attenuates nicotine-induced hippocampal inward currents. Our findings suggest that Lypd6 is a versatile inhibitor of cholinergic signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arvaniti
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Majbrit M Jensen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Neeraj Soni
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hong Wang
- Laboratory for Neurodevelopment, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Anders B Klein
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Lars H Pinborg
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Epilepsy Clinic, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pretal P Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacob Wienecke
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport & Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis
- Laboratory for Neurodevelopment, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jens D Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten S Thomsen
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Thomsen MS, Arvaniti M, Jensen MM, Shulepko MA, Dolgikh DA, Pinborg LH, Härtig W, Lyukmanova EN, Mikkelsen JD. Lynx1 and Aβ1-42 bind competitively to multiple nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 46:13-21. [PMID: 27460145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lynx1 regulates synaptic plasticity in the brain by regulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). It is not known to which extent Lynx1 can bind to endogenous nAChR subunits in the brain or how this interaction is affected by Alzheimer's disease pathology. We apply affinity purification to demonstrate that a water-soluble variant of human Lynx1 (Ws-Lynx1) isolates α3, α4, α5, α6, α7, β2, and β4 nAChR subunits from human and rat cortical extracts, and rat midbrain and olfactory bulb extracts, suggesting that Lynx1 forms complexes with multiple nAChR subtypes in the human and rodent brain. Incubation with Ws-Lynx1 decreases nicotine-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in PC12 cells and striatal neurons, indicating that binding of Ws-Lynx1 is sufficient to inhibit signaling downstream of nAChRs. The effect of nicotine in PC12 cells is independent of α7 or α4β2 nAChRs, suggesting that Lynx1 can affect the function of native non-α7, non-α4β2 nAChR subtypes. We further show that Lynx1 and oligomeric β-amyloid1-42 compete for binding to several nAChR subunits, that Ws-Lynx1 prevents β-amyloid1-42-induced cytotoxicity in cortical neurons, and that cortical Lynx1 levels are decreased in a transgenic mouse model with concomitant β-amyloid and tau pathology. Our data suggest that Lynx1 binds to multiple nAChR subtypes in the brain and that this interaction might have functional and pathophysiological implications in relation to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten S Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Maria Arvaniti
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Majbrit M Jensen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikhail A Shulepko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Dolgikh
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lars H Pinborg
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Epilepsy Clinic, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ekaterina N Lyukmanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jens D Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Haukisalmi V, Konyaev S, Lavikainen A, Isomursu M, Nakao M. Description and life-cycle of Taenia lynciscapreoli sp. n. (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea). Zookeys 2016:1-23. [PMID: 27199592 PMCID: PMC4857020 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.584.8171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of tapeworm, Taenialynciscapreoli sp. n. (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea), is described from the Eurasian lynx (Lynxlynx), the main definitive host, and the roe deer (Capreoluscapreolus and Capreoluspygargus), the main intermediate hosts, from Finland and Russia (Siberia and the Russian Far East). The new species was found once also in the wolf (Canislupus) and the Eurasian elk/moose (Alcesalces), representing accidental definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. The conspecificity of adult specimens and metacestodes of Taenialynciscapreoli sp. n. in various host species and regions, and their distinction from related species of Taenia, was confirmed by partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Morphologically, Taenialynciscapreolisp. n. can be separated unambiguously from all other species of Taenia by the shape of its large rostellar hooks, particularly the characteristically short, wide and strongly curved blade. If the large rostellar hooks are missing, Taenialynciscapreoli may be separated from related species by a combination of morphological features of mature proglottids. It is suggested that Taenialynciscapreoli has been present in published materials concerning the tapeworms of Lynxlynx and Lynxpardinus in Europe, but has been misidentified as Taeniapisiformis (Bloch, 1780). Taenialynciscapreolisp. n. has not been found in lynx outside the range of roe deer, suggesting a transmission pathway based on a specific predator–prey relationship. The present study applies a novel, simple approach to compare qualitative interspecific differences in the shape of rostellar hooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voitto Haukisalmi
- Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, P.O. Box 17, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergey Konyaev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, 630091, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Antti Lavikainen
- Immunobiology Program/Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Isomursu
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
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14
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Wang X, Bao H, Sun H, Zhang Y, Fang J, Liu Q, Liu Z. Selective actions of Lynx proteins on different nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis. J Neurochem 2015; 134:455-62. [PMID: 25951893 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are major neurotransmitter receptors and targets of neonicotinoid insecticides in the insect nervous system. The full function of nAChRs is often dependent on associated proteins, such as chaperones, regulators and modulators. Here, three Lynx (Ly-6/neurotoxin) proteins, Loc-lynx1, Loc-lynx2 and Loc-lynx3, were identified in the locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis. Co-expression with Lynx resulted in a dramatic increase in agonist-evoked macroscopic currents on nAChRs Locα1/β2 and Locα2/β2 in Xenopus oocytes, but no changes in agonist sensitivity. Loc-lynx1 and Loc-lynx3 only modulated nAChRs Locα1/β2 while Loc-lynx2 modulated Locα2/β2 specifically. Meanwhile, Loc-lynx1 induced a more significant increase in currents evoked by imidacloprid and epibatidine than Loc-lynx3, and the effects of Loc-lynx1 on imidacloprid and epibatidine were significantly higher than those on acetylcholine. Among three lynx proteins, only Loc-lynx1 significantly increased [(3) H]epibatidine binding on Locα1/β2. The results indicated that Loc-lynx1 had different modulation patterns in nAChRs compared to Loc-lynx2 and Loc-lynx3. Taken together, these findings indicated that three Lynx proteins were nAChR modulators and had selective activities in different nAChRs. Lynx proteins might display their selectivities from three aspects: nAChR subtypes, various agonists and different modulation patterns. Insect Lynx (Ly-6/neurotoxin) proteins act as the allosteric modulators on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), the important targets of insecticides. We found that insect lynx proteins showed their selectivities from at least three aspects: nAChR subtypes, various agonists and different modulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huahua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jichao Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Jensen MM, Arvaniti M, Mikkelsen JD, Michalski D, Pinborg LH, Härtig W, Thomsen MS. Prostate stem cell antigen interacts with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and is affected in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1629-1638. [PMID: 25680266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder involving impaired cholinergic neurotransmission and dysregulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Ly-6/neurotoxin (Lynx) proteins have been shown to modulate cognition and neural plasticity by binding to nAChR subtypes and modulating their function. Hence, changes in nAChR regulatory proteins such as Lynx proteins could underlie the dysregulation of nAChRs in AD. Using Western blotting, we detected bands corresponding to the Lynx proteins prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) and Lypd6 in human cortex indicating that both proteins are present in the human brain. We further showed that PSCA forms stable complexes with the α4 nAChR subunit and decreases nicotine-induced extracellular-signal regulated kinase phosphorylation in PC12 cells. In addition, we analyzed protein levels of PSCA and Lypd6 in postmortem tissue of medial frontal gyrus from AD patients and found significantly increased PSCA levels (approximately 70%). In contrast, no changes in Lypd6 levels were detected. In concordance with our findings in AD patients, PSCA levels were increased in the frontal cortex of triple transgenic mice with an AD-like pathology harboring human transgenes that cause both age-dependent β-amyloidosis and tauopathy, whereas Tg2576 mice, which display β-amyloidosis only, had unchanged PSCA levels compared to wild-type animals. These findings identify PSCA as a nAChR-binding protein in the human brain that is affected in AD, suggesting that PSCA-nAChR interactions may be involved in the cognitive dysfunction observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majbrit M Jensen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Arvaniti
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens D Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars H Pinborg
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Epilepsy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Morten S Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Gjelsvik R, Holm E, Kålås JA, Persson B, Asbrink J. Polonium-210 and Caesium-137 in lynx (Lynx lynx), wolverine (Gulo gulo) and wolves (Canis lupus). J Environ Radioact 2014; 138:402-409. [PMID: 24811891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Wolves, lynx and wolverines are on the top of the food-chain in northern Scandinavia and Finland. (210)Po and (137)Cs have been analysed in samples of liver, kidney and muscle from 28 wolves from Sweden. In addition blood samples were taken from 27 wolves. In 9 of the wolves, samples of muscle, liver and blood were analysed for (210)Po. Samples of liver and muscle were collected from 16 lynx and 16 wolverines from Norway. The liver samples were analysed for (210)Po and (137)Cs. Only (137)Cs analyses were carried out for the muscle samples. The wolves were collected during the winter 2010 and 2011, while the samples for lynx and wolverines were all from 2011. The activity concentrations of (210)Po in wolves were higher for liver (range 20-523 Bq kg(-1) d.w.) and kidney (range 24-942 Bq kg(-1) d.w.) than muscle (range 1-43 Bq kg(-1) d.w.) and blood (range 2-54 Bq kg(-1) d.w.). Activity ratios, (210)Po/(210)Pb, in wolf samples of muscle, liver and blood were in the ranges 2-77, 9-56 and 2-54. Using a wet weight ratio of 3.8 the maximal absorbed dose from (210)Po to wolf liver was estimated to 3500 μGy per year. Compared to wolf, the ranges of (210)Po in liver samples were lower in lynx (range 22-211 Bq kg(-1) d.w.) and wolverine (range16-160 Bq kg(-1) d.w.). Concentration of (137)Cs in wolf samples of muscle, liver, kidney and blood were in the ranges 70-8410 Bq kg(-1) d.w., 36-4050 Bq kg(-1) d.w., 31-3453 Bq kg(-1) d.w. and 4-959 Bq kg(-1) d.w., respectively. (137)Cs in lynx muscle and liver samples were in the ranges 44-13393 Bq kg(-1) d.w. and 125-10260 Bq kg(-1) d.w. The corresponding values for (137)Cs in wolverine were 22-3405 Bq kg(-1) d.w. for liver and 53-4780 Bq kg(-1) d.w. for muscle. The maximal absorbed dose from (137)Cs to lynx was estimated to 3000 μGy per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhild Gjelsvik
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, PO Box 55, NO-1332 Østerås, Norway.
| | - Elis Holm
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, PO Box 55, NO-1332 Østerås, Norway
| | - John Atle Kålås
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, PO Box 5685 Sluppen, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bertil Persson
- Lund University, Medical radiation physics, Barngatan 2, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
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17
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Lyukmanova EN, Shulepko MA, Bychkov ML, Shenkarev ZO, Paramonov AS, Chugunov AO, Arseniev AS, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP. Human SLURP-1 and SLURP-2 Proteins Acting on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Reduce Proliferation of Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma HT-29 Cells. Acta Naturae 2014; 6:60-6. [PMID: 25558396 PMCID: PMC4273093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human secreted Ly-6/uPAR related proteins (SLURP-1 and SLURP-2) are produced by various cells, including the epithelium and immune system. These proteins act as autocrine/paracrine hormones regulating the growth and differentiation of keratinocytes and are also involved in the control of inflammation and malignant cell transformation. These effects are assumed to be mediated by the interactions of SLURP-1 and SLURP-2 with the α7 and α3β2 subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), respectively. Available knowledge about the molecular mechanism underling the SLURP-1 and SLURP-2 effects is very limited. SLURP-2 remains one of the most poorly studied proteins of the Ly-6/uPAR family. In this study, we designed for the first time a bacterial system for SLURP-2 expression and a protocol for refolding of the protein from cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Milligram quantities of recombinant SLURP-2 and its 13C-15N-labeled analog were obtained. The recombinant protein was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and a structural model was developed. A comparative study of the SLURP-1 and SLURP-2 effects on the epithelial cell growth was conducted using human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells, which express only α7-nAChRs. A pronounced antiproliferative effect of both proteins was observed. Incubation of cells with 1 μM SLURP-1 and 1 μM SLURP-2 during 48 h led to a reduction in the cell number down to ~ 54 and 63% relative to the control, respectively. Fluorescent microscopy did not reveal either apoptotic or necrotic cell death. An analysis of the dose-response curve revealed the concentration-dependent mode of the SLURP-1 and SLURP-2 action with EC50 ~ 0.1 and 0.2 nM, respectively. These findings suggest that the α7-nAChR is the main receptor responsible for the antiproliferative effect of SLURP proteins in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. N. Lyukmanova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M. A. Shulepko
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M. L. Bychkov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Z. O. Shenkarev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A. S. Paramonov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A. O. Chugunov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A. S. Arseniev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Institutskii per., 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - D. A. Dolgikh
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M. P. Kirpichnikov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Pribbenow S, Jewgenow K, Vargas A, Serra R, Naidenko S, Dehnhard M. Validation of an enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in Eurasian ( Lynx lynx) and Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 206:166-77. [PMID: 25066418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stress hormone levels are important indicator of an animal's well-being, as stress has harmful effects on reproduction, growth and immune function. The development of enzyme immunoassays (EIA) to monitor faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGM) contributes a powerful tool to assess an animal's adrenal status non-invasively. We aimed to identify a suitable EIA for monitoring fGM by assessing the suitability of six different EIAs for detecting quantitative changes in fGM concentrations in response to an ACTH challenge test in Eurasian lynx. FGM were characterised in a male Eurasian lynx that received an injection of (3)H-cortisol. Using HPLC analyses radiolabeled metabolites were compared with immunoreactive metabolites. The second aim was to biologically validate the established EIA for monitoring adrenocortical activity of captive Iberian lynxes after a translocation to new enclosures in relation to behaviour. Additionally faecal samples of ten pregnant Iberian lynxes from the peripartal period were analysed. The ACTH challenge revealed an 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone EIA as the most sensitive assay to reflect acute fGM elevations in the Eurasian lynx. HPLC immunograms demonstrated that the 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone EIA measured significant amounts of immunoreactivities corresponding to radiolabeled metabolites with strong similarities across both lynx species. Additionally, HPLC and GC-MS analyses confirmed the presence of 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone in faeces of both, the Eurasian and the Iberian lynx. Longitudinal fGM profiles of Iberian lynx revealed increases in concentrations associated with management events. During the peripartal period, however, fGM concentrations were not significantly elevated. Our results show that the 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone EIA is a reliable tool to assess fGM in both lynx species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Pribbenow
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 13, D-10315 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katarina Jewgenow
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 13, D-10315 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Astrid Vargas
- Center for Captive Breeding of the Iberian Lynx "El Acebuche", Huelva, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Serra
- National Center for Captive Breeding of the Iberian Lynx, 8375-082 Messines, Portugal.
| | - Sergey Naidenko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, 33 Leninski Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Martin Dehnhard
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 13, D-10315 Berlin, Germany.
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