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Čisovská Bazsalovicsová E, Radačovská A, Lavikainen A, Kuchta R, Králová-Hromadová I. Genetic interrelationships of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), the causative agent of sparganosis in Europe. Parasite 2022; 29:8. [PMID: 35148496 PMCID: PMC8837384 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographic distribution of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), the causative agent of food/water-borne sparganosis, is restricted to Europe, where infected canids, felids, mustelids, suids, and reptiles have been documented from Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Serbia, Estonia, Latvia, and Finland. The main objective of the current study was to map the molecular divergence of S. erinaceieuropaei from Finland using the complete sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1 mtDNA). Seven cox1 haplotypes were determined in 15 tapeworms from Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from three localities in southern Finland. In addition, the first inter-population study of S. erinaceieuropaei based on currently obtained data on cox1 from Finland and previously published data from Finland, Latvia, Ukraine, and Poland, was performed. The haplotype network showed a star-like pattern without specific subdivision of lineages according to the locality. Samples from Finland, Latvia, and Poland shared several haplotypes and formed the common Baltic lineage. The haplotype of S. erinaceieuropaei from Ukraine was unique and placed on a separate mutational pathway, suggesting a different lineage of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alžbeta Radačovská
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Antti Lavikainen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences (Veterinary Parasitology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Roman Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Malkamäki S, Näreaho A, Lavikainen A, Oksanen A, Sukura A. A new SYBR green real-time PCR assay for semi-quantitative detection of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus canadensis DNA on bilberries ( Vaccinium myrtillus). Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 17:e00068. [PMID: 32095636 PMCID: PMC7034028 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Berries and vegetables are potential transmission vehicles for eggs of pathogenic parasites, such as Echinococcus spp. We developed a SYBR Green based semi-quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method for detection of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus canadensis DNA from berry samples. A set of primers based on the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) gene was designed and evaluated. To assess the efficacy of the assay, we spiked bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) with a known amount of E. multilocularis eggs. The detection limit for the assay using the NAD1_88 primer set was 4.37 × 10-5 ng/μl of E. multilocularis DNA. Under artificial contamination of berries, 50 E. multilocularis eggs were reliably detected in 250 g of bilberries. Analytical sensitivity of the assay was determined to be 100% with three eggs. As an application of the assay, 21 bilberry samples from Finnish market places and 21 bilberry samples from Estonia were examined. Previously described sieving and DNA extraction methods were used, and the samples were analyzed for E. multilocularis and E. canadensis DNA using semi-quantitative real-time PCR and a melting curve analysis of the amplified products. Echinococcus DNA was not detected in any of the commercial berry samples. This easy and fast method can be used for an efficient detection of E. multilocularis and E. canadensis in bilberries or other berries, and it is applicable also for fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Malkamäki
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences (FINPAR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Näreaho
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences (FINPAR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Lavikainen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences (FINPAR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Antti Sukura
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences (FINPAR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Hagner K, Jokinen TS, Lavikainen A, Sukura A. Acute fulminant necrotizing myopathy in a dog caused by co-infection with ultrastructural Sarcocystis caninum and Sarcocystis svanai-like apicomplexan protozoa. Vet Parasitol 2018; 252:153-156. [PMID: 29559139 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Typically, carnivores are the definitive and herbivores the intermediate hosts for protozoan Sarcocystis spp. In the definitive host, the parasite has sexual multiplication in the intestine. Asexual phases occur in the musculature of different intermediate hosts. Although intestinal sarcocystosis is common in dogs, muscular symptomatic sarcocystosis is rarely reported. Here we report a fatal dual Sarcocystis spp. infection in a dog. The dog had acute onset of non-ambulatory tetraparesis. While neurological findings suggested a generalized neuromuscular disease with peripheral neuropathy concordant with the neurological deficits, the highly elevated muscle enzymes were more suggestive of a myopathy. Despite supportive therapy, the dog died three days after the onset of clinical signs. Necropsy revealed severe monophasic multifocal myodegeneration with severe pyogranulomatous inflammation. Histology revealed multiple sarcocysts in skeletal muscles and a smaller number in the heart. In light microscopy, both thin-walled and very thin-walled sarcocysts were found in skeletal muscles. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of two types of mature sarcocysts. Morphologically, cysts were indistinguishable from Sarcocystis caninum and Sarcocystis svanai, which were previously reported in a dog from USA. A region of the 18S rRNA gene sequence confirmed the presence of one species, S. arctica/caninum, without evidence for a dual infection. This is the first report of muscular sarcocystosis in a dog in Europe and, intriguingly, revealed morphologically similar species across the Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarja S Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 66, FI 00014, Finland
| | - Antti Lavikainen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology/Immunobiology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FI 00014, Finland
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Pietikäinen R, Nordling S, Jokiranta S, Saari S, Heikkinen P, Gardiner C, Kerttula AM, Kantanen T, Nikanorova A, Laaksonen S, Lavikainen A, Oksanen A. Dirofilaria repens transmission in southeastern Finland. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:561. [PMID: 29126460 PMCID: PMC5681764 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of vector-borne diseases to new regions has become a global threat due to climate change, increasing traffic, and movement of people and animals. Dirofilaria repens, the canine subcutaneous filarioid nematode, has expanded its distribution range northward during the last decades. The northernmost European locations, where the parasite life-cycle has been confirmed, are Estonia and the Novgorod Region in Russia. RESULTS Herein, we describe an autochthonous D. repens infection in a Finnish woman. We also present two cases of D. repens infection in imported dogs indicating the life-cycle in the Russian Vyborg and St Petersburg areas, close to the Finnish border. CONCLUSIONS The most obvious limiting factor of the northern distribution of D. repens is the summer temperature, due to the temperature-dependent development of larvae in vectors. With continuing climate change, further spread of D. repens in Fennoscandia can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stig Nordling
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Jokiranta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Saari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petra Heikkinen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Wildlife and aquatic pathology (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, 90590, Oulu, Finland
| | - Chris Gardiner
- Veterinary Pathology Services, Joint Pathology Center, 606 Stephen Sitter Ave. Silver Spring, Silver Spring, MD, 20910-1290, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Kerttula
- HUSLAB, Division of Clinical Microbiology, P.O. Box 720, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Kantanen
- , HUSLAB, Division of Pathology, P.O. Box 720, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Nikanorova
- The Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after KI Skryabin, Akademika Skryabina Street, 23, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sauli Laaksonen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Lavikainen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Wildlife and aquatic pathology (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, 90590, Oulu, Finland.
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Yanagida T, Lavikainen A, Hoberg EP, Konyaev S, Ito A, Sato MO, Zaikov VA, Beckmen K, Nakao M. Specific status of Echinococcus canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:971-979. [PMID: 28797792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The specific status of Echinococcus canadensis has long been controversial, mainly because it consists of the mitochondrial lineages G6, G7, G8 and G10 with different host affinity: G6 (camel strain) and G7 (pig strain) with domestic cycles and G8 (cervid strain) and G10 (Fennoscandian cervid strain) with sylvatic or semi-domestic cycles. There is an argument whether the mitochondrial lineages should be recognised as separate species which correspond to the biological or epidemiological aggregation. In the present study, the specific status of E. canadensis was investigated using mitochondrial DNA and single copy nuclear DNA markers. Nucleotide sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and partial nuclear phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) and DNA polymerase delta (pold) were determined for 48 isolates of E. canadensis collected from different hosts in a wide range of regions. The mitochondrial phylogeny of cox1 showed that all the isolates were clearly divided into three clades corresponding to G6/G7, G8 and G10. Five and three alleles were confirmed at pepck and pold loci, respectively. These alleles were generally divided into two groups corresponding to G6/G7 or G8 and G10. However, allele sharing was confirmed among individuals belonging to different lineages. The allele sharing occurred primarily in regions where different mitochondrial DNA lineages were found in sympatry. The resultant nuclear mitochondrial discordance suggests the genetic exchangeability among E. canadensis isolates belonging to different lineages. An apparently mosaic parasite fauna that reflects faunal mixing due to natural and anthropogenic disturbance, including introductions and invasion, precludes us from designating each of G6/G7, G8 and G10 into a different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yanagida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Antti Lavikainen
- Immunobiology Program/Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Sergey Konyaev
- Institute Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Marcello Otake Sato
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | | | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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Halajian A, Luus-Powell WJ, Roux F, Nakao M, Sasaki M, Lavikainen A. Echinococcus felidis in hippopotamus, South Africa. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:24-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kinkar L, Laurimäe T, Sharbatkhori M, Mirhendi H, Kia EB, Ponce-Gordo F, Andresiuk V, Simsek S, Lavikainen A, Irshadullah M, Umhang G, Oudni-M'rad M, Acosta-Jamett G, Rehbein S, Saarma U. New mitogenome and nuclear evidence on the phylogeny and taxonomy of the highly zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 52:52-58. [PMID: 28456662 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.), is a significant global public health concern. Echinococcus granulosus s. l. is currently divided into numerous genotypes (G1-G8 and G10) of which G1-G3 are the most frequently implicated genotypes in human infections. Although it has been suggested that G1-G3 could be regarded as a distinct species E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.), the evidence to support this is inconclusive. Most importantly, data from nuclear DNA that provide means to investigate the exchange of genetic material between G1-G3 is lacking as none of the published nuclear DNA studies have explicitly included G2 or G3. Moreover, the commonly used relatively short mtDNA sequences, including the complete cox1 gene, have not allowed unequivocal differentiation of genotypes G1-G3. Therefore, significantly longer mtDNA sequences are required to distinguish these genotypes with confidence. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the phylogenetic relations and taxonomy of genotypes G1-G3 using sequences of nearly complete mitogenomes (11,443bp) and three nuclear loci (2984bp). A total of 23 G1-G3 samples were analysed, originating from 5 intermediate host species in 10 countries. The mtDNA data demonstrate that genotypes G1 and G3 are distinct mitochondrial genotypes (separated by 37 mutations), whereas G2 is not a separate genotype or even a monophyletic cluster, but belongs to G3. Nuclear data revealed no genetic separation of G1 and G3, suggesting that these genotypes form a single species due to ongoing gene flow. We conclude that: (a) in the taxonomic sense, genotypes G1 and G3 can be treated as a single species E. granulosus s. s.; (b) genotypes G1 and G3 should be regarded as distinct genotypes only in the context of mitochondrial data; (c) we recommend excluding G2 from the genotype list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liina Kinkar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teivi Laurimäe
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mitra Sharbatkhori
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Eshrat Beigom Kia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Francisco Ponce-Gordo
- Departmento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Andresiuk
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, FCEyN, UNMdP, Funes 3350, CP: 7600, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Antti Lavikainen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology/Immunobiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 21, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Malik Irshadullah
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Gérald Umhang
- Anses, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Myriam Oudni-M'rad
- LP3M: Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Gerardo Acosta-Jamett
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria y Programa de Investgación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Steffen Rehbein
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 50410 Tartu, Estonia.
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Ito A, Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Hoberg E. Cystic echinococcosis: Future perspectives of molecular epidemiology. Acta Trop 2017; 165:3-9. [PMID: 27237060 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been considered to be caused predominantly by Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (the dog-sheep strain). Molecular approaches on CE, however, have revealed that human cases are also commonly caused by another species, Echinococcus canadensis. All indices for classification and standardization of CE pathology including available images, epidemiology, diagnostics and treatment are currently based largely on a mixture of infections which include at least E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis. Involvement of other species of Echinococcus in CE including E. ortleppi or otherwise cryptic diversity demonstrated recently in Africa requires further elucidation. Molecular identification of the causative species in CE cases is essential for better understanding of pathogenesis and disease. This article stresses the importance of molecular species identification of human CE as a foundation for re-evaluation of evidence-based epidemiology.
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Kerttula AM, Lavikainen A. Nucleic acid diagnostic approaches in parasitology. Duodecim 2017; 133:742-748. [PMID: 29240337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid diagnostic technologies are partly replacing traditional microscopy and antigen detection methods in parasitological diagnostics. In particular, the diagnostics of parasitic diarrhea is undergoing a transformation due to the application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Diagnostics of malaria is still based on microscopy, but rapid nucleic acid tests are emerging. Laboratories of clinical microbiology in Finland currently provide PCR tests e.g. for intestinal protozoa, Toxoplasma and Trichomonas. Nucleic acid diagnostic methods are superior in specificity and sensitivity, but may give false positive results after a treated infection.
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Lee LM, Wallace RS, Clyde VL, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Sibley SD, Stuchin M, Lauck M, O'Connor DH, Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Hoberg EP, Goldberg TL. Definitive Hosts of Versteria Tapeworms (Cestoda: Taeniidae) Causing Fatal Infection in North America. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:707-10. [PMID: 26983004 PMCID: PMC4806962 DOI: 10.3201/eid2204.151446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported fatal infection of a captive Bornean orangutan with metacestodes of a novel taeniid tapeworm, Versteria sp. New data implicate mustelids as definitive hosts of these tapeworms in North America. At least 2 parasite genetic lineages circulate in North America, representing separate introductions from Eurasia.
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Davidson RK, Lavikainen A, Konyaev S, Schurer J, Miller AL, Oksanen A, Skírnisson K, Jenkins E. Echinococcus across the north: Current knowledge, future challenges. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Haukisalmi V, Konyaev S, Lavikainen A, Isomursu M, Nakao M. Description and life-cycle of Taenia lynciscapreoli sp. n. (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea). Zookeys 2016:1-23. [PMID: 27199592 PMCID: PMC4857020 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.584.8171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of tapeworm, Taenialynciscapreoli sp. n. (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea), is described from the Eurasian lynx (Lynxlynx), the main definitive host, and the roe deer (Capreoluscapreolus and Capreoluspygargus), the main intermediate hosts, from Finland and Russia (Siberia and the Russian Far East). The new species was found once also in the wolf (Canislupus) and the Eurasian elk/moose (Alcesalces), representing accidental definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. The conspecificity of adult specimens and metacestodes of Taenialynciscapreoli sp. n. in various host species and regions, and their distinction from related species of Taenia, was confirmed by partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Morphologically, Taenialynciscapreolisp. n. can be separated unambiguously from all other species of Taenia by the shape of its large rostellar hooks, particularly the characteristically short, wide and strongly curved blade. If the large rostellar hooks are missing, Taenialynciscapreoli may be separated from related species by a combination of morphological features of mature proglottids. It is suggested that Taenialynciscapreoli has been present in published materials concerning the tapeworms of Lynxlynx and Lynxpardinus in Europe, but has been misidentified as Taeniapisiformis (Bloch, 1780). Taenialynciscapreolisp. n. has not been found in lynx outside the range of roe deer, suggesting a transmission pathway based on a specific predator–prey relationship. The present study applies a novel, simple approach to compare qualitative interspecific differences in the shape of rostellar hooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voitto Haukisalmi
- Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, P.O. Box 17, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergey Konyaev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, 630091, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Antti Lavikainen
- Immunobiology Program/Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Isomursu
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
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Nkouawa A, Haukisalmi V, Li T, Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Chen X, Henttonen H, Ito A. Cryptic diversity in hymenolepidid tapeworms infecting humans. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:83-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hämäläinen S, Kantele A, Arvonen M, Hakala T, Karhukorpi J, Heikkinen J, Berg E, Vanamo K, Tyrväinen E, Heiskanen-Kosma T, Oksanen A, Lavikainen A. An autochthonous case of cystic echinococcosis in Finland, 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 20:30043. [PMID: 26538367 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.42.30043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of pulmonary cystic echinococcosis in a child from eastern Finland with no history of travelling abroad. The cyst was surgically removed and the organism molecularly identified as Echinococcus canadensis genotype G10. This parasite is maintained in eastern Finland in a sylvatic life cycle involving wolves and moose; in the present case, the infection was presumably transmitted by hunting dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Hämäläinen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
The Echinococcus granulosus complex (EG) is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE). Northern cervid Echinococcus was previously suggested to be the ancestor of the entire EG. During the last century, it was regarded to have three (or four) different, but often overlapping, transmission cycles in the circumpolar North: the original wolf-wild cervid (reindeer or elk)-cycle; the semi-synanthropic cycle involving sled and hunting dogs and wild cervids; and the synanthropic cycle involving herding dogs and semi-domesticated reindeer. Human infections mainly derived from the latter two cycles. In Fennoscandia, the synanthropic cycle has been eliminated during the last 50 years due to changes in reindeer husbandry methods; machinery making herding dogs largely redundant. Typical to human CE in the North has been the relatively benign nature of the disease compared with CE caused by E. granulosus sensu stricto. The metacestodes in humans and in the natural cervid hosts predominantly appear in the lungs. The causative agents have been identified as EG mitochondrial genotypes G8 and G10, now together with G6 (camel), G7 (pig) and G9 genotypes constituting the Echinococcus canadensis species. Based on recent findings in reindeer in Yakutia, G6 might also be recognised among cervid genotypes. The geographical distribution of both G8 and G10 is circumpolar, with G10 currently apparently more prevalent both in the Palearctic and Nearctic. Because of the disappearance of the working dog, E. canadensis in Fennoscandia is again highly dependent on the wolf, as it was before domestication of the dog. Pet and sled dogs, if their number further increases, may to a minor part participate in the life cycle. Human CE in the North was mostly diagnosed by mass chest tuberculosis radiography campaigns, which have been discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Antti Lavikainen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology (FINPAR), Haartman Institute, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Hoberg E. Is Echinococcus intermedius a valid species? Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:342-3. [PMID: 26101150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Antti Lavikainen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology/Immunobiology Program, Faculty of Medicine, PO Box 21, 00014 University of Helsinki, and HUSLAB, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Finland
| | - Eric Hoberg
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US National Parasite Collection, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Yanagida T, Ito A. Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae). Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:1017-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Iwaki T, Haukisalmi V, Konyaev S, Oku Y, Okamoto M, Ito A. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Taenia (Cestoda: Taeniidae): Proposals for the resurrection of Hydatigera Lamarck, 1816 and the creation of a new genus Versteria. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:427-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Meri T, Lavikainen A. [Intestinal parasite infections]. Duodecim 2012; 128:1371-1375. [PMID: 22880372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms in a diarrhea patient are most commonly due to a virus or a bacterium, but they may also be caused by a parasite. A long incubation period is typical of intestinal parasite infections, and in addition to diarrhea they cause prolonged symptoms such as abdominal pain and nausea. Parasitic cyst forms are secreted with feces and are highly tolerant against various environmental conditions. The infections are caught via fecally contaminated food or drink. The diagnosis is based on a formalin-fixed fecal parasitic specimen, leading to further investigations when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Meri
- Helsingin yliopisto, Biotekniikan instituutti, Vita-laboratoriot
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Lavikainen A, Laaksonen S, Beckmen K, Oksanen A, Isomursu M, Meri S. Molecular identification of Taenia spp. in wolves (Canis lupus), brown bears (Ursus arctos) and cervids from North Europe and Alaska. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:289-95. [PMID: 21571090 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Taenia tapeworms of Finnish and Swedish wolves (Canis lupus) and Finnish brown bears (Ursus arctos), and muscle cysticerci of Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), Alaskan Grant's caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and Alaskan moose (Alces americanus) were identified on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of a 396 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Two species were found from wolves: Taenia hydatigena and Taenia krabbei. The cysticerci of reindeer, caribou and one moose also represented T. krabbei. Most of the cysticercal specimens from Alaskan moose, however, belonged to an unknown T. krabbei-like species, which had been reported previously from Eurasian elks (Alces alces) from Finland. Strobilate stages from two bears belonged to this species as well. The present results suggest that this novel Taenia sp. has a Holarctic distribution and uses Alces spp. as intermediate and ursids as final hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Lavikainen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Lavikainen A, Lehtinen MJ, Laaksonen S, Agren E, Oksanen A, Meri S. Molecular characterization of Echinococcus isolates of cervid origin from Finland and Sweden. Parasitology 2006; 133:565-70. [PMID: 16834793 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The species Echinococcus granulosus is made up of several genotypic strain groups, whose taxonomical classification is still undetermined. Genotypes in the cervid-wolf life-cycle are poorly known, especially in Europe. In this study, 33 Echinococcus isolates from cervids from Finland and Sweden were characterized using mitochondrial ND1 gene sequencing. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of E. granulosus strains using the mitochondrial ATP6, ND1, ND3 and CO1 genes was performed using maximum likelihood, neighbour-joining and maximum parsimony methods. The Finnish and Swedish cervid isolates were found to represent the genotype G10. In the phylogenetic analyses, the camel (G6), pig (G7), cervid (G8) and Fennoscandian cervid (G10) strains clustered in a well-supported monophyletic group. This group differed clearly from the common sheep (G1) and horse (G4, 'E. equinus') strains, but was closely related to the cattle strain (G5, 'E. ortleppi'). Our results support the previous studies suggesting that the genotypes G6-10 should be separated from the species E. granulosus sensu stricto. However, additional morphological studies are needed, and the relationship to the cattle strain ('E. ortleppi') should be thoroughly evaluated before a final decision of the taxonomical status of the G6-10 group can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lavikainen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology (FINPAR), Haartman Institute, P.O. Box 21, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Lavikainen A, Lehtinen MJ, Meri T, Hirvelä-Koski V, Meri S. Molecular genetic characterization of the Fennoscandian cervid strain, a new genotypic group (G10) of Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitology 2003; 127:207-15. [PMID: 12964823 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182003003780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The northern biotype of Echinococcus granulosus occurs in North America and northern Eurasia in life-cycles involving cervids. Previously, cervid isolates of E. granulosus from North America have been characterized using molecular genetic techniques as the G8 genotype. In this study, 5 isolates of E. granulosus were collected from 4 reindeer and 1 moose in north-eastern Finland. DNA sequences within regions of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase I (NI)I) genes and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) fragment of the ribosomal DNA were analysed. The mitochondrial nucleotide sequences were identical in all isolates, but high sequence variation was found in the ITS-1 region. Mitochondrial and nuclear sequences of the Finnish cervid E. granulosus and the camel strain (G6) of E. granulosus resembled closely each other. According to phylogenetic analyses, the Finnish isolates have close relationships also with the pig (G7) and cattle (G5) strains. Although some similarities were found with the previously published North American cervid strain (G8), particularly in the NDI sequence and some of the ITS-1 clones, the Finnish E. granulosus form represents a distinct, previously undescribed genotype of E. granulosus. The novel genotype is hereby named as the Fennoscandian cervid strain (G10).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lavikainen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Jarva H, Lavikainen A, Henttonen H, Meri S. [Are echinococci threatening us?]. Duodecim 2002; 118:2083-90, quiz 2090, 2145. [PMID: 12462999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jarva
- Haartman-instituutti, bakteriologian ja immunologian osasto PL 21, 00014 Helsingin yliopisto.
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