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Wang CJ, Yang HW, Li MC. Association between phthalate exposure and the risk of depressive symptoms in the adult population of the United States. Chemosphere 2023; 334:139031. [PMID: 37244561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested an association between phthalate exposure and depressive symptoms, but the evidence is limited. Our study aimed to examine the association between phthalate exposure and the risk of depressive symptoms in the US adult population. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2018 to analyze the association between urinary phthalates and depressive symptoms. We included 11 urinary phthalate metabolites in our analysis and used the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess the presence of depression among study participants. Participants were divided into quartiles for each urinary phthalate metabolite, and we evaluated the association using a generalized linear mixed model with a logit link and binary distribution. A total of 7340 participants were included in the final analysis. After controlling for potential confounders, we found a positive association between the molar sum of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites and depressive symptoms, with an odds ratio of 1.30 (95% CI = 1.02-1.66) for the highest compared to the lowest quartile. In addition, we found positive associations of mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) with depressive symptoms, with odds ratios of 1.43 (95% CI = 1.12-1.81, p for trend = 0.02) and 1.44 (95% CI = 1.13-1.84, p for trend = 0.02), respectively, for the highest compared to the lowest quartile. In conclusion, this study is the first to identify a positive association between DEHP metabolites and the risk of depressive symptoms in the general adult population in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ju Wang
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, College of Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Yang
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, College of Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Li
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, College of Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Chou CY, Shu KH, Chen HC, Wang MC, Chang CC, Hsu BG, Chen TW, Chen CL, Huang CC. Urine phthalate metabolites are associated with urothelial cancer in chronic kidney disease patients. Chemosphere 2021; 273:127834. [PMID: 33077191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most widely used phthalates and is associated with breast cancer. Ths association between DEHP and other types of cancer is not clear. DEHP may increase matrix metalloproteinase-9 that is critical for the development of urothelial cancer (UC). We examined the association between urinary phthalate metabolites and UC. CKD patients were selected as a control group because CKD patients are more at risk of UC than the general population. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we measured seven urinary phthalate metabolites that are abundant and can be measured using HPLC-MS/MS in Taiwan CKD patients between Jul 2013 and Dec 2015. MiBP (a urinary metabolite of Dibutyl phthalates[DBP]) and MEHHP (a urinary metabolite of DEHP) were described because they are the most abundant phthalate metabolites. The association of phthalate (log-transformed) and UC were analyzed using logistic regression with adjustments for age, gender, renal function, use of traditional Chinese medicine, toxins (dye, organic solvent), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. RESULTS We measured the urinary MEHHP and MiBP of 496 patients (224 UC and 272 CKD patients). The urinary MEHHP was associated with UC but MiBP was not. Medical history including the use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, exposure to environmental toxins (dye, paint, and organic solvent), and the use of traditional Chinese medicine was independently associated with UC. The adjusted odds ratio of MEHHP was 1.42 (95% confidence interval: 1.21-1.68). CONCLUSION Phthalate urinary metabolite(MEHHP) may be associated with UC in CKD patients and the association is independent of well-known risk factors of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yi Chou
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University and Hospitals, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Post-baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Shu
- Division of Nephrology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Chang Hua, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Gee Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tzen-Wen Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chiu-Ching Huang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University and Hospitals, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Shim YH, Ock JW, Kim YJ, Kim Y, Kim SY, Kang D. Association between Heavy Metals, Bisphenol A, Volatile Organic Compounds and Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16040671. [PMID: 30823556 PMCID: PMC6406723 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which causes heart disease and stroke, has increased significantly worldwide. Although many studies have revealed the relationship between heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, and lead), the sum of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and MetS, the results remain inconsistent. No study has reported the association between various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalate metabolites with MetS. This cross-sectional study of a representative sample of adult South Koreans aimed to evaluate the relationship between heavy metals, VOC metabolites, phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A and MetS after adjusting for demographic variables. Data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey II (2012–2014) (n = 5251) were used in the analysis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed for MetS with log-transformed hazardous material quartiles after covariate adjustment. Urine muconic acid (MuA) and mono- (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) levels were significantly associated with MetS after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio: 1.34 and 1.39, respectively). Urine MuA and MEHHP levels were significantly associated with MetS. Because of the rarity of this study, which investigated the relationship between each VOC and phthalate metabolite with MetS and the strict definition of all indirect measures of MetS components, further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hwa Shim
- Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea.
| | - Jung Won Ock
- Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Ji Kim
- Department of Preventive, and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea.
| | - Youngki Kim
- Department of Preventive, and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea.
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea.
| | - Se Yeong Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea.
| | - Dongmug Kang
- Department of Preventive, and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea.
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea.
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Ye T, Kang M, Huang Q, Fang C, Chen Y, Shen H, Dong S. Exposure to DEHP and MEHP from hatching to adulthood causes reproductive dysfunction and endocrine disruption in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Aquat Toxicol 2014; 146:115-26. [PMID: 24292025 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Concern has increased regarding the adverse effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on reproduction. However, limited information is available on the effects of DEHP in marine organisms. The aim of the present study was to examine whether long-term exposure to DEHP and its active metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP) disrupts endocrine function in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Marine medaka larvae were exposed to either DEHP (0.1 and 0.5mg/L) or MEHP (0.1 and 0.5mg/L) for 6 months, and the effects on reproduction, sex steroid hormones, liver vitellogenin (VTG), gonad histology and the expression of genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis were investigated. Exposure to DEHP, but not MEHP, from hatching to adulthood accelerated the start of spawning and decreased the egg production of exposed females. Moreover, exposure to both DEHP and MEHP resulted in a reduction in the fertilization rate of oocytes spawned by untreated females paired with treated males. A significant increase in plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) along with a significant decrease in testosterone (T)/E2 ratios was observed in males, which was accompanied by the upregulation of ldlr, star, cyp17a1, 17βhsd, and cyp19a transcription in the testis. Increased concentrations of T and E2 were observed in females, which was consistent with the upregulation of ldlr. The expression of brain gnrhr2, fshβ, cyp19b and steroid hormone receptor genes also corresponded well with hormonal and reproductive changes. The liver VTG level was significantly increased after DEHP and MEHP exposure in males. DEHP induced histological changes in the testes and ovaries: the testes displayed a reduced number of spermatozoa, and the ovaries displayed an increased number of atretic follicles. In addition, the tissue concentrations of MEHP, MEHHP and MEOHP in DEHP-exposed groups were much higher than those in MEHP-exposed groups, and there were no dose- or sex-specific effects. Thus, DEHP exerts more obvious toxic effects compared with MEHP. There were some commonalities in the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of DEHP and MEHP, suggesting that some of the toxic effects of DEHP may be induced by both DEHP itself and DEHP metabolites (including MEHP). Taken together, these results indicate that exposure to DEHP and MEHP from hatching to adulthood causes endocrine disruption with sex-specific effects in marine medaka, with males being more sensitive than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Mei Kang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Chao Fang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Sijun Dong
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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Lewis RC, Meeker JD, Peterson KE, Lee JM, Pace GG, Cantoral A, Téllez-Rojo MM. Predictors of urinary bisphenol A and phthalate metabolite concentrations in Mexican children. Chemosphere 2013; 93:2390-8. [PMID: 24041567 PMCID: PMC3818401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates is prevalent among children and adolescents, but little is known regarding important sources of exposure at these sensitive life stages. In this study, we measured urinary concentrations of BPA and nine phthalate metabolites in 108 Mexican children aged 8-13 years. Associations of age, time of day, and questionnaire items on external environment, water use, and food container use with specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations were assessed, as were questionnaire items concerning the use of 17 personal care products in the past 48-h. As a secondary aim, third trimester urinary concentrations were measured in 99 mothers of these children, and the relationship between specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations at these two time points was explored. After adjusting for potential confounding by other personal care product use in the past 48-h, there were statistically significant (p<0.05) positive associations in boys for cologne/perfume use and monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and in girls for colored cosmetics use and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), MEHHP, MEOHP, and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), conditioner use and MEP, deodorant use and MEP, and other hair products use and MBP. There was a statistically significant positive trend for the number of personal care products used in the past 48-h and log-MEP in girls. However, there were no statistically significant associations between the analytes and the other questionnaire items and there were no strong correlations between the analytes measured during the third trimester and at 8-13 years of age. We demonstrated that personal care product use is associated with exposure to multiple phthalates in children. Due to rapid development, children may be susceptible to impacts from exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals; thus, reduced or delayed use of certain personal care products among children may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Lewis
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John D. Meeker
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Corresponding author: John D. Meeker, Sc.D., University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, M6017 SPH II, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, , telephone: 1.734.764.7184, fax: 1.734.936.7283
| | - Karen E. Peterson
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joyce M. Lee
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Pediatric Endocrinology, Child Health Evaluation and Research Unit (CHEAR), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Upson K, Sathyanarayana S, De Roos AJ, Thompson ML, Scholes D, Dills R, Holt VL. Phthalates and risk of endometriosis. Environ Res 2013; 126:91-7. [PMID: 23890968 PMCID: PMC3905445 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental chemicals with endocrine disruptive properties. The impact of these chemicals on endocrine-related disease in reproductive-age women is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and the risk of a hormonally-driven disease, endometriosis, in reproductive-age women. METHODS We used data from a population-based case-control study of endometriosis, conducted among female enrollees of a large healthcare system in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. We measured urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations on incident, surgically-confirmed cases (n=92) diagnosed between 1996 and 2001 and population-based controls (n=195). Odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for urinary creatinine concentrations, age, and reference year. RESULTS The majority of women in our study had detectable concentrations of phthalate metabolites. We observed a strong inverse association between urinary mono-(2-ethyl-5-hexyl) phthalate (MEHP) concentration and endometriosis risk, particularly when comparing the fourth and first MEHP quartiles (aOR 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.7). Our data suggested an inverse association between endometriosis and urinary concentrations of other di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)) and ∑DEHP, however, the confidence intervals include the null. Our data also suggested increased endometriosis risk with greater urinary concentrations of mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), although the associations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to select phthalates is ubiquitous among female enrollees of a large healthcare system in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The findings from our study suggest that phthalates may alter the risk of a hormonally-mediated disease among reproductive-age women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Upson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Trasande L, Sathyanarayana S, Jo Messito M, S Gross R, Attina TM, Mendelsohn AL. Phthalates and the diets of U.S. children and adolescents. Environ Res 2013; 126:84-90. [PMID: 24041780 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) is an ester of phthalic acid commonly found in processed foods. DEHP may contribute to obesity and insulin resistance in children and adolescents, yet dietary exposures have been not been studied in this vulnerable subpopulation. OBJECTIVE To assess diet and its relation to urinary phthalates in a nationally representative sample of US children and adolescents. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of 24-h dietary recall and urinary phthalate metabolites from 2743 6-19 year olds participating in the 2003-8 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Regression analyses examined relationships of food consumption with log-transformed metabolite concentrations, examined as low-molecular weight, high molecular weight and di-2-ethylhexylphthalate categories, controlling for urinary creatinine, age group, body mass index category, race/ethnicity, caloric intake and gender. RESULTS We identified a -0.04% (95% CI: -0.08, -0.01) increment in di-2-ethylhexylphthalate metabolite concentration/additional gram fruit consumption, a +0.01% increment/additional calorie dietary intake (95% CI: +0.003, +0.02), and a +0.09% (95% CI: +0.02, +0.17) increment/additional gram meat/poultry/fish consumption. Soy consumption (-0.40% increment/additional gram consumed, 95% CI: -0.66, -0.14) was inversely associated with di-2-ethylhexylphthalate, while poultry (+0.23% increment/additional gram consumed, 95% CI: +0.12, +0.35) was positively associated. Findings were robust to examination of metabolite concentrations per unit body mass index and weight, and inclusion of fasting time. CONCLUSIONS Diet contributes to urinary phthalate concentrations in children and adolescents. Further study is needed to examine the implications of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate exposure, especially earlier in life, when more permanent metabolic changes may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trasande
- NYU School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, NY 10016, USA; NYU School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, NY 10016, USA; NYU School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, NY 10016, USA; NYU Wagner School of Public Service, NY 10016, USA; NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, Department of Nutrition, Food & Public Health, NY 10016, USA.
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Téllez-Rojo MM, Cantoral A, Cantonwine DE, Schnaas L, Peterson K, Hu H, Meeker JD. Prenatal urinary phthalate metabolites levels and neurodevelopment in children at two and three years of age. Sci Total Environ 2013; 461-462:386-90. [PMID: 23747553 PMCID: PMC3735862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that prenatal phthalate exposure affects neurodevelopment and behavior during the first years of life. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of maternal urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites during pregnancy on mental and psychomotor development in children 24-36 months of age. METHODS This analysis was conducted on the first three years of life among a subsample of 136 mother-child pairs from the ELEMENT cohort studies conducted in Mexico City. Maternal urine samples collected during the third trimester of pregnancy were analyzed for 9 phthalate metabolites: Mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), Mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP), and four di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites [mono-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP)]. Among the 136 children, 135 (99.3%) completed the study period. Child neurodevelopment was assessed using mental and psychomotor development indexes (MDI and PDI) from a Bayley (BSID II) test at 24, 30, and 36 months of age. The effect of prenatal phthalate exposure on neurodevelopment was estimated using linear regression models for longitudinal data clustered at the individual level. RESULTS No significant associations were observed among all children combined, but differential effects by gender were found. Among girls, there was a negative association between MDI and DEHP metabolites MEHP (β=-2.11 [95% CI: -3.73, -0.49]), MEHHP (β=-1.89 [95% CI: -3.64, -0.15]), MEOHP (β=-1.80 [95% CI: -3.58, -0.03]) MECPP (β=-2.52 [95% CI: -4.44, -0.61]), and ΣDEHP (β=-3.41 [95% CI: -5.26, -1.55]); there was no significant effect among boys. Male PDI was positively related to MBzP (β=1.79 [95% CI: 0.14, 3.45]) and MCPP (β=1.64 [95% CI: 0.15, 3.12]); there was no significant effect on PDI among girls. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that sex plays a role of an effect modifier in the association between prenatal phthalate exposure and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Téllez-Rojo
- Division of Statistics, Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- Division of Statistics, Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - David E. Cantonwine
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Department of Neurodevelopment, National Institute Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karen Peterson
- Human Nutrition Program, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Howard Hu
- Director & Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - John D. Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Trasande L, Sathyanarayana S, Spanier AJ, Trachtman H, Attina TM, Urbina EM. Urinary phthalates are associated with higher blood pressure in childhood. J Pediatr 2013; 163:747-53.e1. [PMID: 23706605 PMCID: PMC4074773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of urinary phthalate levels with blood pressure (BP) and serum triglyceride and lipoprotein levels in children. STUDY DESIGN We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a subsample of US children aged 6-19 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2003 and 2008. We quantified exposure to 3 families of phthalates--low molecular weight, high molecular weight and di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP)--based on molar concentration of urinary metabolites. We assessed descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate associations with BP and lipid levels. RESULTS Controlling for an array of sociodemographic and behavioral factors, as well as diet and body mass index, levels of metabolites of DEHP, a phthalate commonly found in processed foods, were associated with higher age-, sex-, and height-standardized BP. For each log unit (roughly 3-fold) increase in DEHP metabolites, a 0.041 SD unit increase in systolic BP z-score was identified (P = .047). Metabolites of low molecular weight phthalates commonly found in cosmetics and personal care products were not associated with BP. Phthalate metabolites were not associated with triglyceride levels, high-density lipoprotein level, or prehypertension. CONCLUSIONS Dietary phthalate exposure is associated with higher systolic BP in children and adolescents. Further work is needed to confirm these associations, as well as to evaluate opportunities for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Frederiksen H, Nielsen JKS, Mørck TA, Hansen PW, Jensen JF, Nielsen O, Andersson AM, Knudsen LE. Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites, phenols and parabens in rural and urban Danish mother-child pairs. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:772-83. [PMID: 23528233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Some phthalates, parabens and phenols have shown adverse endocrine disrupting effects in animal studies and are also suspected to be involved in human reproductive problems. However, knowledge about exposure sources and biomonitoring data in different subsets of populations are still scarce. Thus, in this study first morning urine samples were collected from 6 to 11 years Danish children and their mothers. The content of seven parabens, nine phenols and metabolites of eight different phthalates were analysed by LC-MS/MS. Two parabens, six phenols and metabolites from six phthalate diesters were measurable in more than 50%, 75% and 90% of the participants, respectively. Thus the children and their mothers were generally exposed simultaneously to a range of phthalates, phenols and parabens. In general, the levels were low but for several of the compounds extreme creatinine adjusted concentrations 100-500-fold higher than the median level were seen in some participants. Children were significantly higher exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) and some of the phthalates (DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, DEHP and DiNP) than their mothers, whereas mothers were higher exposed to compounds related to cosmetics and personal care products such as parabens (MeP, EtP and n-PrP), benzophenone-3, triclosan and diethyl phthalate. However, a very high correlation between mothers and their children was observed for all chemicals. A high individual exposure to one chemical was often associated with a high exposure to other of the chemicals and the possibility of combination effects of multiple simultaneous exposures cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Section 5064, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Saravanabhavan G, Guay M, Langlois É, Giroux S, Murray J, Haines D. Biomonitoring of phthalate metabolites in the Canadian population through the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2009). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:652-61. [PMID: 23419587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to phthalates occurs through multiple sources and pathways. In the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007-2009, 11 phthalate metabolites, namely, MMP, MEP, MnBP, MBzP, MCHP, MCPP, MEHP, MEOHP, MEHHP, MnOP, and MiNP were measured in urine samples of 6-49 year old survey respondents (n=3236). The phthalate metabolites biomonitoring data from this nationally-representative Canadian survey are presented here. The metabolites MEP, MnBP, MBzP, MCPP, MEHP, MEOHP and MEHHP were detected in >90% of Canadians while MMP, MCHP, MnOP and MiNP were detected in <20% of the Canadian population. Step-wise regression analyses were carried out to identify important predictors of volumetric concentrations (μg/L) of the metabolites in the general population. Individual multiple regression models with covariates age, sex, creatinine, fasting status, and the interaction terms age×creatinine, age×sex and fasting status×creatinine were constructed for MEP, MnBP, MBzP, MCPP, MEHP, MEOHP and MEHHP. The least square geometric mean (LSGM) estimates for volumetric concentration (μg/L) of the metabolites derived from respective regression models were used to assess the patterns in the metabolite concentrations among population sub-groups. The results indicate that children had significantly higher urinary concentrations of MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP and MCPP than adolescents and adults. Moreover, MEP, MBzP, MnBP and MEOHP concentrations in females were significantly higher than in males. We observed that fasting status significantly affects the concentrations of MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MCPP metabolites analyzed in this study. Moreover, our results indicate that the sampling time could affect the DEHP metabolite concentrations in the general Canadian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurusankar Saravanabhavan
- Chemicals Surveillance Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
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