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Muñoz E, Hyun J, Diaz JA, Scott SB, Sliwinski MJ. Exposure to neighborhood violence, and laboratory-based and ambulatory cognitive task performance in adulthood. Soc Sci Med 2024; 348:116807. [PMID: 38569283 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to neighborhood violence may have negative implications for adults' cognitive functioning, but the ecological sensitivity of these effects has yet to be determined. We first evaluated the link between exposure to neighborhood violence and two latent constructs of cognitive function that incorporated laboratory-based and ambulatory, smartphone-based, cognitive assessments. Second, we examined whether the effect of exposure to violence was stronger for ambulatory assessments compared to in-lab assessments. METHODS We used data from 256 urban-dwelling adults between 25 and 65 years old (M = 46.26, SD = 11.07); 63.18% non-Hispanic Black, 9.21% non-Hispanic White, 18.41% Hispanic White, 5.02% Hispanic Black, and 4.18% other. Participants completed baseline surveys on neighborhood exposures, cognitive assessments in a laboratory/research office, and ambulatory smartphone-based cognitive assessments five-times a day for 14 days. RESULTS Exposure to neighborhood violence was associated with poorer performance in a latent working memory construct that incorporated in-lab and ambulatory assessments, but was not associated with the perceptual speed construct. The effect of exposure to neighborhood violence on the working memory construct was explained by its effect on the ambulatory working memory task and not by the in-lab cognitive assessments. CONCLUSION This study shows the negative effect that exposure to neighborhood violence may have on everyday working memory performance in urban-dwelling adults in midlife. Results highlight the need for more research to determine the sensitivity of ambulatory assessments to quantify the effects of neighborhood violence on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Muñoz
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Jinshil Hyun
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jose A Diaz
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Stacey B Scott
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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2
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Abstract
Firearm violence is now the leading cause of youth fatalities in the United States. This article outlines the various ways that entertainment media glorify the use of firearms and how this content can influence youth interest and use of guns. Social media are also increasingly serving as a source of risk for exposure to firearms. Counseling parents about the impact of media exposure to firearms on their children's health, and how to mitigate these risks, can be effective in promoting their children's health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Romer
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, 202 South 36th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Brad J Bushman
- School of Communication, The Ohio State University, 3016 Derby Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael Rich
- Harvard Medical School, Digital Wellness Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Mendenhall R, Lee MJ, Cole SW, Morrow R, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Henderson L, Turi KN, Greenlee A. Black Mothers in Racially Segregated Neighborhoods Embodying Structural Violence: PTSD and Depressive Symptoms on the South Side of Chicago. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2513-2527. [PMID: 36715821 PMCID: PMC9885931 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study employs multi-level and mixed-methods approaches to examine how structural violence affects the health of low-income, single Black mothers. We use multilevel regression models to examine how feeling "trapped" in racially segregated neighborhoods with high levels of violence on the South Side of Chicago affects mothers' (N = 69) reports of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms. The relationship between feeling "trapped" and variations in expression of mRNA for the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1 using microarray assays was also examined. The regression models revealed that feeling "trapped" significantly predicted increased mental distress in the form of PTSD, depressive symptoms, and glucocorticoid receptor gene regulation. The mothers' voices revealed a nuanced understanding about how a lack of financial resources to move out of the neighborhood creates feelings of being "trapped" in dangerous situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Mendenhall
- Department of African American Studies, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, 702 S. Wright Ave, Urbana, IL 61822 USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 702 South Wright St, Champaign, IL 61820 USA
| | - Meggan J. Lee
- Department of Sociology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 702 South Wright St, Champaign, IL 61820 USA
| | - Steven W. Cole
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences and Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 11-934 Factor Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Rebecca Morrow
- Department of Criminal Justice, Tarleton State University, 1333 Washington Street, Stephenville, TX T-0665 USA
| | - Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 306 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Loren Henderson
- School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Public Policy Building, Fourth Floor, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - Kedir N. Turi
- Center for Asthma Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1215 21ts Ave South, 6000 Medical Center East, North Tower, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Andrew Greenlee
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 611 Taft Drive, Champaign, IL 61820 USA
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4
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Bethell CD, Garner AS, Gombojav N, Blackwell C, Heller L, Mendelson T. Social and Relational Health Risks and Common Mental Health Problems Among US Children: The Mitigating Role of Family Resilience and Connection to Promote Positive Socioemotional and School-Related Outcomes. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2022; 31:45-70. [PMID: 34801155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 70% (67.6%) of US children with mental, emotional, and behavioral problems (MEB) experienced significant social health risks (SHR) and/or relational health risks (RHR). Shifts are needed in child mental health promotion, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment to address both RHR and SHR. Public health approaches are needed that engage families, youth, and the range of child-serving professionals in collaborative efforts to prevent and mitigate RHR and SHR and promote positive mental health at a community level. Building strong family resilience and connection may improve SR and, in turn, academic and social outcomes among all US children with or without MEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Bethell
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Andrew S Garner
- Partners in Pediatrics and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Narangerel Gombojav
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Courtney Blackwell
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laurence Heller
- NeuroAffective Relational Model Training Institute, Inc, Littleton, CO, USA
| | - Tamar Mendelson
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Lee MJ, Rittschof CC, Greenlee AJ, Turi KN, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Robinson GE, Cole SW, Mendenhall R. Transcriptomic analyses of black women in neighborhoods with high levels of violence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 127:105174. [PMID: 33647572 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress threatens an individual's capacity to maintain psychological and physiological homeostasis, but the molecular processes underlying the biological embedding of these experiences are not well understood. This is particularly true for marginalized groups, presenting a fundamental challenge to decreasing racial, economic, and gender-based health disparities. Physical and social environments influence genome function, including the transcriptional activity of core stress responsive genes. We studied the relationship between social experiences that are associated with systemic inequality (e.g., racial segregation, poverty, and neighborhood violence) and blood cell (leukocytes) gene expression, focusing on the activation of transcription factors (TF) critical to stress response pathways. The study used data from 68 women collected from a convenience sample in 2013 from the Southside of Chicago. Comparing single, low-income Black mothers living in neighborhoods with high levels of violence (self-reported and assessed using administrative police records) to those with low levels of violence we found no significant differences in expression of 51 genes associated with the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity (CTRA). Using TELiS analysis of promoter TF-binding motif prevalence we found that mothers who self-reported higher levels of neighborhood stress showed greater expression of genes regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). These findings may reflect increased cortisol output from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, or increased GR transcriptional sensitivity. Transcript origin analyses identified monocytes and dendritic cells as the primary cellular sources of gene transcripts up-regulated in association with neighborhood stress. The prominence of GR-related transcripts and the absence of sympathetic nervous system-related CTRA transcripts suggest that a subjective perception of elevated chronic neighborhood stress may be associated with an HPA-related defeat-withdrawal phenotype rather than a fight-or-flight phenotype. The defeat-withdrawal phenotype has been previously observed in animal models of severe, overwhelming threat. These results demonstrate the importance of studying biological embedding in diverse environments and communities, specifically marginalized populations such as low-income Black women.
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6
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Smith NA, Voisin DR, Yang JP, Tung EL. Keeping Your Guard Up: Hypervigilance Among Urban Residents Affected By Community And Police Violence. Health Aff (Millwood) 2020; 38:1662-1669. [PMID: 31589532 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hypervigilance, a state of heightened awareness and watchfulness, is a consequence of violence that has been linked to adverse psychosocial outcomes. Although well documented in veteran populations, it remains poorly quantified in community populations that are exposed to high levels of neighborhood violence. In-person surveys of 504 adults were conducted in Chicago, Illinois, in 2018 to assess the relationships between hypervigilance and exposure to neighborhood violence, including community and police altercations. Exposure to police violence was associated with a 9.8-percentage-point increase in the hypervigilance score (on a 100-point scale)-nearly twice that associated with exposure to community violence (a 5.5-percentage-point increase). Among participants who reported having had a police stop, experiencing the stop as a traumatic event (defined as exposure to actual or threatened death or serious injury) was associated with a 20.0-percentage-point increase in the hypervigilance score. Scoring in the highest quartile of hypervigilance was associated with higher systolic blood pressure (an increase of 8.6 mmHg). Understanding hypervigilance and, importantly, its linkages with violence and health may help inform policing practices and health care responses to violence in urban communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole A Smith
- Nichole A. Smith is a medical student in the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, in Illinois
| | - Dexter R Voisin
- Dexter R. Voisin is a professor and the Sandra Rotman Endowed Chair in the Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, in Ontario, Canada
| | - Joyce P Yang
- Joyce P. Yang is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, and the National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, both in California
| | - Elizabeth L Tung
- Elizabeth L. Tung ( eliztung@uchicago. edu ) is an instructor of medicine in the Section of General Internal Medicine and the Center for Health and the Social Sciences, University of Chicago, in Illinois
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Anderson NA, Bohnert AM, Governale A. Organized Activity Involvement among Urban Youth: Understanding Family- and Neighborhood- Level Characteristics as Predictors of Involvement. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 47:1697-1711. [PMID: 29470760 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Research examining factors that predict youth's involvement in organized activities is very limited, despite associations with positive outcomes. Using data from 1043 youth (49% female; 46.4% Hispanic, 35.4% African American, 14.0% Caucasian, and 4.2% other) from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, this study examined how characteristics of parents (supervision, warmth) and neighborhoods (perceived neighborhood safety and collective efficacy) predict patterns of adolescents' involvement in organized activities concurrently (i.e., intensity) and longitudinally (i.e., type and breadth). Parental supervision predicted adolescents' participation in organized activities across multiple waves. Neighborhood violence was positively associated with concurrent participation in organized activities after controlling for socioeconomic status (SES), whereas higher neighborhood collective efficacy predicted greater breadth in organized activity participation across time. These findings have important implications regarding how to attract and sustain organized activity participation for low-income, urban youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Amy M Bohnert
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy Governale
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Janusek LW, Tell D, Gaylord-Harden N, Mathews HL. Relationship of childhood adversity and neighborhood violence to a proinflammatory phenotype in emerging adult African American men: An epigenetic link. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:126-135. [PMID: 27765646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African American men (AAM) who are exposed to trauma and adversity during their early life are at greater risk for poor health over their lifespan. Exposure to adversity during critical developmental windows may embed an epigenetic signature that alters expression of genes that regulate stress response systems, including those genes that regulate the inflammatory response to stress. Such an epigenetic signature may increase risk for diseases exacerbated by inflammation, and may contribute to health disparity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which exposure to early life adversity influences the psychological, cortisol, and proinflammatory response to acute stress (Trier Social Stress Test - TSST) in emerging adult AAM, ages 18-25years (N=34). Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the cortisol and IL-6 pattern of response to the TSST with respect to childhood adversity factors and DNA methylation of the IL-6 promoter. Findings revealed that in response to the TSST, greater levels of childhood trauma and indirect exposure to neighborhood violence were associated with a greater TSST-induced IL-6 response, and a blunted cortisol response. Reduced methylation of the IL6 promoter was related to increased exposure to childhood trauma and greater TSST-induced IL-6 levels. These results support the concept that exposure to childhood adversity amplifies the adult proinflammatory response to stress, which is related to epigenetic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Witek Janusek
- Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Department of Health Promotion, Loyola University Chicago, Health Science Division, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, United States.
| | - Dina Tell
- Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Department of Health Promotion, Loyola University Chicago, Health Science Division, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Noni Gaylord-Harden
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, College of Arts and Sciences, 1032 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60660, United States
| | - Herbert L Mathews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Health Science Division, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, United States
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9
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Massarwi AA, Khoury-Kassabri M. Serious physical violence among Arab-Palestinian adolescents: The role of exposure to neighborhood violence, perceived ethnic discrimination, normative beliefs, and, parental communication. Child Abuse Negl 2017; 63:233-244. [PMID: 27884509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study adopted a social-ecological perspective to exploring perpetration of serious physical violence against others among Arab-Palestinian adolescents. A total of 3178 adolescents (aged 13-18) completed anonymous, structured, self-report questionnaire, which included selected items from several instruments that measured variables relating to the constructs examined in the study. We explored the association of individual characteristics (age, gender, normative beliefs about violence, and perceived ethnic discrimination), familial characteristics (parent-adolescent communication and socioeconomic status), and contextual characteristics (exposure to community violence in the neighborhood) with perpetration of serious physical violence against others. A moderation-mediation model was tested, and 28.4% of the adolescents reported that they had perpetrated serious physical violence against others at least once during the month preceding the study. The findings also show that exposure of youth to violence in their neighborhood correlated significantly and positively with their perpetration of serious physical violence against others. A similar trend was revealed with respect to personal perceptions of ethnic discrimination. These correlations were mediated by the adolescents' normative beliefs about violence. Furthermore, the correlation of direct exposure to violence in the neighborhood and normative beliefs about violence with perpetration of serious physical violence against others was stronger among adolescents who have poor communication with their parents than among those who have strong parental communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeem Ahmad Massarwi
- School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mona Khoury-Kassabri
- School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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10
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Hardaway CR, Sterrett-Hong E, Larkby CA, Cornelius MD. Family Resources as Protective Factors for Low-Income Youth Exposed to Community Violence. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:1309-22. [PMID: 26748921 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to community violence is a risk factor for internalizing and externalizing problems; however, resources within the family can decrease the likelihood that adolescents will experience internalizing and externalizing problems as a result of such exposure. This study investigates the potential moderating effects of kinship support (i.e., emotional and tangible support from extended family) and parental involvement on the relation between exposure to community violence (i.e., witnessing violence and violent victimization) and socioemotional adjustment (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems) in low-income adolescents. The sample included 312 (50 % female; 71 % African American and 29 % White) low-income youth who participated in a longitudinal investigation when adolescents were age 14 (M age = 14.49 years) and again when they were 16 (M age = 16.49 years). Exposure to community violence at age 14 was related to more internalizing and externalizing problems at age 16. High levels of kinship support and parental involvement appeared to function as protective factors, weakening the association between exposure to violence and externalizing problems. Contrary to prediction, none of the hypothesized protective factors moderated the association between exposure to violence and internalizing problems. The results from this study suggest that both kinship support and parental involvement help buffer adolescents from externalizing problems that are associated with exposure to community violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecily R Hardaway
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Box 90989, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | | | - Cynthia A Larkby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marie D Cornelius
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Abstract
While violent crime has decreased in many cities in the USA, gang-related violence remains a serious problem in impoverished inner city neighborhoods. In Syracuse, New York, gang-related murders and gun shots have topped other New York state cities. Residents of the high-murder neighborhoods suffer trauma similar to those living in civil conflict zones. The Trauma Response Team was established in 2010, in collaboration with the Police Department, health care institutions, and emergency response teams and with the research support of Syracuse University faculty. Since its inception, gang-related homicides and gun shots have decreased in the most severely affected census tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Jennings-Bey
- Street Addiction Institute Inc., New York, NY, USA
- Trauma Response Team, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sandra D Lane
- Department of Public Health and Department of Anthropology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Robert A Rubinstein
- Department of Anthropology, The Maxwell School of Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Arnett Haygood-El
- Street Addiction Institute Inc., New York, NY, USA
- Trauma Response Team, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Helen Hudson
- Trauma Response Team, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Syracuse City Common Council, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Mothers Against Gun Violence, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Shaundel Sanchez
- Department of Anthropology, Maxwell School of Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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12
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Meffert SM, McCulloch CE, Neylan TC, Gandhi M, Lund C. Increase of perceived frequency of neighborhood domestic violence is associated with increase of women's depression symptoms in a nationally representative longitudinal study in South Africa. Soc Sci Med 2015; 131:89-97. [PMID: 25769107 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies that examine the effects of neighborhood characteristics on mental health show that perceptions of general neighborhood violence are associated with depression across diverse populations (Clark et al., 2008; Velez-Gomez et al., 2013; Wilson-Genderson & Pruchno, 2013). However, to our knowledge, none have examined the specific effect of perceived frequency of neighborhood domestic violence (PFNDV) on residents' mental health, despite knowledge that domestic violence is a potent predictor of depression at the level of the individual. This study investigates the impact of PFNDV on mental health using the South African National Income Dynamics Study (SA-NIDS). NIDS Waves 2 and 3 measure the perceived frequency of six neighborhood violence subtypes through the NIDS household respondent questionnaire and depression through a questionnaire administered to all NIDS participants. Linear regression was used to model the relationship between change in depression symptoms and change in violence subtypes between Waves 2 and 3. We found that two-year increase in PFNDV was significantly correlated with increase of depression symptoms over the same time period for women, independently of individual, household and neighborhood level characteristics, including five other types of neighborhood violence. No other type of violence was associated with increased depression in women in the fully adjusted model. Research and policy implications are discussed.
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13
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Menard S, Weiss AJ, Franzese RJ, Covey HC. Types of adolescent exposure to violence as predictors of adult intimate partner violence. Child Abuse Negl 2014; 38:627-639. [PMID: 24594015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence that exposure to violence in adolescence may be more predictive of problem behavior outcomes than exposure to violence in earlier childhood, there is limited research on the relationship of adolescent exposure to violence on adult intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization. This study examines the relationship of adolescent physical abuse victimization, witnessing parental violence, and adolescent exposure to violence in the community, to perpetration of and victimization by IPV in middle age. Respondents are drawn from a nationally representative longitudinal sample with data collected from 1976-77 to 2002-03, age 11-17 when first interviewed and 37-43 when last interviewed. Univariate descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations are presented, along with Heckman two-step models calculated separately for females and males. The use of the Heckman two-step model allows prediction not only of adult IPV, but also of selection out of intimate partner relationships (i.e., out of the at-risk population). For males, in the multivariate analysis, only physical abuse remains significant as a predictor. For females, adolescent exposure to violence is not predictive of adult IPV perpetration or victimization, but physical abuse is predictive of not being in the at-risk population (married or cohabiting). The combined index of adolescent exposure to violence is significant for both females and males in predicting selection into marriage or cohabitation, and at least marginally significant in predicting IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Menard
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2296, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
| | - Andrea J Weiss
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2296, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
| | | | - Herbert C Covey
- Adams County Human Services Department and Division of Continuing Education, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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