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van Tol S, Hage A, Rajsbaum R, Freiberg AN. Pteropus vampyrus TRIM40 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene That Antagonizes RIG-I-like Receptors. Viruses 2023; 15:2147. [PMID: 38005825 PMCID: PMC10674255 DOI: 10.3390/v15112147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV; genus: Henipavirus; family: Paramyxoviridae) naturally infects Old World fruit bats (family Pteropodidae) without causing overt disease. Conversely, NiV infection in humans and other mammals can be lethal. Comparing bat antiviral responses with those of humans may illuminate the mechanisms that facilitate bats' tolerance. Tripartite motif proteins (TRIMs), a large family of E3-ubiquitin ligases, fine-tune innate antiviral immune responses, and two human TRIMs interact with Henipavirus proteins. We hypothesize that NiV infection induces the expression of an immunosuppressive TRIM in bat, but not human cells, to promote tolerance. Here, we show that TRIM40 is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) in pteropodid but not human cells. Knockdown of bat TRIM40 increases gene expression of IFNβ, ISGs, and pro-inflammatory cytokines following poly(I:C) transfection. In Pteropus vampyrus, but not human cells, NiV induces TRIM40 expression within 16 h after infection, and knockdown of TRIM40 correlates with reduced NiV titers as compared to control cells. Bats may have evolved to express TRIM40 in response to viral infections to control immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van Tol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.v.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Adam Hage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.v.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.v.T.); (A.H.)
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate-Immunity and Department of Medicine, RBHS Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy & Smith Foundation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy & Smith Foundation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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2
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Pollak NM, Olsson M, Marsh GA, Macdonald J, McMillan D. Evaluation of three rapid low-resource molecular tests for Nipah virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1101914. [PMID: 36845977 PMCID: PMC9949527 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and timely diagnosis of Nipah virus (NiV) requires rapid, inexpensive, and robust diagnostic tests to control spread of disease. Current state of the art technologies are slow and require laboratory infrastructure that may not be available in all endemic settings. Here we report the development and comparison of three rapid NiV molecular diagnostic tests based on reverse transcription recombinase-based isothermal amplification coupled with lateral flow detection. These tests include a simple and fast one-step sample processing step that inactivates the BSL-4 pathogen, enabling safe testing without the need for multi-step RNA purification. The rapid NiV tests targeted the Nucleocapsid protein (N) gene with analytical sensitivity down to 1,000 copies/μL for synthetic NiV RNA and did not cross-react with RNA of other flaviviruses or Chikungunya virus, which can clinically present with similar febrile symptoms. Two tests detected 50,000-100,000 TCID50/mL (100-200 RNA copies/reaction) of the two distinct strains of NiV, Bangladesh (NiVB) and Malaysia (NiVM), and took 30 min from sample to result, suggesting these tests are well suited for rapid diagnosis under resource-limited conditions due to rapidity, simplicity, and low equipment requirements. These Nipah tests represent a first step toward development of near-patient NiV diagnostics that are appropriately sensitive for first-line screening, sufficiently robust for a range of peripheral settings, with potential to be safely performed outside of biohazard containment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M. Pollak
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,*Correspondence: Nina M. Pollak,
| | - Malin Olsson
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,BioCifer Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Joanne Macdonald,
| | - David McMillan
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,David McMillan,
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3
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Talukdar P, Dutta D, Ghosh E, Bose I, Bhattacharjee S. Molecular Pathogenesis of Nipah Virus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:2451-2462. [PMID: 36656534 PMCID: PMC9869300 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases are causing mayhem throughout the world. One of the zoonotic viruses that have emerged as a potent threat to community health in the past few decades is Nipah virus. Nipah viral sickness is a zoonotic disease whose main carrier is bat. This disease is caused by Nipah virus (NiV). It belongs to the henipavirous group and of the family paramyxoviridae. Predominantly Pteropus spp. is the carrier of this virus. It was first reported from the Kampung Sungai Nipah town of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission can also occur. Several repeated outbreaks were reported from South and Southeast Asia in the recent past. In humans, the disease is responsible for rapid development of acute illness, which can result in severe respiratory illness and serious encephalitis. Therefore, this calls for an urgent need for health authorities to conduct clinical trials to establish possible treatment regimens to prevent any further outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Talukdar
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700156 India
| | - Debankita Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700156 India
| | - Elija Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700156 India
| | - Indrani Bose
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700156 India
| | - Sourish Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700156 India
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4
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Rocamonde B, Hasan U, Mathieu C, Dutartre H. Viral-induced neuroinflammation: Different mechanisms converging to similar exacerbated glial responses. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1108212. [PMID: 36937670 PMCID: PMC10017484 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that viral infections are the source/origin of various types of encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and other neurological and cognitive disorders. While the involvement of certain viruses, such as the Nipah virus and measles virus, is known, the mechanisms of neural invasion and the factors that trigger intense immune reactions are not fully understood. Based on recent publications, this review discusses the role of the immune response, interactions between viruses and glial cells, and cytokine mediators in the development of inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system. It also highlights the significant gaps in knowledge regarding these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Rocamonde
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Équipe d’Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Brenda Rocamonde,
| | - Uzma Hasan
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Enveloped Viruses, Vectors and Immunotherapy INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- The Lyon Immunotherapy for Cancer Laboratory (LICL), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052 – CNRS 5286) Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie Équipe Neuro-Invasion, Tropism and Viral Encephalitis, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Cyrille Mathieu,
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Équipe d’Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- Hélène Dutartre,
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5
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Loomis RJ, DiPiazza AT, Falcone S, Ruckwardt TJ, Morabito KM, Abiona OM, Chang LA, Caringal RT, Presnyak V, Narayanan E, Tsybovsky Y, Nair D, Hutchinson GB, Stewart-Jones GBE, Kueltzo LA, Himansu S, Mascola JR, Carfi A, Graham BS. Chimeric Fusion (F) and Attachment (G) Glycoprotein Antigen Delivery by mRNA as a Candidate Nipah Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772864. [PMID: 34956199 PMCID: PMC8692728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) represents a significant pandemic threat with zoonotic transmission from bats-to-humans with almost annual regional outbreaks characterized by documented human-to-human transmission and high fatality rates. Currently, no vaccine against NiV has been approved. Structure-based design and protein engineering principles were applied to stabilize the fusion (F) protein in its prefusion trimeric conformation (pre-F) to improve expression and increase immunogenicity. We covalently linked the stabilized pre-F through trimerization domains at the C-terminus to three attachment protein (G) monomers, forming a chimeric design. These studies detailed here focus on mRNA delivery of NiV immunogens in mice, assessment of mRNA immunogen-specific design elements and their effects on humoral and cellular immunogenicity. The pre-F/G chimera elicited a strong neutralizing antibody response and a superior NiV-specific Tfh and other effector T cell response compared to G alone across both the mRNA and protein platforms. These findings enabled final candidate selection of pre-F/G Fd for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Loomis
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Barney S. Graham, ; Rebecca J. Loomis,
| | - Anthony T. DiPiazza
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Tracy J. Ruckwardt
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M. Morabito
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Olubukola M. Abiona
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lauren A. Chang
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ria T. Caringal
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Deepika Nair
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Geoffrey B. Hutchinson
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa A. Kueltzo
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - John R. Mascola
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Barney S. Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Barney S. Graham, ; Rebecca J. Loomis,
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6
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, Natesan S, Khandia R, Munjal A, Vora KS, Latheef SK, Karthik K, Singh Malik Y, Singh R, Chaicumpa W, Mourya DT. Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2019; 39:26-55. [PMID: 31006350 PMCID: PMC6830995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been reported also from other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed the circulation of two major clades of NiV as based on currently available complete N and G gene sequences. NiV isolates from Malaysia and Cambodia clustered together in NiV-MY clade, whereas isolates from Bangladesh and India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. NiV isolates from Thailand harboured mixed population of sequences. In humans, the virus is responsible for causing rapidly progressing severe illness which might be characterized by severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. In pigs below six months of age, respiratory illness along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed for diagnostic purposes. Due to the expensive nature of the antibody drugs, identification of broad-spectrum antivirals is essential along with focusing on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity of NiV in humans, and lack of vaccines or therapeutics to counter this disease have attracted attention of researchers worldwide for developing effective NiV vaccine and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- Biomac Life Sciences Pvt Ltd., Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Kranti Suresh Vora
- Wheels India Niswarth (WIN) Foundation, Maternal and Child Health (MCH), University of Canberra, Gujarat, India
| | - Shyma K. Latheef
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Devendra T. Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India, Pune, India
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7
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, Natesan S, Khandia R, Munjal A, Vora KS, Latheef SK, Karthik K, Singh Malik Y, Singh R, Chaicumpa W, Mourya DT. Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2019. [PMID: 31006350 PMCID: PMC6830995 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1580827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been reported also from other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed the circulation of two major clades of NiV as based on currently available complete N and G gene sequences. NiV isolates from Malaysia and Cambodia clustered together in NiV-MY clade, whereas isolates from Bangladesh and India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. NiV isolates from Thailand harboured mixed population of sequences. In humans, the virus is responsible for causing rapidly progressing severe illness which might be characterized by severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. In pigs below six months of age, respiratory illness along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed for diagnostic purposes. Due to the expensive nature of the antibody drugs, identification of broad-spectrum antivirals is essential along with focusing on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity of NiV in humans, and lack of vaccines or therapeutics to counter this disease have attracted attention of researchers worldwide for developing effective NiV vaccine and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Singh
- a ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry , West Tripura , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- e Biomac Life Sciences Pvt Ltd. , Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar , Gujarat , India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Kranti Suresh Vora
- g Wheels India Niswarth (WIN) Foundation, Maternal and Child Health (MCH) , University of Canberra , Gujarat , India
| | - Shyma K Latheef
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- h Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- i Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- j Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- k National Institute of Virology , Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India , Pune , India
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Shaw ML. Henipaviruses employ a multifaceted approach to evade the antiviral interferon response. Viruses 2009; 1:1190-203. [PMID: 21994589 PMCID: PMC3185527 DOI: 10.3390/v1031190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra and Nipah virus, which constitute the genus Henipavirus, are zoonotic paramyxoviruses that have been associated with sporadic outbreaks of severe disease and mortality in humans since their emergence in the late 1990s. Similar to other paramyxoviruses, their ability to evade the host interferon (IFN) response is conferred by the P gene. The henipavirus P gene encodes four proteins; the P, V, W and C proteins, which have all been described to inhibit the antiviral response. Further studies have revealed that these proteins have overlapping but unique properties which enable the virus to block multiple signaling pathways in the IFN response. The best characterized of these is the JAK-STAT signaling pathway which is targeted by the P, V and W proteins via an interaction with the transcription factor STAT1. In addition the V and W proteins can both limit virus-induced induction of IFN but they appear to do this via distinct mechanisms that rely on unique sequences in their C-terminal domains. The ability to generate recombinant Nipah viruses now gives us the opportunity to determine the precise role for each of these proteins and address their contribution to pathogenicity. Additionally, the question of whether these multiple anti-IFN strategies are all active in the different mammalian hosts for henipaviruses, particularly the fruit bat reservoir, warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Shaw
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-212-241-8931
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