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Barboza T, Bercier M. An Update on Companion Inland Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) Nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2024; 27:71-84. [PMID: 37709603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Evidence-based recommendations for the amount, type, and frequency of food items and supplements are lacking for bearded dragons. General recommendations based on ecological data, a few studies, and experts in the field are to: provide at least 50% high-fiber plant matter dusted in pure calcium and less than 50% adult and lower fat larval insects gut loaded with an 8% calcium diet and dusted with pure calcium, provide ultraviolet B lighting for vitamin D3 synthesis, provide multivitamins on a weekly basis, or monthly at minimum, provide a water dish large enough to soak and drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinita Barboza
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Zoological Companion Animal Medicine Service, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA.
| | - Marjorie Bercier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Zoological Companion Animal Medicine Service, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA
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2
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Bontempi C, Jacquot L, Brand G. Diet and odor hedonic ratings: comparative study between vegetarians, flexitarians, and omnivores. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:1232-1242. [PMID: 36384439 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2145425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Odor hedonic perception is well known to exhibit great variability and to depend on several parameters, i.e. stimulus, context, and subject characteristics. As hedonic perception (pleasant/unpleasant character) of food odors is considered one of the most prominent dimensions in eating behavior, the question of hedonic variability in this context arises. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare odor hedonic ratings in three populations with regard to diet (i.e. omnivore, vegetarian, and flexitarian diets). METHODS Four categories of odors were compared: meat, vegetable, other food, and non-food odors. RESULTS The results showed that vegetarian and flexitarian individuals rated meat odors as more unpleasant than omnivores, while no significant difference was found for other categories of odors. DISCUSSION The question of whether the diet influences the hedonic perception or/and inversely is discussed, regarding several aspects of food consumption such as eating disorders, food education, … and could further serve to manage eating behaviors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This study evidenced that vegetarians and flexitarians specifically rated meat odors as being more unpleasant than those of omnivores. Because of the growing number of vegetarians and flexitarians in the general population, it could be suggested to take into account the odor hedonic perception (especially regarding food odors) in studies related to diets. Besides, the present results could further serve research in several aspects of food consumption such as eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia … etc.) or food education as well as the management of eating behaviors, especially in an elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bontempi
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive - UR481, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Laurence Jacquot
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive - UR481, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Gérard Brand
- CSGA Centre des Sciences du Gout et de l'Alimentation, University of Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
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3
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Ioannidou M, Lesk V, Stewart-Knox B, Francis KB. Feeling morally troubled about meat, dairy, egg, and fish consumption: Dissonance reduction strategies among different dietary groups. Appetite 2023; 190:107024. [PMID: 37673128 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A largescale shift towards plant-based diets is considered a critical requirement for tackling ethical, environmental, and global health issues associated with animal food production and consumption. Although previous research has identified psychological strategies that enable meat-eaters to justify and continue meat consumption and feel less morally conflicted about it, research on the psychological strategies that enable consumers to continue dairy, egg, and fish consumption is scarce. We conducted an online survey study using an adjusted version of the Meat-Eating Justification Scale to investigate the use of psychological strategies to cope with cognitive dissonance related to meat, dairy, egg, and fish consumption in omnivores (n = 186), pescatarians (n = 106), vegetarians (n = 143), vegans (n = 203), and flexitarians (n = 63). Results indicated greater use of meat-related dissonance reduction strategies among omnivores as compared to other dietary groups, greater use of fish-related dissonance reduction strategies among fish consumers (omnivores, flexitarians and pescatarians) compared to vegetarians and vegans, and greater use of dairy and egg-related dissonance reduction strategies among dairy and egg consumers (omnivores, flexitarians, pescatarians, and vegetarians) as compared to vegans. This pattern was particularly clear for justifications used to defend animal product consumption, denial of animal suffering, and use of dichotomization when considering meat and fish consumption. These findings highlight the importance of extending the research on dissonance reduction strategies beyond meat consumption and studying the consumption of a range of animal products. This can help in identifying the psychological barriers to adopting a plant-based diet and informing interventions for behaviour change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Lesk
- Department of Psychology, University of Bradford, UK
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4
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Ioannidou M, Lesk V, Stewart-Knox B, Francis KB. Moral emotions and justifying beliefs about meat, fish, dairy and egg consumption: A comparative study of dietary groups. Appetite 2023; 186:106544. [PMID: 36965525 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Meat eaters and meat abstainers differ in their beliefs and moral emotions related to meat consumption alongside gender differences. Few studies have investigated beliefs and moral emotions in pescatarians and vegans. Little is known about differences in moral emotions and beliefs regarding dairy, eggs, and fish or about speciesist beliefs within and between specific dietary groups. To address this gap, we investigated moral emotions (consumption-related disgust and guilt), attitudes towards animals (Animal Attitudes Scale) and justifying beliefs related to meat (Carnism Inventory), dairy, egg, and fish consumption in omnivores (n = 167), pescatarians (n = 110), vegetarians (n = 116), and vegans (n = 149). Results showed that people who consumed animal-derived products reported lower disgust and guilt and held stronger justifying beliefs about consumption of these products than those who did not consume animal products. All dietary groups significantly differed from each other in their attitudes about using animals for human benefit, with omnivores showing the least positive attitudes towards animals, followed by pescatarians and vegetarians, and with vegans showing the most positive attitudes towards animals. Women experienced greater moral emotions and held fewer justifying beliefs than men within groups where animal products were consumed and related to the animal-based products they consume (i.e., fish for pescatarians and eggs/dairy for vegetarians). These findings emphasise the importance of considering a wider range of animal products, such as eggs, dairy and fish, and dietary groups in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the psychological underpinnings of animal product consumption. The results highlight differences between dietary groups in attitudes and moral concern towards animals, which may be important to consider when designing interventions to reduce animal product consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Lesk
- Department of Psychology, University of Bradford, UK
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5
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Ogilvie AR, McGuire BD, Meng L, Shapses SA. Fracture Risk in Vegetarians and Vegans: the Role of Diet and Metabolic Factors. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:442-452. [PMID: 36129610 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is strong evidence that poor dietary intake of certain micro- and macro-nutrients can negatively affect bone health. It is unclear if diet is the primary culprit for poor bone health in the vegan population. RECENT FINDINGS Plant-based diets are gaining public interest since they may improve metabolic health. Studies that examine vegetarians and vegans together show a lower bone mineral density (BMD), but not always increased fracture risk compared to omnivores. However, vegans consistently have higher risk of fracture at multiple bone sites, especially at the hip. There is higher fracture risk in vegans which may be due to calcium and vitamin D intake, as well as amount of dietary protein and quality. Other nutrients (B vitamins, Se, Zn, Fe, iodine) or physiological factors (lower body mass index, microbiome, or endocrine profile) may also play a role but have not been examined and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Ogilvie
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Brandon D McGuire
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lingqiong Meng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sue A Shapses
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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6
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Hardison EA, Kraskura K, Van Wert J, Nguyen T, Eliason EJ. Diet mediates thermal performance traits: implications for marine ectotherms. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272691. [PMID: 34647599 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermal acclimation is a key process enabling ectotherms to cope with temperature change. To undergo a successful acclimation response, ectotherms require energy and nutritional building blocks obtained from their diet. However, diet is often overlooked as a factor that can alter acclimation responses. Using a temperate omnivorous fish, opaleye (Girella nigricans), as a model system, we tested the hypotheses that (1) diet can impact the magnitude of thermal acclimation responses and (2) traits vary in their sensitivity to both temperature acclimation and diet. We fed opaleye a simple omnivorous diet (ad libitum Artemia sp. and Ulva sp.) or a carnivorous diet (ad libitum Artemia sp.) at two ecologically relevant temperatures (12 and 20°C) and measured a suite of whole-animal (growth, sprint speed, metabolism), organ (cardiac thermal tolerance) and cellular-level traits (oxidative stress, glycolytic capacity). When opaleye were offered two diet options compared with one, they had reduced cardiovascular thermal performance and higher standard metabolic rate under conditions representative of the maximal seasonal temperature the population experiences (20°C). Further, sprint speed and absolute aerobic scope were insensitive to diet and temperature, while growth was highly sensitive to temperature but not diet, and standard metabolic rate and maximum heart rate were sensitive to both diet and temperature. Our results reveal that diet influences thermal performance in trait-specific ways, which could create diet trade-offs for generalist ectotherms living in thermally variable environments. Ectotherms that alter their diet may be able to regulate their performance at different environmental temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Hardison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Krista Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jacey Van Wert
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Jedlicka JA, Philpott SM, Baena ML, Bichier P, Dietsch TV, Nute LH, Langridge SM, Perfecto I, Greenberg R. Differences in insectivore bird diets in coffee agroecosystems driven by obligate or generalist guild, shade management, season, and year. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12296. [PMID: 34760362 PMCID: PMC8556712 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neotropical shade-grown coffee systems are renowned for their potential to conserve avian biodiversity. Yet, little is known about food resources consumed by insectivorous birds in these systems, the extent of resource competition between resident and migratory birds, or how management of shade trees might influence diet selection. We identified arthropods in stomach contents from obligate and generalist insectivorous birds captured in mist-nets at five coffee farms in Chiapas, Mexico between 2001-2003. Overall stomach contents from 938 individuals revealed dietary differences resulting from changes in seasons, years, and foraging guilds. Of four species sampled across all management systems, Yellow-green Vireo (Vireo flavoviridis) prey differed depending on coffee shade management, consuming more ants in shaded monoculture than polyculture systems. Diets of obligate and generalist resident insectivores were 72% dissimilar with obligate insectivores consuming more Coleoptera and Araneae, and generalist insectivores consuming more Formicidae and other Hymenoptera. This suggests that obligate insectivores target more specialized prey whereas generalist insectivores rely on less favorable, chemically-defended prey found in clumped distributions. Our dataset provides important natural history data for many Nearctic-Neotropical migrants such as Tennessee Warbler (Leiothlypis peregrina; N = 163), Nashville Warbler (Leiothlypis ruficapilla; N = 69), and Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus; N = 68) and tropical residents including Red-legged Honeycreepers (Cyanerpes cyaneus; N = 70) and Rufous-capped Warblers (Basileuterus rufifrons; N = 56). With declining arthropod populations worldwide, understanding the ecological interactions between obligate and generalist avian insectivores gives researchers the tools to evaluate community stability and inform conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Jedlicka
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA
| | - Stacy M Philpott
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
| | - Martha L Baena
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Peter Bichier
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
| | - Thomas V Dietsch
- Migratory Bird Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Laney H Nute
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA
| | - Suzanne M Langridge
- Paulson Ecology of Place Initiative, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ivette Perfecto
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Russell Greenberg
- Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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8
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Milfont TL, Satherley N, Osborne D, Wilson MS, Sibley CG. To meat, or not to meat: A longitudinal investigation of transitioning to and from plant-based diets. Appetite 2021; 166:105584. [PMID: 34214640 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over potential negative effects of excessive meat consumption on both the environment and personal health, coupled with long-standing debates over animal rights, have motivated research on the prevalence and predictors of plant-based versus meat-based diets. Yet few studies have examined longitudinal trends in dietary behaviours using large national samples. We address this gap by examining the prevalence, predictors, and annual change in the self-reported dietary behaviour of a large national probability sample of New Zealand adults (categorised as omnivore, vegetarian, or vegan; Ns = 12,259-50,964). Consistent with our pre-registered hypotheses, omnivore was the most prevalent dietary category (94.1%). Moreover, higher levels of conservative ideologies (i.e., political conservatism, Right-Wing Authoritarianism, and Social Dominance Orientation), lower subjective health, lower environmental efficacy, and lower disgust sensitivity predicted having an omnivore (vs. vegetarian or vegan) diet. Longitudinal analyses further revealed that the probability of shifting from an omnivore diet to a vegetarian or vegan diet over a one-year period was low, and that veganism was the least stable dietary category. Both gender (men) and political conservatism predicted lower probabilities of transitioning from meat to no-meat diets over time.
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Yu J, Xia M, He H, Guan B, Liu Z, Jeppesen E. Species-specific responses of submerged macrophytes to the presence of a small omnivorous bitterling Acheilognathus macropterus. Sci Total Environ 2021; 753:141998. [PMID: 32889318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of submerged macrophytes has been considered a key factor in the restoration of shallow eutrophic lakes. However, in some subtropical restored lakes, small omnivorous fish dominate the fish assemblages and feed in part on submerged macrophytes. Knowledge of the effects of small omnivores on the growth of submerged macrophytes is scarce and their responses are potentially species-specific, i.e. the growth of some species may be hampered by fish grazing while growth of others may be promoted by the nutrients becoming available by fish excretion. We conducted mesocosm experiments to examine the effects of the small omnivorous bitterling Acheilognathus macropterus, a common species in restored subtropical lakes in China, on nutrient concentrations and the growth of four species of submerged macrophytes (Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisneria denseserrulata, Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum). We found that the bitterling significantly increased nutrient concentrations via excretion and thereby enhanced the net growth of the less grazed nuisance macrophyte M. spicatum. In contrast, the net growth of C. demersum was reduced by the bitterling, most likely due to grazing as indicated by gut content analyses. Dominance by bitterling may, therefore, pose a threat to the long-term success of lake restoration by provoking a shift in the submerged macrophyte community towards nuisance species through selective grazing. Nutrient excretion may potentially also stimulate the growth of phytoplankton and periphyton, hampering the growth of submerged macrophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Manli Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hu He
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Baohua Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Benkendorf DJ, Whiteman HH. Omnivore density affects community structure through multiple trophic cascades. Oecologia 2021; 195:397-407. [PMID: 33392792 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Omnivores can dampen trophic cascades by feeding at multiple trophic levels, yet few studies have evaluated how intraspecific variation of omnivores influences community structure. The speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) is a common and omnivorous minnow that consumes algae and invertebrates. We studied effects of size and size structure on top-down control by dace and how effects scaled with density. Dace were manipulated in a mesocosm experiment and changes in invertebrate and algal communities and ecosystem function were monitored. Omnivores affected experimental communities via two distinct trophic pathways (benthic and pelagic). In the benthic pathway, dace reduced macroinvertebrate biomass, thereby causing density-mediated indirect effects that led to increased benthic algal biomass. Dace also reduced pelagic predatory macroinvertebrate biomass (hemipterans), thereby increasing the abundance of emerging insects. The effect of dace and hemipterans on emerging insects was mediated by a non-linear response to dace with peak emergence at intermediate dace density. In contrast with recent studies, omnivore size and size structure had no clear effect, indicating that small and large dace in our experiment shared similar functional roles. Our results support that the degree to which omnivores dampen trophic cascades depends on their relative effect on multiple trophic levels, such that the more omnivorous a predator is, the more likely cascades will be dampened. Availability of abundant macroinvertebrates, and the absence of top predators, may have shifted dace diets from primary to secondary consumption, strengthening density-dependent trophic cascades. Both omnivore density and dietary shifts are important factors influencing omnivore-mediated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Benkendorf
- Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA. .,High Lonesome Institute, De Beque, CO, 81630, USA. .,Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-5210, USA.
| | - Howard H Whiteman
- Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY, 42071, USA.,High Lonesome Institute, De Beque, CO, 81630, USA
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11
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Chuang TL, Lin CH, Wang YF. Effects of vegetarian diet on bone mineral density. Tzu Chi Med J 2020; 33:128-134. [PMID: 33912409 PMCID: PMC8059457 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_84_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors, such as hormonal changes in postmenopausal women, natural aging degeneration, race, gender, body size, lifestyle, physical activity, sunlight, dietary intake, medications, or other environmental issues, can affect the rate of bone formation or reabsorption, cause changes in bone mineral content, and influence the development of osteoporosis. Do vegetarian diets adversely affect bone mineral density (BMD)? Among postmenopausal Buddhists, long-term practitioners of vegan vegetarian were found to have a higher risk exceeding the lumbar fracture threshold and a lower level of hip BMD after controlling for other variables. However, results of several prospective longitudinal studies failed to show a harmful effect of vegetarianism on bone health. In the Taiwanese adult population, researchers also did not find that a vegetarian diet significantly affects age-related BMD decline. Due to the various levels of nutrients in the diet (such as protein, alkali, calcium, Vitamin K, and phytoestrogens) and major lifestyle factors (such as smoking and physical exercise), determining the impact of a vegetarian diet on bone health is very complex. Good-quality vegetarian food can provide a healthy foundation for building and maintaining healthy bones and preventing fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzyy-Ling Chuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Center of Preventive Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
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12
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Yu J, Xia M, Kong M, He H, Guan B, Liu Z, Jeppesen E. A small omnivorous bitterling fish (Acheilognathus macropterus) facilitates dominance of cyanobacteria, rotifers and Limnodrilus in an outdoor mesocosm experiment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:23862-23870. [PMID: 32301086 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Small omnivorous fish often dominate in subtropical shallow lakes, and they may affect the community structure of aquatic organisms on at least two trophic levels. However, in the study of aquatic food webs in subtropical lakes, most ecologists have focused on the effects of large-sized omnivorous species (e.g. common carp), studies of small-sized species being scarce. We conducted a mesocosm experiment with two treatments (fish presence and absence) to examine the effects of a small-sized omnivore, bitterling (Acheilognathus macropterus), on phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates. Our results showed that bitterling presence significantly increased the chlorophyll a concentration and biomass of phytoplankton, which became dominated by cyanobacteria (mainly Aphanizomenon spp.) that accounted for >99% of both total phytoplankton abundance and biomass. Both the abundance and biomass of zooplankton were also higher in the fish-present treatment, but small rotifers became dominant, and the zooplankton:phytoplankton biomass ratio decreased, indicating less grazing on phytoplankton. Moreover, both the abundance and biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates (tubificids) were higher in the bitterling-present treatment than in the controls, which is opposite to the situation found when omni-benthivorous fish (e.g. crucian carp) dominate. Higher biomass of tubificids may, in turn, result in higher sediment nutrient release. Our study suggests that A. macropterus, and maybe also other bitterling species, can alter both pelagic and benthic assemblages via both top-down and bottom-up control effects and lead to more turbid water in eutrophic lakes. Thus, more attention should be paid to these small omnivorous species in the restoration and management of shallow subtropical lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Manli Xia
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Hu He
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Baohua Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
- Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Losasso C, Di Cesare A, Mastrorilli E, Patuzzi I, Cibin V, Eckert EM, Fontaneto D, Vanzo A, Ricci A, Corno G. Assessing antimicrobial resistance gene load in vegan, vegetarian and omnivore human gut microbiota. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:702-705. [PMID: 30081136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Massive antimicrobial use in animal farming is considered as the greatest contributor to the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) in food of animal origin. Nevertheless, sewage from treated animals may impact on vegetables grown on fertilised fields, but it is largely unknown whether and to what extent ARB are transferred to vegetables and the human gut. It could be hypothesised that food of animal and vegetal origin have a different role in ARB transfer to the human gut and that different diets could be characterised by different antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) loads. This study included three groups comprising vegans (n = 26), vegetarians (n = 32) and omnivores (n = 43). Metadata regarding food consumption and anthropometric parameters were collected. Gut microbial communities were investigated by 16S rDNA analysis. Four ARGs (sul2, tetA, blaTEM and strB) were quantified by qPCR. The results showed a lower total load of investigated ARGs in vegan diet (pairwise comparison adjusted results: omnivorous-vegan, P = 0.0119; omnivorous-vegetarian, P = 0.7416; and vegan-vegetarian, P = 0.0119). No significant differences in abundance of each gene separately were found between the three groups. Neither the amount of animal protein nor the occurrence of ARGs was significant in explaining differences in the gut microbial community of individuals, and a large proportion of the differences between community composition (PERMANOVA, 46.87%) was not explained by the analysed variables. The results support the role of omnivorous and vegetarian diets in accumulating ARGs, suggesting a possible role for animal-derived food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Losasso
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Andrea Di Cesare
- DISTAV, Università degli studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mastrorilli
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ilaria Patuzzi
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Italy; DEI, Università di Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/b, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Cibin
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ester M Eckert
- Microbial Ecology Group, CNR-ISE, Corso Tonolli 50, Pallanza, Verbania, Italy
| | - Diego Fontaneto
- Microbial Ecology Group, CNR-ISE, Corso Tonolli 50, Pallanza, Verbania, Italy
| | - Angiola Vanzo
- SIAN, ULSS8 Berica, via IV Novembre 46, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Antonia Ricci
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Gianluca Corno
- Microbial Ecology Group, CNR-ISE, Corso Tonolli 50, Pallanza, Verbania, Italy
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14
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Carvalho DA, Collins PA, Lima-Gomes R, Magalhães C, Torres MV, Williner V. A comparative study of the gastric ossicles of Trichodactylidae crabs (Brachyura: Decapoda) with comments on the role of diet and phylogeny in shaping morphological traits. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5028. [PMID: 29942694 PMCID: PMC6014321 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastric armature of decapod foregut is a feeding structure that sparks controversial debates about the role dietary and historical components have in shaping its morphological traits. Having previous information about the natural diet is an interesting way to gather evidence on this issue. For the present study, we analyzed the morphological traits of gastric ossicles involved directly in the maceration of food in nine species of freshwater crabs of the family Trichodactylidae (Brachyura: Decapoda) representing five genera, three tribes and two subfamilies. The analyzed gastric ossicles were quite consistent among closely related species, suggesting that the observed traits had a clear phylogenetic component. However, it was also noted that the morphological traits of the gastric teeth of trichodactylid crabs match well with the natural diet and presented likeness with general features of other species with a similar trophic habit. We discuss the influence of phylogeny and function on the design of morphological traits and propose to quantify the role of phylogeny and function in shaping morphological traits through the analysis of phylogenetic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora A Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Collins
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Renata Lima-Gomes
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Célio Magalhães
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Maria Victoria Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Verónica Williner
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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15
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Lau SKP, Teng JLL, Chiu TH, Chan E, Tsang AKL, Panagiotou G, Zhai SL, Woo PCY. Differential Microbial Communities of Omnivorous and Herbivorous Cattle in Southern China. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:54-60. [PMID: 29686799 PMCID: PMC5910514 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hong Kong, cattle were traditionally raised by farmers as draft animals to plough rice fields. Due to urbanization in the 20th century, they were gradually abandoned and became wild cattle straying in suburban Hong Kong. Recently, these cattle were observed to have become omnivorous by eating leftover barbeque food waste in country parks. Microbiome analysis was performed on fecal samples of the omnivorous cattle using deep sequencing and the resulting microbiome was compared with that of traditional herbivorous cattle in Southern China. A more diverse gut microbiome was observed in the omnivorous cattle, suggesting that microbiota diversity increases as diet variation increases. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Anaeroplasma, Anaerovorax, Bacillus, Coprobacillus and Solibacillus significantly increased and those of Anaerofustis, Butyricimonas, Campylobacter, Coprococcus, Dehalobacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, rc4.4, RFN20, Succinivibrio and Turicibacter significantly decreased in the omnivorous group. The increase in microbial community levels of Bacillus and Anaerovorax likely attributes to the inclusion of meat in the diet; while the decrease in relative abundance of Coprococcus, Butyricimonas, Succinivibrio, Campylobacter and Phascolarctobacterium may reflect the reduction in grass intake. Furthermore, an increased consumption of resistant starch likely resulted in the increase in abundance of Anaeroplasma. In conclusion, a significant change in the gut microbial community was observed in the omnivorous cattle, suggesting that diet may be one of the factors that may signal an adaptation response by the cattle to maintain feed efficiency as a consequence of the change in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jade L L Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tsz Ho Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Elaine Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alan K L Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Shao-Lun Zhai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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16
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Carvalho DDA, Viozzi MF, Collins PA, Williner V. Functional morphology of comminuting feeding structures of Trichodactylus borellianus (Brachyura, Decapoda, Trichodactylidae), an omnivorous freshwater crab. Arthropod Struct Dev 2017; 46:472-482. [PMID: 28552665 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans exhibit great diversity of feeding structures with morphological traits that are useful to infer the general trophic habits of species. In this study, we analyzed the functional morphology of comminuting feeding structures (mandibles, chelipeds, gastric mill) of the freshwater crab Trichodactylus borellianus directly related with the food fragmentation. The heterochely and mechanical advantage (MA) of the chelae were also studied. In both analyses, we considered the relationship between morphology and the natural diet. We expected to find a consistent relation between feeding habits and morphological traits. In general, we found simple structures armed with uniform setal systems and feeding appendages without pronounced teeth or spines. Mandibles have primarily cutting functions, helping with the food anchoring and fragmentation with mandibular palps armed with pappose setae. Chelipeds were covered with spines and simple setae. Adult males exhibited right-handedness with high MA of the major chelae. The ingested, relatively large pieces of food are finally chewed by a gastric mill equipped with sharp cusps characteristic of decapods with low ingestion of crude fiber material. The morphology of the feeding apparatus revealed that it is well adapted to an omnivorous diet, being able to cope with dietary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora de Azevedo Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Paraje "El Pozo" Ciudad Universitaria S/N, CP 3000, Santa Fe Capital, Argentina.
| | - Maria Florencia Viozzi
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Paraje "El Pozo" Ciudad Universitaria S/N, CP 3000, Santa Fe Capital, Argentina
| | - Pablo Agustín Collins
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Paraje "El Pozo" Ciudad Universitaria S/N, CP 3000, Santa Fe Capital, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Paraje "El Pozo" Ciudad Universitaria S/N, CP 3000, Santa Fe Capital, Argentina
| | - Verónica Williner
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Paraje "El Pozo" Ciudad Universitaria S/N, CP 3000, Santa Fe Capital, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Paraje "El Pozo" Ciudad Universitaria S/N, CP 3000, Santa Fe Capital, Argentina
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