1
|
Thye KL, Wan Abdullah WMAN, Ong-Abdullah J, Lamasudin DU, Wee CY, Mohd Yusoff MHY, Loh JY, Cheng WH, Lai KS. Calcium lignosulfonate modulates physiological and biochemical responses to enhance shoot multiplication in Vanilla planifolia Andrews. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2023; 29:377-392. [PMID: 37033764 PMCID: PMC10073391 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Utilisation of calcium lignosulfonate (CaLS) in Vanilla planifolia has been reported to improve shoot multiplication. However, mechanisms responsible for such observation remain unknown. Here, we elucidated the underlying mechanisms of CaLS in promoting shoot multiplication of V. planifolia via comparative proteomics, biochemical assays, and nutrient analysis. The proteome profile of CaLS-treated plants showed enhancement of several important cellular metabolisms such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, Krebs cycle, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and carbohydrate synthesis. Further biochemical analysis recorded that CaLS increased Rubisco activity, hexokinase activity, isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, total carbohydrate content, glutamate synthase activity and total protein content in plant shoot, suggesting the role of CaLS in enhancing shoot growth via upregulation of cellular metabolism. Subsequent nutrient analysis showed that CaLS treatment elevated the contents of several nutrient ions especially calcium and sodium ions. In addition, our study also revealed that CaLS successfully maintained the cellular homeostasis level through the regulation of signalling molecules such as reactive oxygen species and calcium ions. These results demonstrated that the CaLS treatment can enhance shoot multiplication in V. planifolia Andrews by stimulating nutrient uptake, inducing cell metabolism, and regulating cell homeostasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01293-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kah-Lok Thye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Wan Muhamad Asrul Nizam Wan Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong-Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Dhilia Udie Lamasudin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Chien-Yeong Wee
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Jiun-Yan Loh
- Centre of Research for Advanced Aquaculture, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Wan-Hee Cheng
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, 41012 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Negi S, Tak H, Ganapathi TR. Overexpression of MusaSNAC1 improves shoot proliferation in transgenic banana lines. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:188. [PMID: 33927979 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Augmenting shoot multiplication through genetic engineering is an emerging biotechnological application desirable in optimizing regeneration of genetically modified plants on selection medium and rapid clonal propagation of elite cultivars. Here, we report the improved shoot multiplication in transgenic banana lines with overexpression of MusaSNAC1, a drought-associated NAC transcription factor in banana. Overexpression of MusaSNAC1 induces hypersensitivity of transgenic banana lines toward 6-benzylaminopurine ensuing higher shoot number on different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine. Altered transcript levels of multiple genes involved in auxin signaling (Aux/IAA and ARFs) and cytokinin signaling pathways (ARRs) in banana plants overexpressing MusaSNAC1 corroborate the hypersensitivity of transgenic banana plants toward 6-benzylaminopurine. Modulation in expression of ARRs reported to be involved in ABA-hypersensitivity and closure of stomatal aperture correlates with the function of MusaSNAC1 as a drought-responsive NAC transcription factor. Present study suggests a prospective cross talk between shoot multiplication and drought responses coordinated by MusaSNAC1 in banana plants. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02744-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Negi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, 400098 India
| | - Himanshu Tak
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094 India
| | - T R Ganapathi
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094 India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adugna AY, Feyissa T, Tasew FS. Optimization of growth regulators on in vitro propagation of Moringa stenopetala from shoot explants. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:60. [PMID: 33198744 PMCID: PMC7667749 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00651-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Moringa stenopetala belongs to the flowering family Moringaceae and genus Moringa. It is often referred to as the East African Moringa tree because it is native only to southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya. The expansion of its cultivation and utilization throughout the world especially in Africa is becoming important. For such expansion, the existing propagation method is limiting, so it needs a good propagation system to supply enough planting material with a uniform genotype. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to optimize an in vitro shoot multiplication protocol for M. stenopetala by using shoot tip as explants. Results Shoots were sterilized and cultured on Muraghige and Skoog (MS) medium for in vitro shoot initiation. For multiple shoot induction, the explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of kinetin (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mg/L) with Indole-3- butyric acid (IBA) or α -naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 mg/L) and maintained at 25 ± 2 °C for four weeks. Rooting was achieved by culturing well developed shoots in half-strength MS medium containing IBA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L), NAA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L), and 0.5 mg/L IBA with NAA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L). Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant difference among all treatments applied in both shoot multiplication and rooting experiments. The maximum number of shoots per explant (3.43 ± 1.41) and 7.97 ± 4.18 leaves per explant were obtained on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L kinetin with 0.01 mg/LNAA. The highest mean number of roots per shoot (1.63 ± 1.03) and mean root length (0.87 ± 1.22 cm) were obtained on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/LNAA and 0.1 mg/LIBA alone respectively. After acclimatization, 76% of plants were survived in the greenhouse. Conclusion In general, using NAA with kinetin for shoot multiplication was effective than kinetin with IBA. On the other hand, the application of 1.0 mg/L NAA alone and 1.0 mg/L NAA with 0.5 mg/L IBA were more effective for root induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alelegne Yeshamebel Adugna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Computational Science, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tileye Feyissa
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lijalem T, Feyissa T. In vitro propagation of Securidaca longipedunculata (Fresen) from shoot tip: an endangered medicinal plant. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:3. [PMID: 31956941 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-019-0017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen is an indigenous medicinal plant in Africa that has an important place in both traditional and modern medicine. This plant is endangered because of high seed dormancy, low germination rate, and over exploitation. Therefore, micropropagation method is important to address these problems. The objective of this study is to develop a micropropagation protocol for S. longipedunculata from shoot tip explants. RESULTS Among different Clorox concentrations, seeds sterilized with 10% Clorox for 10 min resulted in 85% decontamination and 80% germination. Among different media used to evaluate the rate of seed germination, seeds that were de-coated and transversally cut at the tip and cultured on basal MS medium resulted in 100% germination. The highest percentage of shoot initiation (87%) was obtained on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). The highest mean shoot number per explant (8.5 ± 0.69) was achieved on MS multiplication medium containing 1.5 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.1 mg/l Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The highest mean number of roots per explant (3.73 ± 0.69) was obtained on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l Indole-3-acetic-acid (IAA). Among plantlets transferred to greenhouse, 60% survived after acclimatization. CONCLUSIONS This micropropagation protocol can be used for mass propagation of S. longipedunculata that contributes to its conservation and genetic improvement.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal known as Ashwagandha is commonly used in traditional Indian medicine system. It possesses immense therapeutic value against a large number of ailments such as mental diseases, asthma, inflammation, arthritis, rheumatism, tuberculosis, and a variety of other diseases including cancer. The therapeutic potential of W. somnifera is due to the presence of secondary metabolites mainly, tropane alkaloids and withanolides (steroidal lactones). The growing realization of commercial value of the plant has initiated a new demand for in vitro propagation of elite chemotypes of Withania. Micropropagation which is an important tool for rapid multiplication requires optimization of number of factors such as nutrient medium, status of medium (solid and liquid), type of explant, and plant growth regulators. Similarly, an efficient and reproducible in vitro regeneration system which is a prerequisite for the development of genetic transformation protocol requires precise manipulation of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma U, Kataria V, Shekhawat NS. In vitro propagation, ex vitro rooting and leaf micromorphology of Bauhinia racemosa Lam.: a leguminous tree with medicinal values. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2017; 23:969-977. [PMID: 29158643 PMCID: PMC5671441 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A micropropagation system for Bauhinia racemosa Lam. was developed involving axillary shoot proliferation and ex vitro rooting using nodal explants obtained from mature tree. MS medium with 3.0 mg l-1 BA (6-benzyladenine) was optimum for shoot bud induction. For shoot multiplication, mother explants were transferred repeatedly on medium containing low concentration of BA (0.75 mg l-1). Number of shoots was increased up to two passages and decreased thereafter. Shoot multiplication was further enhanced on MS medium containing 0.25 mg l-1 each of BA and Kin (Kinetin) with 0.1 mg l-1 of NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid). Addition of 0.004 mg l-1 TDZ (thidiazuron) increased the rate of shoot multiplication and 21.81 ± 1.26 shoots per culture vessel were obtained. In vitro regenerated shoots were rooted under ex vitro conditions treated with 400 mg l-1 IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) for 7 min on sterile soilrite. After successful hardening in greenhouse, ex vitro rooted plants were transferred to the field conditions with ≈85% of survival rate. Micromorphological changes were observed on leaf surface i.e. development of vein density and trichomes and stomatal appearance, when plants were subjected to environmental conditions. This is the first report on in vitro regeneration of B. racemosa from mature tree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udit Sharma
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Botany (UGC-Centre of Advanced Study), Jai Narain Vyas University, New Campus, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342001 India
| | - Vinod Kataria
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Botany (UGC-Centre of Advanced Study), Jai Narain Vyas University, New Campus, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342001 India
| | - N. S. Shekhawat
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Botany (UGC-Centre of Advanced Study), Jai Narain Vyas University, New Campus, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342001 India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
A number of public and private laboratories are working on date palm micropropagation to meet the increasing worldwide demand for date palm planting material. A standardized direct organogenesis protocol exists for the production of date palm plantlets to maintain the genetic fidelity of regenerated plants. Organogenesis has the advantage of using low concentrations of plant growth regulators and avoiding the callus phase. In addition, direct regeneration of vegetative buds minimizes the risk of somaclonal variation among plant regenerants. However, in vitro multiplication cycles should be limited in duration by frequent renewal of plant material. This chapter describes a simple and routine organogenesis protocol for date palm multiplication using shoot tip explants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larbi Abahmane
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, INRA, Marrakech Regional Center of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 533, Marrakech, 40 000, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Babbar SB, Singh DK. Protocols for In Vitro Mass Multiplication and Analysis of Medicinally Important Phenolics of a Salep Orchid, Satyrium nepalense D.Don ("Salam Mishri"). Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1391:1-11. [PMID: 27108306 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3332-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Satyrium nepalense is a rare and threatened medicinal orchid, populations of which in its native habitats are dwindling because of indiscriminate collections and habitat destruction, thus necessitating the development of methods for its in situ and ex situ conservation. Because of non-endospermous nature of the seeds and the immature embryos at seed dispersal stage, orchids cannot be seed-propagated as other plants. Micropropagation, using plant tissue culture techniques, offers an effective method for the multiplication of orchids. In this chapter, a five-step efficient reproducible protocol for large-scale in vitro multiplication of Satyrium nepalense is described. The first step involves asymbiotic germination of seeds isolated from immature green pods and cultured on Mitra's medium (M) gelled with 0.8 % agar and supplemented with 2 % sucrose and 1 % peptone (hereafter referred to as basal medium, BM). On this medium, seeds start germinating after a week of culture. Protocorms developed from the seeds are sub-cultured on BM fortified with 4 μM kinetin (Kn) after 8 weeks, for shoot differentiation and multiplication. The shoots developed on Kn-supplemented medium are transferred to BM alone for their elongation for the same period. The elongated shoots are transferred to the rooting medium, comprising BM supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid, for further 8 weeks. The regenerated plantlets are transferred to a potting mix of sand and vermiculite (1:1) for acclimatization. The tubers and leaves excised from both in vitro-developed plants and those from their native habitats are analyzed and compared for the contents and concentration of medicinally important phenolics using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), details of which are provided in this chapter.
Collapse
|
9
|
Siwach P, Gill AR. Micropropagation of Ficus religiosa L. via leaf explants and comparative evaluation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in the micropropagated and conventionally grown plants. 3 Biotech 2014; 4:477-491. [PMID: 28324379 PMCID: PMC4162900 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-013-0175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-frequency, season-independent, in vitro regeneration of Ficusreligiosa was
developed, followed by comparative acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) activity
assay of the in vitro raised and conventionally grown plants. The use of AChEI
activity is the most accepted strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Fully
expanded, mature leaves were cut into different segments to initiate the cultures.
The middle section of the leaf in vertical orientation with cut portion inserted
inside the medium was found most suitable for direct shoot regeneration. Leaf
explants responded with nearly consistent frequency (60–66.67 %) throughout the
year. To obtain high frequency response with enhanced shoot multiplication rate, 32
plant growth regulator regimes were screened amongst which benzylaminopurine at
5.0 mg/l was found most suitable, yielding 100 % response and maximum number of
shoots per explant (7.93); same concentration was also most supportive for repeated
multiplication (6.53 shoots). The quality of the shoots and multiplication rate
could be significantly enhanced (24.35 shoots) when adenine sulphate, glutamine and
phloroglucinol, in an optimised concentration, were additionally supplemented. The
clonal nature of the micropropagated plants was confirmed by random amplified
polymorphic DNA analysis. A comparative analysis of AChEI activity was carried out
amongst the methanolic extracts of stem segments of the mother plant, randomly
selected seedlings of different age (4 and 6 months old) of the same mother plant
and randomly selected micropropagated plants of different age (3 and 6 months age).
The mother plant sample showed effective AChEI activity, with
IC50 of 66.46 μg/ml while seedlings, of different age
groups, performed poorly (6-month-old seedlings, Se-16M,
yielded IC50 of 20,538.46 μg/ml, while two randomly selected
4 months’ aged seedlings, Se-24M and
Se-34M exhibited IC50 of 19,341.03
and 24,281.70 μg/ml). On the other hand, various micropropagated plants, 2 of
3 months (MiP-13M, MiP-23M) and 2 of
6 months (MiP-36M and MiP-46M) age
behaved like the mother plant, exhibiting IC50 values of
71.87, 72.91, 67.65 and 69.65 μg/ml, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Siwach
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India.
| | - Anita Rani Gill
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aslam J, Mujib A, Sharma MP. In vitro micropropagation of Dracaena sanderiana Sander ex Mast: An important indoor ornamental plant. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 20:63-8. [PMID: 23961221 PMCID: PMC3730903 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol has been developed for in vitro plant regeneration from a nodal explant of Dracaena sanderiana Sander ex Mast. Nodal explant showed high callus induction potentiality on MS medium supplemented with 6.78 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) followed by 46.5 μM chlorophenoxy acetic acid (CPA). The highest frequency of shoot regeneration (85%) and number of shoots per explant (5.6) were obtained on medium supplemented with 7.84 μM N(6)-benzylaminopurine (BA). Rooting was high on MS solid compared to liquid medium when added with 7.38 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Fifty percent of the roots were also directly rooted as microcuttings on soil rite, sand and peat mixture (1:1:1). In vitro and ex vitro raised plantlets were used for acclimatization. More than 90% of the plantlets was successfully acclimatized and established in plastic pots. Ex vitro transferred plantlets were normal without any phenotypic aberrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Aslam
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Abdul Mujib
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Maheshwar Prasad Sharma
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eeswara JP, Stuchbury T, Allan EJ, Mordue Luntz AJ. A standard procedure for the micropropagation of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). Plant Cell Rep 1998; 17:215-219. [PMID: 30736503 DOI: 10.1007/s002990050381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Micropropagated shoots were initiated from leaf explants of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Regardless of their origin, shoots were successfully produced by culturing leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog medium containing benzylaminopurine (1 mg l-1), kinetin (0.8 mg l-1) and adenine sulphate (6 mg l-1) in complete darkness. These shoots were further multiplied on Murashige and Skoog medium containing benzylaminopurine (0.1 mg l-1), kinetin (0.08 g l-l) and adenine sulphate (0.6 mg l-1). Within 32 weeks, 80 shoots could be produced from a single leaf explant (10 mm×10 mm). Fifty-five percent of these shoots rooted on Murashige and Skoog medium containing indolebutyric acid (1 mg l-1) and all of these grew on transfer to soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Eeswara
- Department of Agriculture, University of Aberdeen, 581 King Street, Aberdeen, AB24 5UA, UK Fax no.: +44-1224-273731 E-mail: , , , , , , GB
| | - T Stuchbury
- Department of Agriculture, University of Aberdeen, 581 King Street, Aberdeen, AB24 5UA, UK Fax no.: +44-1224-273731 E-mail: , , , , , , GB
| | - E J Allan
- Department of Agriculture, University of Aberdeen, 581 King Street, Aberdeen, AB24 5UA, UK Fax no.: +44-1224-273731 E-mail: , , , , , , GB
| | - A J Mordue Luntz
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB9 2TN, UK, , , , , , GB
| |
Collapse
|