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Faseela P, Joel JM, Johnson R, Janeeshma E, Sameena PP, Sen A, Puthur JT. Paradoxical effects of nanomaterials on plants: Phytohormonal perspective exposes hidden risks amidst potential benefits. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 210:108603. [PMID: 38583315 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The rapid growth of nanotechnology has led to the production of a significant amount of engineered nanomaterials (NMs), raising concerns about their impact on various domains. This study investigates the negative interactions between NMs and phytohormones in plants, revealing the changes in signaling crosstalk, integrated responses and ecological repercussions caused by NM pollution. Phytohormones, which include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and brassinosteroids are essential for plant growth, development, and stress responses. This review examines the intricate relationships between NMs and phytohormones, highlighting disruptions in signaling crosstalk, integrated responses, and ecological consequences in plants due to NM pollution. Various studies demonstrate that exposure to NMs can lead to alterations in gene expression, enzyme functions, and ultimately affect plant growth and stress tolerance. Exposure to NMs has the capacity to affect plant phytohormone reactions by changing their levels, biosynthesis, and signaling mechanisms, indicating a complex interrelation between NMs and phytohormone pathways. The complexity of the relationships between NMs and phytohormones necessitates further research, utilizing modern molecular techniques, to unravel the intricate molecular mechanisms and develop strategies to mitigate the ecological consequences of NM pollution. This review provides valuable insights for researchers and environmentalists concerned about the disruptive effects of NMs on regulating phytohormone networks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parammal Faseela
- Department of Botany, Korambayil Ahamed Haji Memorial Unity Women's College, Manjeri, Malappuram, Kerala, 676122, India
| | - Joy M Joel
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, C. U. Campus P.O., Malappuram, Kerala, 673635, India
| | - Riya Johnson
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, C. U. Campus P.O., Malappuram, Kerala, 673635, India
| | - Edappayil Janeeshma
- Department of Botany, MES KEVEEYAM College, Valanchery, Malappuram, Kerala, 676552, India
| | | | - Akhila Sen
- Department of Botany, Mar Athanasius College, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam, Kerala, 686666, India
| | - Jos T Puthur
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, C. U. Campus P.O., Malappuram, Kerala, 673635, India.
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Qin K, Yu M, Fan J, Wang H, Zhao P, Zhao G, Zeng W, Chen C, Wang Y, Wang A, Schwartz Z, Hong J, Song L, Wagstaff W, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Ho SH, Strelzow J, Reid RR, He TC, Shi LL. Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling: Multilayered mediators, signaling mechanisms and major signaling crosstalk. Genes Dis 2024; 11:103-134. [PMID: 37588235 PMCID: PMC10425814 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a major role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The Wnt ligands are a family of 19 secreted glycoproteins that mediate their signaling effects via binding to Frizzled receptors and LRP5/6 coreceptors and transducing the signal either through β-catenin in the canonical pathway or through a series of other proteins in the noncanonical pathway. Many of the individual components of both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling have additional functions throughout the body, establishing the complex interplay between Wnt signaling and other signaling pathways. This crosstalk between Wnt signaling and other pathways gives Wnt signaling a vital role in many cellular and organ processes. Dysregulation of this system has been implicated in many diseases affecting a wide array of organ systems, including cancer and embryological defects, and can even cause embryonic lethality. The complexity of this system and its interacting proteins have made Wnt signaling a target for many therapeutic treatments. However, both stimulatory and inhibitory treatments come with potential risks that need to be addressed. This review synthesized much of the current knowledge on the Wnt signaling pathway, beginning with the history of Wnt signaling. It thoroughly described the different variants of Wnt signaling, including canonical, noncanonical Wnt/PCP, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. Further description involved each of its components and their involvement in other cellular processes. Finally, this review explained the various other pathways and processes that crosstalk with Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Qin
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Yu
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiaming Fan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Piao Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guozhi Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Interventional Neurology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523475, China
| | - Connie Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Annie Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zander Schwartz
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hong
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lily Song
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - William Wagstaff
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sherwin H. Ho
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jason Strelzow
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Konrath F, Loewer A, Wolf J. Resolving Crosstalk Between Signaling Pathways Using Mathematical Modeling and Time-Resolved Single Cell Data. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2634:267-284. [PMID: 37074583 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3008-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between signaling pathways can modulate the cellular response to stimuli and is therefore an important part of signal transduction. For a comprehensive understanding of cellular responses, identifying points of interaction between the underlying molecular networks is essential. Here, we present an approach that allows the systematic prediction of such interactions by perturbing one pathway and quantifying the concomitant alterations in the response of a second pathway. As the observed alterations contain information about the crosstalk, we use an ordinary differential equation-based model to extract this information by linking altered dynamics to individual processes. Consequently, we can predict the interaction points between two pathways. As an example, we employed our approach to investigate the crosstalk between the NF-κB and p53 signaling pathway. We monitored the response of p53 to genotoxic stress using time-resolved single cell data and perturbed NF-κB signaling by inhibiting the kinase IKK2. Employing a subpopulation-based modeling approach enabled us to identify multiple interaction points that are simultaneously affected by perturbation of NF-κB signaling. Hence, our approach can be used to analyze crosstalk between two signaling pathways in a systematic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Konrath
- Mathematical Modelling of Cellular Processes, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Systems Biology of the Stress Response, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jana Wolf
- Mathematical Modelling of Cellular Processes, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
- Mathematical Modelling of Cellular Processes, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Lay-Pruitt KS, Wang W, Prom-U-Thai C, Pandey A, Zheng L, Rouached H. A tale of two players: the role of phosphate in iron and zinc homeostatic interactions. Planta 2022; 256:23. [PMID: 35767117 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This minireview details the impact of iron-phosphate and zinc-phosphate interactions in plants and provides perspectives for further areas of research regarding nutrient homeostasis. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are among the most important micronutrients for plant growth and have numerous implications for human health and agriculture. While plants have developed efficient uptake and transport mechanisms for Fe and Zn, emerging research has shown that the availability of other nutrients in the environment influences the homeostasis of Fe and Zn within plants. In this minireview, we present the current knowledge regarding homeostatic interactions of Fe and Zn with the macronutrient phosphorous (P) and the resulting physiological responses to combined deficiencies of these nutrients. Fe and P interactions have been shown to influence root development, photosynthesis, and biological processes aiding Fe uptake. Zn and P interactions also influence root growth, and coordination of Zn-dependent transcriptional regulation contributes to phosphate (Pi) transport in the plant. Understanding homeostatic interactions among these different nutrients is of critical importance to obtain a more complete understanding of plant nutrition in complex soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina S Lay-Pruitt
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- The Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Wujian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chanakan Prom-U-Thai
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ajay Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, Knowledge City, Mohali, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Luqing Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hatem Rouached
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Zhu M, Wang DD, Yan H. Genotype-determined EGFR-RTK heterodimerization and its effects on drug resistance in lung Cancer treatment revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:34. [PMID: 34112110 PMCID: PMC8191231 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its signaling pathways play a vital role in pathogenesis of lung cancer. By disturbing EGFR signaling, mutations of EGFR may lead to progression of cancer or the emergence of resistance to EGFR-targeted drugs. RESULTS We investigated the correlation between EGFR mutations and EGFR-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) crosstalk in the signaling network, in order to uncover the drug resistance mechanism induced by EGFR mutations. For several EGFR wild type (WT) or mutated proteins, we measured the EGFR-RTK interactions using several computational methods based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, including geometrical characterization of the interfaces and conventional estimation of free energy of binding. Geometrical properties, namely the matching rate of atomic solid angles in the interfaces and center-of-mass distances between interacting atoms, were extracted relying on Alpha Shape modeling. For a couple of RTK partners (c-Met, ErbB2 and IGF-1R), results have shown a looser EGFR-RTK crosstalk for the drug-sensitive EGFR mutant while a tighter crosstalk for the drug-resistant mutant. It guarantees the genotype-determined EGFR-RTK crosstalk, and further proposes a potential drug resistance mechanism by amplified EGFR-RTK crosstalk induced by EGFR mutations. CONCLUSIONS This study will lead to a deeper understanding of EGFR mutation-induced drug resistance mechanisms and promote the design of innovative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxu Zhu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Debby D Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Guo P, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Tai Y, Zhang A, Wei W, Wang Q. Immuno-hippo: Research progress of the hippo pathway in autoimmune disease. Immunol Lett 2020; 230:11-20. [PMID: 33345861 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research in Drosophila and mammals has identified the core components of Hippo signaling, which controls gene expression. Studies of Drosophila have demonstrated the highly conserved Hippo pathway controls tissue homeostasis and organ size by regulating the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis. Recent work has indicated a potential role of the Hippo pathway in regulating the immune system, which is the key player in autoimmune disease (AID). Therefore, the Hippo pathway may become a novel target for curing AID. Although the pivotal role of both the Hippo pathway in tumorigenesis has been thoroughly investigated, the role of it in AID is still poorly understood. Elucidating the role of Hippo signaling pathways in the activation and expression of specific molecules involved in immune regulation is important for understanding the pathogenesis of AID and exploring novel therapeutic targets. To aid in further research, this review describes the relationship between the Hippo pathway and inflammatory signals such as NF-κB and JAK-STAT, the function of the Hippo pathway in the formation and differentiation of immune cells, and the regulatory role of the Hippo pathway in AID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paipai Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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Nazar RN, Xu X, Kim TW, Lee SW, Robb J. The Ve-resistance locus, a plant signaling intercept. Planta 2020; 252:7. [PMID: 32556732 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Ve-resistance locus in tomato and potato affects both stress/defense and growth, consistent with a signaling intercept and a competitive regulatory mechanism. Acting in an antagonistic fashion, the two genes comprising the tomato Ve-resistance locus have been shown to influence both the defense/stress cascade, which causes wilt symptoms, and plant growth (Nazar et al. in Planta 247:1339-1350, 2018c); in contrast, both have been reported to elevate wilt resistance in potato or Arabidopsis. In a further examination of this influence in potato transformed with the Ve1 gene, effects are again demonstrated with respect to both disease resistance and crop productivity consistent with the Ve locus being a signaling intercept and the antagonistic effects, previously observed in tomato. The results support a competitive model in which the tomato Ve1 and Ve2 proteins act to reduce the detrimental effects of the defense/stress cascade and energy transfers to the developing potato tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N Nazar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, 52733, Korea
| | - Shin Woo Lee
- Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 52725, Korea
| | - Jane Robb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Kumar S, Reynolds K, Ji Y, Gu R, Rai S, Zhou CJ. Impaired neurodevelopmental pathways in autism spectrum disorder: a review of signaling mechanisms and crosstalk. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:10. [PMID: 31202261 PMCID: PMC6571119 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of an autistic brain is a highly complex process as evident from the involvement of various genetic and non-genetic factors in the etiology of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite being a multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder, autistic patients display a few key characteristics, such as the impaired social interactions and elevated repetitive behaviors, suggesting the perturbation of specific neuronal circuits resulted from abnormal signaling pathways during brain development in ASD. A comprehensive review for autistic signaling mechanisms and interactions may provide a better understanding of ASD etiology and treatment. Main body Recent studies on genetic models and ASD patients with several different mutated genes revealed the dysregulation of several key signaling pathways, such as WNT, BMP, SHH, and retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Although no direct evidence of dysfunctional FGF or TGF-β signaling in ASD has been reported so far, a few examples of indirect evidence can be found. This review article summarizes how various genetic and non-genetic factors which have been reported contributing to ASD interact with WNT, BMP/TGF-β, SHH, FGF, and RA signaling pathways. The autism-associated gene ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) has been reported to influence WNT, BMP, and RA signaling pathways, suggesting crosstalk between various signaling pathways during autistic brain development. Finally, the article comments on what further studies could be performed to gain deeper insights into the understanding of perturbed signaling pathways in the etiology of ASD. Conclusion The understanding of mechanisms behind various signaling pathways in the etiology of ASD may help to facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets and design of new treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Ran Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Sunil Rai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Wu X, Zahari MS, Renuse S, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Chaerkady R, Kim MS, Fackler MJ, Stampfer M, Gabrielson E, Sukumar S, Pandey A. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals reciprocal activation of receptor tyrosine kinases between cancer epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:21. [PMID: 29946230 PMCID: PMC6003199 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most important components of tumor stroma and play a key role in modulating tumor growth. However, a mechanistic understanding of how CAFs communicate with tumor cells to promote their proliferation and invasion is far from complete. A major reason for this is that most current techniques and model systems do not capture the complexity of signal transduction that occurs between CAFs and tumor cells. Methods In this study, we employed a stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) strategy to label invasive breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, and breast cancer patient-derived CAF this has already been defined above cells. We used an antibody-based phosphotyrosine peptide enrichment method coupled to LC-MS/MS to catalog and quantify tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction events induced by the bidirectional communication between patient-derived CAFs and tumor cells. Results We discovered that distinct signaling events were activated in CAFs and in tumor epithelial cells during the crosstalk between these two cell types. We identified reciprocal activation of a number of receptor tyrosine kinases including EGFR, FGFR1 and EPHA2 induced by this bidirectional communication. Conclusions Our study not only provides insights into the mechanisms of the interaction between CAFs and tumor cells, but the model system described here could be used as a prototype for analysis of intercellular communication in many different tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wu
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,8Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Muhammad Saddiq Zahari
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Santosh Renuse
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Nandini A Sahasrabuddhe
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India.,4Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Raghothama Chaerkady
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mary Jo Fackler
- 5Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Martha Stampfer
- 7Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- 5Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.,6Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- 5Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India.,8Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Li QF, Lu J, Yu JW, Zhang CQ, He JX, Liu QQ. The brassinosteroid-regulated transcription factors BZR1/BES1 function as a coordinator in multisignal-regulated plant growth. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 2018; 1861:561-71. [PMID: 29673687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BZR1 and BES1 are key transcription factors of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling and represent the integration node of numerous signaling cascades. Their direct target genes have been identified, and BZR1/BES1-DNA interactions have been experimentally verified. Importantly, BZR1/BES1 also integrate different growth and development events via direct protein-protein interactions. For instance, DELLAs, PIFs, ARF6, and PKL, all directly interact with BZR1/BES1, forming a BZR1/BES1-centered regulatory network to coordinate cell elongation. By dissecting various BZR1/BES1-mediated BR responses, the concept that BZR1/BES1 act as an integration hub in multisignal-regulated plant growth and development was developed. The regulation of BZR1/BES1 is dynamic and multifaceted, including phosphorylation status, activity, and stability. Moreover, certain epigenetic modification mechanisms are involved in BZR1/BES1's regulation of gene expression. Herein, we review recent advances in BZR1/BES1-mediated molecular connections between BR and other pathways, highlighting the central role of the BZR1/BES1 interactome in optimizing plant growth and development.
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Guo M, Huang Z, Yang J. Is there any crosstalk between the chemotaxis and virulence induction signaling in Agrobacterium tumefaciens? Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:505-511. [PMID: 28342941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil-born phytopathogenic bacterium, is well known as a nature's engineer due to its ability to genetically transform the host by transferring a DNA fragment (called T-DNA) from its Ti plasmid to host-cell genome. To combat the harsh soil environment and seek the appropriate host, A. tumefaciens can sense and be attracted by a large number of chemical compounds released by wounded host. As a member of α-proteobacterium, A. tumefaciens has a chemotaxis system different from that found in Escherichia coli, since many chemoattractants for A. tumefaciens chemotaxis are virulence (vir) inducers. However, advances in the study of the chemotaxis paradigm, E. coli chemotaxis system, have provided enough information to analyze the A. tumefaciens chemotaxis. At low concentration, chemoattractants elicit A. tumefaciens chemotaxis and attract the species to the wound sites of the host. At high concentration, chemoattractants induce the expression of virulence genes and trigger T-DNA transfer. Recent studies on the VirA and ChvE of the vir-induction system provide some evidences to support the crosstalk between chemotaxis and vir-induction. This review compares the core components of chemotaxis signaling system of A. tumefaciens with those observed in other species, discusses the connection between chemotaxis and vir-induction in A. tumefaciens, and proposes a model depicting the signaling crosstalk between chemotaxis and vir-induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minliang Guo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways regulate cell proliferation and survival and are therefore important for maintaining homeostasis of development. The balance between cell growth and death is achieved through orchestrated signal transduction pathways mediated by complex functional interactions between signaling axes, among which, PI3K/Akt and Ras/MAPK as well as JAK/STAT play a dominant role in promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In clinical cancer therapies, drug resistance is the major challenge that occurs in almost all targeted therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in research have suggested that the intrinsic pro-survival signaling crosstalk is the driving force in acquired resistance to a targeted therapy, which may be abolished by interfering with the cross-reacting network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Gongda Xue
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
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Frank T, Reichel A, Larsen O, Stilp AC, Rosenkilde MM, Stamminger T, Ozawa T, Tschammer N. Attenuation of chemokine receptor function and surface expression as an immunomodulatory strategy employed by human cytomegalovirus is linked to vGPCR US28. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:31. [PMID: 27955674 PMCID: PMC5153698 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Some herpesviruses like human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encode viral G protein-coupled receptors that cause reprogramming of cell signaling to facilitate dissemination of the virus, prevent immune surveillance and establish life-long latency. Human GPCRs are known to function in complex signaling networks involving direct physical interactions as well as indirect crosstalk of orthogonal signaling networks. The human chemokine receptor CXCR4 is expressed on hematopoietic stem cells, leukocytes, endothelial and epithelial cells, which are infected by HCMV or display reservoirs of latency. Results We investigated the potential heteromerization of US28 with CXCR4 as well as the influence of US28 on CXCR4 signaling. Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer and luciferase-complementation based methods we show that US28 expression exhibits negative effects on CXCR4 signaling and constitutive surface expression in HEK293T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this effect is not mediated by receptor heteromerization but via signaling crosstalk. Additionally, we show that in HCMV, strain TB40E, infected HUVEC the surface expression of CXCR4 is strongly downregulated, whereas in TB40E-delUS28 infected cells, CXCR4 surface expression is not altered in particular at late time points of infection. Conclusions We show that the vGPCR US28 is leading to severely disturbed signaling and surface expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 thereby representing an effective mechanism used by vGPCRs to reprogram host cell signaling. In contrast to other studies, we demonstrate that these effects are not mediated via heteromerization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-016-0154-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Frank
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Reichel
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olav Larsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Charlotte Stilp
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. .,Present Address: NanoTemper Technologies GmbH, Floessergasse 4, 81069, Munich, Germany.
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Zhou JY, Li X, Zhao D, Deng-Wang MY, Dai CC. Reactive oxygen species and hormone signaling cascades in endophytic bacterium induced essential oil accumulation in Atractylodes lancea. Planta 2016; 244:699-712. [PMID: 27125387 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens induces gibberellin and ethylene signaling via hydrogen peroxide in planta . Ethylene activates abscisic acid signaling. Hormones increase sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis gene expression and enzyme activity, inducing essential oil accumulation. Atractylodes lancea is a famous Chinese medicinal plant, whose main active components are essential oils. Wild A. lancea has become endangered due to habitat destruction and over-exploitation. Although cultivation can ensure production of the medicinal material, the essential oil content in cultivated A. lancea is significantly lower than that in the wild herb. The application of microbes as elicitors has become an effective strategy to increase essential oil accumulation in cultivated A. lancea. Our previous study identified an endophytic bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens ALEB7B, which can increase essential oil accumulation in A. lancea more efficiently than other endophytes; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown (Physiol Plantarum 153:30-42, 2015; Appl Environ Microb 82:1577-1585, 2016). This study demonstrates that P. fluorescens ALEB7B firstly induces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) signaling in A. lancea, which then simultaneously activates gibberellin (GA) and ethylene (ET) signaling. Subsequently, ET activates abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. GA and ABA signaling increase expression of HMGR and DXR, which encode key enzymes involved in sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, leading to increased levels of the corresponding enzymes and then an accumulation of essential oils. Specific reactive oxygen species and hormone signaling cascades induced by P. fluorescens ALEB7B may contribute to high-efficiency essential oil accumulation in A. lancea. Illustrating the regulation mechanisms underlying P. fluorescens ALEB7B-induced essential oil accumulation not only provides the theoretical basis for the inducible synthesis of terpenoids in many medicinal plants, but also further reveals the complex and diverse interactions among different plants and their endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Li
- Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch of China National Center Rice Improvement, Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-Yao Deng-Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Nahar K, Hasanuzzaman M, Alam MM, Rahman A, Suzuki T, Fujita M. Polyamine and nitric oxide crosstalk: Antagonistic effects on cadmium toxicity in mung bean plants through upregulating the metal detoxification, antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 126:245-255. [PMID: 26773834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination is a serious agricultural and environmental hazard. The study investigates cross-protection roles of putrescine (Put, 0.2 mM) and nitric oxide (sodium nitroprusside; SNP, 1 mM) in conferring Cd (CdCl2, 1.5 mM) tolerance in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. cv. BARI Mung-2) seedlings. Cadmium stress increased root and shoot Cd content, reduced growth, destroyed chlorophyll (chl), modulated proline (Pro) and reduced leaf relative water content (RWC), increased oxidative damage [lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content, O2(∙-) generation rate, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity], methylglyoxal (MG) toxicity. Put and/or SNP reduced Cd uptake, increasd phytochelatin (PC) content, reduced oxidative damage enhancing non-enzymatic antioxidants (AsA and GSH) and activities of enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)]. Exogenous Put and/or SNP modulated endogenous polyamines, PAs (putrescine, Put; spermidine, Spd; spermine, Spm), and NO; improved glyoxalase system in detoxifying MG and improved physiology and growth where combined application showed better effects which designates possible crosstalk between NO and PAs to confer Cd-toxicity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrun Nahar
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Mahabub Alam
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Toshisada Suzuki
- Biomass Chemistry Laboratory, Bioresource Science for Manufacturing, Department of Applied Bioresource Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
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Borggrefe T, Lauth M, Zwijsen A, Huylebroeck D, Oswald F, Giaimo BD. The Notch intracellular domain integrates signals from Wnt, Hedgehog, TGFβ/BMP and hypoxia pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1863:303-13. [PMID: 26592459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling is a highly conserved signal transduction pathway that regulates stem cell maintenance and differentiation in several organ systems. Upon activation, the Notch receptor is proteolytically processed, its intracellular domain (NICD) translocates into the nucleus and activates expression of target genes. Output, strength and duration of the signal are tightly regulated by post-translational modifications. Here we review the intracellular post-translational regulation of Notch that fine-tunes the outcome of the Notch response. We also describe how crosstalk with other conserved signaling pathways like the Wnt, Hedgehog, hypoxia and TGFβ/BMP pathways can affect Notch signaling output. This regulation can happen by regulation of ligand, receptor or transcription factor expression, regulation of protein stability of intracellular key components, usage of the same cofactors or coregulation of the same key target genes. Since carcinogenesis is often dependent on at least two of these pathways, a better understanding of their molecular crosstalk is pivotal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Lauth
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Oswald
- University Medical Center Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm, Germany
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Abstract
Dysfunction and destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells is a hallmark of diabetes. Better understanding of cellular signals in beta cells will allow development of therapeutic strategies for diabetes, such as preservation and expansion of beta-cell mass and improvement of beta-cell function. During the past several decades, the number of studies analyzing the molecular mechanisms, including growth factor/hormone signaling pathways that impact islet beta-cell mass and function, has increased exponentially. Notably, somatolactogenic hormones including growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and their receptors (GHR, PRLR, and IGF-1R) are critically involved in beta-cell growth, survival, differentiation, and insulin secretion. In this chapter, we focus more narrowly on GH, PRL, and IGF-1 signaling, and GH-IGF-1 cross talk. We also discuss how these signaling aspects contribute to the regulation of beta-cell proliferation and apoptosis. In particular, our novel findings of GH-induced formation of GHR-JAK2-IGF-1R protein complex and synergistic effects of GH and IGF-1 on beta-cell signaling, proliferation, and antiapoptosis lead to a new concept that IGF-1R may serve as a proximal component of GH/GHR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Yongchang Chang
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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