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Yano Y, Tada R, Hamano N, Haruta K, Kobayashi T, Sato M, Kikkawa Y, Endo-Takahashi Y, Nomizu M, Negishi Y. Development of a concise and reliable method for quantifying the antibody loaded onto lipid nanoparticles modified with Herceptin. J Immunol Methods 2023; 521:113554. [PMID: 37661049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are essential components of the immune system with a wide range of molecular targets. They have been recognized as modalities for treating several diseases and more than 130 approved antibody-based therapeutics are available for clinical use. However, limitations remain associated with its efficacy, tissue permeability, and safety, especially in cancer treatment. Nanoparticles, particularly those responsive to external stimuli, have shown promise in improving the efficacy of antibody-based therapeutics and tissue-selective delivery. In this study, we developed a reliable and accurate method for quantifying the amount of antibody loaded onto lipid nanoparticles modified with Herceptin® (Trastuzumab), an antibody-based therapeutic used to treat HER2-positive cancers, using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by silver staining. This method proved to be a suitable alternative to commonly used protein quantification techniques, which are limited by lipid interference present in the samples. Furthermore, the amount of Herceptin modified on the liposomes, measured by this method, was confirmed by Herceptin's antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity. Our results demonstrate the potential of this method as a critical tool for developing tissue-selective antibody delivery systems, leading to improved efficacy and reduced side effects of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yano
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Rui Tada
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Hamano
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenshin Haruta
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kobayashi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yamato Kikkawa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoko Endo-Takahashi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Nomizu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoichi Negishi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
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Schweighauser M, Garringer HJ, Klingstedt T, Nilsson KPR, Masuda-Suzukake M, Murrell JR, Risacher SL, Vidal R, Scheres SHW, Goedert M, Ghetti B, Newell KL. Mutation ∆K281 in MAPT causes Pick's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:211-226. [PMID: 37351604 PMCID: PMC10329087 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Two siblings with deletion mutation ∆K281 in MAPT developed frontotemporal dementia. At autopsy, numerous inclusions of hyperphosphorylated 3R Tau were present in neurons and glial cells of neocortex and some subcortical regions, including hippocampus, caudate/putamen and globus pallidus. The inclusions were argyrophilic with Bodian silver, but not with Gallyas-Braak silver. They were not labelled by an antibody specific for tau phosphorylated at S262 and/or S356. The inclusions were stained by luminescent conjugated oligothiophene HS-84, but not by bTVBT4. Electron cryo-microscopy revealed that the core of tau filaments was made of residues K254-F378 of 3R Tau and was indistinguishable from that of Pick's disease. We conclude that MAPT mutation ∆K281 causes Pick's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holly J Garringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Therése Klingstedt
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Lingköping University, Lingköping, Sweden
| | - K Peter R Nilsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Lingköping University, Lingköping, Sweden
| | - Masami Masuda-Suzukake
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jill R Murrell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sjors H W Scheres
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michel Goedert
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Zang YM, Liu JF, Li G, Zhao M, Yin GM, Zhang ZP, Jia W. The first case of Escherichia fergusonii with biofilm in China and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:35. [PMID: 36670360 PMCID: PMC9862553 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-07985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia fergusonii is a rare opportunistic pathogen in humans and animals, especially with biofilm. METHODS In one case, E. fergusonii with biofilm was detected in the bile, and silver staining was used to prove it had biofilm. The clinical characteristics and drug susceptibility of eight cases of E. fergusonii retrieved from the literature were also summarized. RESULTS This is a case of E. fergusonii with biofilm, which has not been reported in China. The 8 cases retrieved from the literature did not specify whether they had biofilm, but we analyzed their clinical characteristics and drug susceptibility. All patients were treated with antimicrobial drugs. 8 cases showed sensitivity to piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem in 6 cases (75%), but poor sensitivity to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSION The silver staining method proved biofilm in this case, which is the first case of E. fergusonii with biofilm in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Zang
- grid.412194.b0000 0004 1761 9803Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jun-Feng Liu
- grid.411294.b0000 0004 1798 9345Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- grid.413385.80000 0004 1799 1445Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Sheng-Li Street, Xing-Qing District, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia Hui China ,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- grid.413385.80000 0004 1799 1445Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Sheng-Li Street, Xing-Qing District, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia Hui China
| | - Guo-min Yin
- grid.413385.80000 0004 1799 1445Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Sheng-Li Street, Xing-Qing District, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia Hui China
| | - Zheng-ping Zhang
- grid.413385.80000 0004 1799 1445Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei Jia
- grid.413385.80000 0004 1799 1445Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Sheng-Li Street, Xing-Qing District, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia Hui China ,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Yinchuan, China
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Yücel G, Senderowicz M, Kolano B. The Use of Ribosomal DNA for Comparative Cytogenetics. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2672:265-284. [PMID: 37335483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3226-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences provides excellent chromosome markers for comparative cytogenetic analyses, especially in non-model plant species. The tandem repeat nature of a sequence and the presence of a highly conserved genic region make rDNA sequences relatively easy to isolate and clone. In this chapter, we describe the use of rDNA as markers for comparative cytogenetics studies. Traditionally, cloned probes labeled with Nick-translation have been used to detect rDNA loci. Recently, pre-labeled oligonucleotides are also employed quite frequently to detect both 35S and 5S rDNA loci. Ribosomal DNA sequences, together with other DNA probes in FISH/GISH or with fluorochromes such as CMA3 banding or silver staining, are very useful tools in comparative analyses of plant karyotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülru Yücel
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Magdalena Senderowicz
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bożena Kolano
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
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Arakawa T, Nakagawa M, Tomioka Y, Sakuma C, Li C, Sato T, Sato R, Shibata T, Kurosawa Y, Akuta T. Gel-electrophoresis based method for biomolecular interaction. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 169:67-95. [PMID: 35623712 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoresis is one of the most important analytical technologies for characterization of macromolecules and their interactions. Among them, native gel electrophoresis is used to analyze the macromolecules in the native structure. It differs in principle and information from those obtained by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) or blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). SDS-PAGE is carried out in the presence of strong denaturant, SDS, while BN-PAGE is done in the presence of negatively charged dye, e.g., Coomassie brilliant blue, G-250. Here, we describe native gel electrophoresis using agarose gel and a buffer at pH 6.1 composed of histidine and 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid. First, a protocol for vertical and horizontal formats of agarose native gel electrophoresis is described followed by different staining procedures. Then, various examples obtained using the developed procedure will be shown to demonstrate how the technology can be applied to specific cases and the advantages or caveats of the present technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sakuma
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Cynthia Li
- HTL Biosolutions Inc., Camarillo, CA, United States
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan; Abwiz Bio Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Duran-Vila N. Detection of Viroids by sPAGE Gel Electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2316:71-77. [PMID: 34845686 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1464-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) has played a critical role in the identification and characterization of viroid RNAs. In addition, double PAGE has been a very efficient tool for the detection of viroids as it is sequence independent and is based on the viroid structure of covalently closed/circular molecules. sPAGE has been widely used for the identification of new viroids as well as a routine detection tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Duran-Vila
- Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
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7
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Lee YJ, Inzana TJ. Extraction and Electrophoretic Analysis of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and Outer Membrane Proteins. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4263. [PMID: 35087922 PMCID: PMC8720528 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (or lipooligosaccharides [LOS], which lack the O-antigen side chains characteristic of LPS), and outer membrane proteins (OMP) are major cell-surface molecules in the outer membrane (OM) of gram-negative bacteria. The LPS is responsible for causing endotoxic shock in infected hosts and, in conjunction with some OMPs, provides protection to the bacterium against host innate immune defenses and attachment to host cells. Electrophoretic analysis can provide valuable information regarding the size, number, and variability of LPS/LOS and OMP components between bacterial strains and mutants, which aids in understanding the basic biology and virulence factors of a particular species. Furthermore, highly purified extracts are normally not required if only electrophoretic analysis is to be done, and various methods have been established for such procedures. Here, we review ameliorated procedures for fast and convenient extraction of LPS/LOS and protein-enriched outer membranes (PEOM) for optimal electrophoretic resolution. Specifically, we will describe the phenol-based micro-method for LPS/LOS extraction, a differential extraction procedure with sodium lauryl sarcosinate for PEOM, and gel preparation for electrophoretic analysis of LPS/LOS samples in detail. Graphic abstract: Workflow for the preparation and analysis of LPS/LOS and PEOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Jia Lee
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J. Inzana
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, United States
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8
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Nakagawa M, Tomioka Y, Sakuma C, Sato R, Shibata T, Kurosawa Y, Sato Y, Ono Y, Arakawa T, Akuta T. Optimization and application of silver staining of non-glycosylated and glycosylated proteins and nucleic acids for agarose native gel electrophoresis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:869-78. [PMID: 34437919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoresis is one of the major techniques to analyze macromolecular structure and interaction. Its capability depends on the sensitivity and specificity of the staining methods. We have here examined silver staining of proteins and nucleic acids separated by agarose native gel electrophoresis. By comparing five commercial kits, we identified Silver Stain Plus from Bio-Rad most adequate, as it provided little background staining and reasonable band staining. One of the disadvantages of the Silver Stain Plus kit is its variable staining of glycoproteins as tested with several model samples, including hen egg white proteins, α1-acid glycoprotein and SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. One of the advantages of silver staining is its ability to stain nucleic acids as demonstrated here for a model nucleic acid with two kits. It was then used to monitor the removal of nucleic acids from the affinity-purified maltose binding protein and monoclonal antibody. It also worked well on staining proteins on agarose gels prepared in the vertical mode, although preparation of the vertical agarose gels required technological modifications described in this report. With the silver staining method optimized here, it should be possible in the future to analyze biological samples that may be available in limited quantity.
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Rabilloud T. Silver Staining of 2D Electrophoresis Gels. In: Marcus K, Eisenacher M, Sitek B, editors. Quantitative Methods in Proteomics. New York: Springer US; 2021. pp. 63-75. [PMID: 33950484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1024-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Silver staining is used to detect proteins after electrophoretic separation on polyacrylamide gels. It combines excellent sensitivity (in the low nanogram range) with the use of very simple and cheap equipment and chemicals. For its use in proteomics, two important additional features must be considered, compatibility with mass spectrometry and quantitative response. Both features are discussed in this chapter, and optimized silver staining protocols are proposed.
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10
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Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been instrumental in the development of proteomics. Although it is no longer the exclusive scheme used for proteomics, its unique features make it a still highly valuable tool, especially when multiple quantitative comparisons of samples must be made, and even for large samples series. However, quantitative proteomics using two-dimensional gels is critically dependent on the performances of the protein detection methods used after the electrophoretic separations. This chapter therefore examines critically the various detection methods, (radioactivity, dyes, fluorescence, and silver) as well as the data analysis issues that must be taken into account when quantitative comparative analysis of two-dimensional gels is performed.
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Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative obligate human pathogen that contains lipooligosaccharide (LOS) as a major constituent within the outer membrane. LOS plays a major role in pathogenesis by inducing host inflammatory responses and also enabling evasion of host innate immunity through sialylation. Epitopes within LOS are also potential vaccine candidates. In this chapter, we describe a general method based on the Westphal hot phenol extraction process to purify whole LOS from N. gonorrhoeae for structural analyses and for use in in vivo and in vitro biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Christodoulides
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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12
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Cuñado N. Surface Spreading Technique in Plant Meiocytes for Analysis of Synaptonemal Complex by Electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2061:181-196. [PMID: 31583660 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9818-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An improved method of preparing two-dimensional surface spreads of synaptonemal complexes (SCs) in higher plants for examination by electron microscopy is described. This protocol produces clear, well-spread preparations of SCs and unpaired axial cores from a range of meiotic prophase I stages (leptotene to pachytene) from meiocytes of different plant species. Synaptonemal complex (SC) analyses have been widely used in plant cytogenetic studies to address the process of meiotic chromosome synapses, because of the high-resolution allowed by electron microscopy. Although the real role of SC is still enigmatic, its presence and structural conservation in the vast majority of organisms reflect the importance of this protein structure in the meiotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Cuñado
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Leptospira species are one of the few spirochetes to possess a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) embedded in their outer membrane. Two protocols are currently available to extract and/or purify the leptospiral lipopolysaccharides: the rapid proteinase K method and the classical hot water/phenol extraction. The first method allows to get a quick overview of the LPS O antigen structure, whereas the second method is fitted to study the immunological properties of the leptospiral LPS. These two methods will be detailed in this chapter. Methodologies to assess the quality of the purification, such as the modified silver staining coloration, will also be reviewed. Both advantages and limitations of the different analyses will be described.
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Zhang H, Du FX, Guo J, Zhao D, Zhang FJ, Xu YR, Wu XX, Bai QY. [Observation on the distribution of nerve fibers and neural cells morphology in Aspidogaster conchiola]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2019; 32:73-77. [PMID: 32185931 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2018083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the distribution of nerve fibers and the types of neural cells in Aspidogaster conchiola. METHODS Whole worms were subjected to silver staining, histochemical staining and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the nervous systems of the worms were observed. RESULTS There were 3 types of neural cells in the worm head near the cerebral ganglion, including unipolar, bipolar and multipolar neurons, which were divided into 7 types according to the morphology. There was a nerve network on the surface of pharynx and intestinal tract, as well as the reproductive organ, including testis, ovary, lower uterus and penis sac. The nerve network was consisted of circular and longitudinal nerve fibers, and the structure of the nerve network around the mouth was similar to central nerve. CONCLUSIONS The structure of the A. conchiola central nervous system is very complicated, and the neural networks may be associated with the physiologic activity of the worm. Different neural cells may have diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - F X Du
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - J Guo
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - D Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - F J Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Y R Xu
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - X X Wu
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Q Y Bai
- School of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
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15
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Lavenir I, Passarella D, Masuda-Suzukake M, Curry A, Holton JL, Ghetti B, Goedert M. Silver staining (Campbell-Switzer) of neuronal α-synuclein assemblies induced by multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease brain extracts in transgenic mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:148. [PMID: 31522685 PMCID: PMC6745790 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies [Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA)] share filamentous α-synuclein assemblies in nerve cells and glial cells. We compared the abilities of brain extracts from MSA and PD patients to induce neuronal α-synuclein assembly and neurodegeneration following intracerebral injection in heterozygous mice transgenic for human mutant A53T α-synuclein. MSA extracts were more potent than PD extracts in inducing α-synuclein assembly and in causing neurodegeneration. MSA assemblies were Campbell-Switzer- and Gallyas-silver-positive, whereas PD assemblies were only Campbell-Switzer-positive, in confirmation of previous findings. However, induced α-synuclein inclusions were invariably Campbell-Switzer-positive and Gallyas-negative, irrespective of whether MSA or PD brain extracts were injected. The α-synuclein inclusions of non-injected homozygous mice transgenic for A53T α-synuclein were also Campbell-Switzer-positive and Gallyas-negative. These findings demonstrate that transgene expression and its intracellular environment dominated over the silver staining properties of the conformers of assembled α-synuclein.
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Chatzivassiliou EK, Licciardello G. Assessment of Genetic Variability of Citrus tristeza virus by SSCP and CE-SSCP. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2015:79-104. [PMID: 31222698 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9558-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) is a popular method used to study the genetic heterogeneity and population variability of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates. It is a simple, low-cost, and highly specific method for mutation detection of specific genes, mostly of the CTV major coat protein gene (p25). The technique is based on a comparison on polyacrylamide gel of electrophoretic profiles of single-stranded (ss) DNA sequences in terms of their spatial conformation. SSCP involves cDNA synthesis and amplification of the target gene, denaturation of single strands, and electrophoresis in non-denaturing conditions. The ssDNAs can be afterward visualized by staining the polyacrylamide gel. Alternatively, using fluorescently labeled primers, the procedure can be performed in automated sequencers equipped with an appropriate capillary (CE-SSCP), which increases the potential of high-throughput analysis, precision, and the reproducibility of results. CE-SSCP can be also directly applied to the virus particles obtained by elution from ELISA plates or tissue-print membranes.
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Yung KC, Zhang ZW, Yu WJ, Qiu JF, Xu CW, He CL, Xu XR, Yin J. Study on the Role of Calreticulin Within Platelet from Adult Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2018; 34:711-8. [PMID: 30369746 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-018-0955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To observe the differences in proteins between adult patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and healthy adults. 30 patients with chronic ITP and 30 healthy controls were enrolled into the study. The platelet total protein was extracted from peripheral venous blood of 10 chronic ITP patients and 10 healthy controls respectively, and subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) to find the differential protein spot between chronic ITP patients and healthy controls, then the differential protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry. Subsequently, platelets RNA and proteins were isolated from the other 20 chronic ITP patients and 20 healthy controls respectively, and used for confirming the 2-DE and mass spectrometry results by using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 2-DE combined with mass spectrometry revealed that calreticulin (CRT) expressed normally within platelets from healthy controls, while it reduced within platelets from patients with chronic ITP. qPCR and ELISA confirmed that CRT was decreased at both RNA transcription and protein expression levels within platelets from chronic ITP patients compared with healthy controls. Decreased transcription and expression of CRT within platelets may play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic ITP, which is worthy of further study.
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Pham NM, Rusch S, Temiz Y, Lovchik RD, Beck HP, Karlen W, Delamarche E. A bead-based immunogold- silver staining assay on capillary-driven microfluidics. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:41. [PMID: 29781041 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics are critically needed for the detection of infectious diseases, particularly in remote settings where accurate and appropriate diagnosis can save lives. However, it is difficult to implement immunoassays, and specifically immunoassays relying on signal amplification using silver staining, into POC diagnostic devices. Effective immobilization of antibodies in such devices is another challenge. Here, we present strategies for immobilizing capture antibodies (cAbs) in capillary-driven microfluidic chips and implementing a gold-catalyzed silver staining reaction. We illustrate these strategies using a species/anti-species immunoassay and the capillary assembly of fluorescent microbeads functionalized with cAbs in "bead lanes", which are engraved in microfluidic chips. The microfluidic chips are fabricated in silicon (Si) and sealed with a dry film resist. Rabbit IgG antibodies in samples are captured on the beads and bound by detection antibodies (dAbs) conjugated to gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles catalyze the formation of a metallic film of silver, which attenuates fluorescence from the beads in an analyte-concentration dependent manner. The performance of these immunoassays was found comparable to that of assays performed in 96 well microtiter plates using "classical" enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proof-of-concept method developed here can detect 24.6 ng mL-1 of rabbit IgG antibodies in PBS within 20 min, in comparison to 17.1 ng mL-1 of the same antibodies using a ~140-min-long ELISA protocol. Furthermore, the concept presented here is flexible and necessitate volumes of samples and reagents in the range of just a few microliters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc M Pham
- ETH Zürich, Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BAA, Lengghalde 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Rusch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersgraben 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.,Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Institut für Labormedizin, Medizinische Genetik, Tellstrasse 25, CH-5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Yuksel Temiz
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Robert D Lovchik
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Beck
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersgraben 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Karlen
- ETH Zürich, Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BAA, Lengghalde 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Segura-Anaya E, Flores-Miranda R, Martínez-Gómez A, Dent MAR. A novel histochemical method of simultaneous detection by a single- or double-immunofluorescence and Bielschowsky's silver staining in teased rat sciatic nerves. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 304:46-51. [PMID: 29596858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Golgi silver method has been widely used in neuroscience for the study of normal and pathological morphology of neurons. The method has been steadily improved and Bielschowsky's silver staining method (BSSM) is widely used in various pathological conditions, like Alzheimer's disease. NEW METHOD In this work, teased sciatic nerves were silver impregnated using BSSM. We also developed simultaneous staining by silver impregnation and single- or double-immunofluorescence of the same section in teased nerve preparations. We immunostained against non-myelinating Schwann cells and different myelinating Schwann cell domains. RESULTS BSSM teased nerves show a strong staining of axons (black) and a gold-brown staining of myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells. We were also able to stain by immunofluorescence these BSSM teased nerves with specific molecular markers against non-myelinating Schwann cells, also against non-compact myelin such as the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures or paranodal regions and compact myelin, but not axons. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS AND CONCLUSIONS In peripheral nerves, several silver impregnation methods have been used to stain nerves in paraffin sections, but not in teased nerves to enable the assessment of isolated nerve fibers. In conclusion, BSSM gives accurate information of nerve morphology and combining the procedure with immunofluorescence it would be very useful to study the molecular nerve domain organization of the nerve fibers, and to study the molecular pathology of axon degeneration, or myelin disorders, or of any peripheral neuropathy, also to study demyelination diseases in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Segura-Anaya
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan y Jesús Carranza, Toluca, Edo. de México, CP 50180, Mexico.
| | - Rommel Flores-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan y Jesús Carranza, Toluca, Edo. de México, CP 50180, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan y Jesús Carranza, Toluca, Edo. de México, CP 50180, Mexico.
| | - Myrna A R Dent
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan y Jesús Carranza, Toluca, Edo. de México, CP 50180, Mexico.
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Abstract
After SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the separated proteins have to be visualized by staining the gel. The same is true after transfer of separated proteins to a blotting membrane in order to verify an efficient transfer and to visualize the amount of protein(s) remaining in the gel. Several different staining techniques exist for staining of proteins in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The sensitivity of these staining procedures are different, also the expenditure of time and other aspects. Still, silver staining is among the most sensitive and reliable staining technique. Because this technique was developed in the 1970s, a huge number of variations exist. Here, we will provide three variations, which are robust and easy to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Berndt
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Radioimmunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V. (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Radioimmunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V. (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Radioimmunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V. (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Radioimmunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V. (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Radioimmunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V. (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.
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Abstract
Silver staining is an excellent technique for detecting proteins which are separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis due to its efficiency of detecting proteins present in nanograms. The technique is based on the simple principle that selective reduction of silver into metallic silver occurs at the initiation site in the close proximity of protein molecules. The staining process sequentially consists of protein fixation, sensitization, washing, silver impregnation, and finally development of image. Depending upon the amount of silver incorporated into the protein bands, different color of gel is produced on silver staining. Though different protocols of silver staining exist, the method described here is easy, cheap, reliable, and very sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Ma LH, Wang HB, Fang BY, Tan F, Cao YC, Zhao YD. Visual detection of trace lead ion based on aptamer and silver staining nano-metal composite. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 162:415-419. [PMID: 29247914 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, visual detection of trace lead ion was established by aptamer and silver staining. The basic strategy was that aminated PS2.M aptamer was immobilized onto slide and formed stable G-quadruplex structure. PbS was generated by adding S2-, and it catalyzed subsequent silver staining reaction, through the silver staining amplification effect, the slide presented visible ash black. The gray value of slide after silver staining was analyzed and the semi-quantitative detection of Pb2+ in solution was realized. The results showed that optical darkness ratio (ODR) and logarithmic value of Pb2+ concentration had a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.951) over the range of 0.5-10 μM. In addition, there was no obvious interference of other common metal ions for the detection, indicating that this method presented outstanding selectivity. And it was also used for qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of Pb2+ in soil sample successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Ma
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics (HUST, Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics (HUST, Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Bi-Yun Fang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics (HUST, Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Fang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Yuan-Di Zhao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics (HUST, Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Li H, Benghezal M. Crude Preparation of Lipopolysaccharide from Helicobacter pylori for Silver Staining and Western Blot. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2585. [PMID: 34595267 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This protocol provides an easy and rapid method to prepare lipopolysaccharide from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori for visualization on acrylamide gels by silver staining and for detecting the presence of Lewis antigens by Western blot. The silver staining is a four-step procedure, involving a 20 min-oxidation step, a 10 min-silver staining step, a 2-10 min color development step and finally a 1-min color termination step. Lipopolysaccharide from H. pylori wild-type and corresponding mutants analyzed by this method are described in a recent publication (Li et al., 2017). This crude preparation of LPS for silver staining is also applicable in other Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- West China Marshall Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Park CS, Kang DO, Choi NS. Silver-Stained Fibrin Zymography: Separation of Proteases and Activity Detection Using a Single Substrate-Containing Gel. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1626:179-187. [PMID: 28608210 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7111-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver-stained fibrin zymography for separation of protease bands and activity detection using a single substrate gel was designed. The method takes advantage of the nano-scale sensitivity of both zymography and silver staining. After sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in a gel containing fibrin (protease substrate), the gel was incubated in enzyme reaction buffer and the zymogram gel was silver-stained. Bands with protease activity were stained with silver in clear areas where the protein substrate had been degraded. The molecular sizes of proteases were accurately determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Su Park
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Ook Kang
- Department of Biochemistry & Health Science, Changwon National University, Changwon/Realbiotech Co., Ltd., Gongju-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nack-Shick Choi
- Department of Biochemistry & Health Science, Changwon National University, Changwon/Realbiotech Co., Ltd., Gongju-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.
- Careside Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.
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Grussu F, Schneider T, Yates RL, Zhang H, Wheeler-Kingshott CAMG, DeLuca GC, Alexander DC. A framework for optimal whole-sample histological quantification of neurite orientation dispersion in the human spinal cord. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 273:20-32. [PMID: 27497747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complexity of fibre distributions in tissues is an important microstructural feature, now measurable in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) through orientation dispersion (OD) indices. OD metrics have gained popularity for the characterisation of neurite morphology, but they still lack systematic validation. This paper demonstrates a framework for whole-sample histological quantification of OD in spinal cord specimens, potentially useful for validating MRI-derived OD estimates. NEW METHOD Our methodological framework is based on (i) sagittal sectioning; (ii) Palmgren's silver staining; (iii) structure tensor (ST) analysis; (iv) directional statistics. Novel elements are the data-driven optimisation of the spatial scale of ST analysis, and a new multivariate, weighted directional statistical approach for anisotropy-informed quantification of OD. RESULTS Palmgren's silver staining of sagittal spinal cord sections provides robust visualisation of neuronal elements, enabling OD quantification. The choice of spatial scale of ST analysis influences OD values, and weighted directional statistics provide OD maps with high contrast-to-noise. Segmentation of neurites prior to OD quantification is recommended. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our framework can potentially provide OD even in demyelinating diseases, where myelin-based histology is not suitable. As compared to conventional univariate approaches, our multivariate weighted directional statistics improve the contrast-to-noise of OD maps and more accurately describe the distribution of ST metrics. CONCLUSIONS Our framework enables practical whole-specimen characterisation of OD in the spinal cord. We recommend tuning the scale of ST analysis for optimal OD quantification, as well as neurite segmentation and weighted directional statistics, of which examples are provided herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Grussu
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK.
| | - Torben Schneider
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Philips HealthTech, Guildford, Surrey, England, UK
| | - Richard L Yates
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, UK
| | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Brain Connectivity Centre, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel C Alexander
- Department of Computer Science and Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, UK
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26
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Kumar M, Kim SR, Sharma PC, Pareek A. Simple and efficient way to detect small polymorphic bands in plants. Genom Data 2015; 5:218-22. [PMID: 26484259 PMCID: PMC4583843 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There are many ways to detect polymorphism. In this study we use the microsatellite markers to detect the polymorphism for the salt tolerance. This method has been successfully conducted in Oryza sativa and Brassica juncea. The results are reproducible. In contrast to previous methods, our method is simple and quite accurate for detecting the polymorphic bands. In this study instead of using agarose gel and ethidium bromide staining, we used non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel and a low-cost improved method for silver staining when we compare it to 11 other methods for their ability to detect simple sequence repeat polymorphisms as small as 50 bp in denaturing polyacrylamide gels. All methods detected the same alleles and banding pattern. However, important differences in sensitivity, contrast, time consumption and background were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, South Korea
| | - Seong Ryong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, South Korea
| | - Prabodh Chander Sharma
- Crop Improvement Division, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132 001 (Haryana) India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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27
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Liang Q, Wen D, Xie J, Liu L, Wei Y, Wang Y, Shi S. A rapid and effective method for silver staining of PCR products separated in polyacrylamide gels. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2520-3. [PMID: 24789566 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
With the development of molecular quantitative genetics, particularly, genetic linkage map construction, quantitative trait loci mapping or genes fine mapping and association analysis etc., more and more PCR products separated in polyacrylamide gels need to be silver-stained. However, conventional silver-staining procedures are complicated and time-consuming as they require a lot of preparation and handling of several solutions prior to use. In this study, a simple and rapid protocol for silver staining of PCR products was developed. The number of steps was reduced compared to conventional protocols, thus achieving detection of PCR products in 7 min, saving time and resources. Fixation and staining solution and developing solution in present staining procedure allowed a reutilization for 12 and 8 times, respectively, reducing the cost greatly. Meanwhile, the sensitivity was significantly improved with the improved method and the minimum of 0.097 ng/μL of DNA amount can be detected in denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The protocol developed in this study will facilitate the development of molecular quantitative genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhi Liang
- National Field Genebank for Tropical Fruit (Zhanjiang), South Subtropical Crops Research Institutes, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, P. R. China
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28
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Maurye P, Basu A, Gupta A. Simple and cost effective apparatus for silver staining of polyacrylamide gels with sequential reagents addition and real time monitoring. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:769-74. [PMID: 24388443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Highly reproducible results in molecular biology depend a lot on effective staining and destaining methods. Silver staining of polyacrylamide DNA and protein gel has been adopted widely in the molecular biology laboratories for detecting a very low nanogram range of sample. An efficient staining of a polyacrylamide gel requires a number of well controlled and highly sensitive steps that often becomes tiresome when done manually or when there are a number of gels to be stained simultaneously. Since, silver staining is a multistep procedure that requires proper fixation and exchange of substance, a reliable protocol is necessary and a simple apparatus may be an added advantage to carry out the steps with ease and safety. Here, we describe a simple and cost effective device made from off-the-shelf components for some established silver staining protocols. Staining is done on a tray while six graduated bottles with a liquid delivery stopcock each, is connected to the tray through silicon tubing. The used up solution is drained off completely from the staining tray through a liquid outlet stopcock using vacuum pressure. The system is fixed with a camera connected to a computer for effective control of the staining process in each step. The apparatus provides the researchers with efficient staining and real time monitoring of gels without the need for handling toxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Maurye
- Fishery Resource and Environment Management Division, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (I.C.A.R.), Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 120, India.
| | - Arpita Basu
- Fishery Resource and Environment Management Division, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (I.C.A.R.), Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 120, India
| | - Angshuman Gupta
- Fishery Resource and Environment Management Division, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (I.C.A.R.), Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 120, India
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Abstract
To detect nanogram quantities of protein and nucleic acids on SDS-PAGE gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Kavran
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Leahy
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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30
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Hosaka F, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Abe H, Murakami G, Fujimiya M, Ohguro H. Qualitative changes in fetal trabecular meshwork fibers at the human iridocorneal angle. Anat Cell Biol 2013; 46:49-56. [PMID: 23560236 PMCID: PMC3615612 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined a series of changes that occur in the trabecular meshwork fibers of human eyes during fetal development at 12-30 weeks of gestation. At 12 and 15 weeks, the uveal meshwork was stained black with silver impregnation (indicating the predominance of collagen types III and IV) in the endomysium of the ciliary muscle. At 20 weeks, in combination with Schlemm's canal, a dense fibrous tissue mass corresponding to the trabecular meshwork anlage appeared and was colored black. The anlage was continuous with the corneal endothelium rather than with the ciliary muscle. Until 25 weeks, the trabecular meshwork was identifiable as fragmented fiber bundles that stained red-black, suggesting a mixture of collagen types I, III, and IV. At 30 weeks, half of the ciliary muscle fibers were inserted into the scleral spur and not into the meshwork. Therefore, any contribution of ciliary muscle contraction to the differentiation of the trabecular meshwork would appear to be limited. We hypothesize that an uneven distribution of mechanical stresses in the area of the cornea-sclera junction causes a tear thereby creating Schlemm's canal and is accompanied by a change in the collagen fiber types comprising the meshwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Hosaka
- Division of Ophthalmology, Iwamizawa Municipal Hospital, Iwamizawa, Japan
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Qiu S, Chen J, Lin S, Lin X. A comparison of silver staining protocols for detecting DNA in polyester-backed polyacrylamide gel. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:649-52. [PMID: 24031876 PMCID: PMC3768845 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight silver-staining protocols were applied to detect DNA in polyester-backed gels to select the optimal. Results showed important differences in staining quality and that four methods were well-suited for TGGE gels due to high sensitivity and low background, including the Bassam et al. methods, the manufacturer method and our improved method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanlian Qiu
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Fuzhou 350003 , China
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Blüthmann H, Illmensee K. Nuclear nonhistone proteins in mouse teratocarcinomas : I. Cell lineage specificity. Dev Genes Evol 1981; 190:374-8. [PMID: 28305299 DOI: 10.1007/BF00863277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/1981] [Accepted: 10/10/1981] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nonhistone protein pattern of four murine teratocarcinomas with different capacities for differentiation were compared: a multidifferentiated teratocarcinoma OTT2289, a nondifferentiated teratocarcinoma OTT2158, a teratocarcinoma-derived rhabdomyosarcoma TDR114, and a teratocarcinoma-derived neuroblastoma TDN2151. Their nonhistone proteins (NHP) were separated by differential salt extraction and hydroxyapatite chromatography into three fractions, NHP-I, NHP-II and NHP-III. Comparison of the NHP fractions by twodimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with a sensitive silver staining method reveals that there are several tumour line specific proteins in each NHP fraction. We suggest that specific NHP, which can be used as biochemical markers for each of the four investigated tumour lines, may be involved in cell lineage specific control of gene expression.
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