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Wang X, Zheng S, Xiong J, Liu Z, Li Q, Li W, Yan F. Stretch-induced Conductivity Enhancement in Highly Conductive and Tough Hydrogels. Adv Mater 2024:e2313845. [PMID: 38452373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The resistance of gels and elastomers increases significantly with tensile strain, which reduces conductive stability and restricts their use in stable and reliable electronics. Here, highly conductive tough hydrogels composed of silver nanowires (AgNWs), liquid metal (LM), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were fabricated. The stretch-induced orientations of AgNWs, deformable LM, and PVA nanocrystalline create conductive pathways, enhancing the mechanical properties of the hydrogels, including increased ultimate fracture stress (13-33 MPa), strain (3000-5300%), and toughness (390.9-765.1 MJ m-3 ). Notably, the electrical conductivity of the hydrogels is significantly improved from 4.05×10-3 to 24 S m-1 when stretched to 4200% strain, representing a 6000-fold enhancement. The incorporation of PVA nanocrystalline, deformable LM, and AgNWs effectively mitigates stress concentration at the crack tip, thereby conferring crack propagation insensitivity and fatigue resistance to the hydrogels. Moreover, the hydrogels designed with a reversible crosslinking network, allowing for water-induced recycling. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Sijie Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiaofeng Xiong
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qingning Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Weizheng Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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2
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Wang Q, Li Y, Lin Y, Sun Y, Bai C, Guo H, Fang T, Hu G, Lu Y, Kong D. A Generic Strategy to Create Mechanically Interlocked Nanocomposite/Hydrogel Hybrid Electrodes for Epidermal Electronics. Nanomicro Lett 2024; 16:87. [PMID: 38214840 PMCID: PMC10786775 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics are crucial enablers for next-generation wearables intimately integrated into the human body. As the primary compliant conductors used in these devices, metallic nanostructure/elastomer composites often struggle to form conformal contact with the textured skin. Hybrid electrodes have been consequently developed based on conductive nanocomposite and soft hydrogels to establish seamless skin-device interfaces. However, chemical modifications are typically needed for reliable bonding, which can alter their original properties. To overcome this limitation, this study presents a facile fabrication approach for mechanically interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrid electrodes. In this physical process, soft microfoams are thermally laminated on silver nanowire nanocomposites as a porous interface, which forms an interpenetrating network with the hydrogel. The microfoam-enabled bonding strategy is generally compatible with various polymers. The resulting interlocked hybrids have a 28-fold improved interfacial toughness compared to directly stacked hybrids. These electrodes achieve firm attachment to the skin and low contact impedance using tissue-adhesive hydrogels. They have been successfully integrated into an epidermal sleeve to distinguish hand gestures by sensing muscle contractions. Interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrids reported here offer a promising platform to combine the benefits of both materials for epidermal devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Lin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Bai
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haorun Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohua Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Yao B, Xu X, Han Z, Xu W, Yang G, Guo J, Li G, Wang Q, Wang H. Cephalopod-inspired polymer composites with mechanically tunable infrared properties. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2962-2972. [PMID: 37940450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods have evolved an all-soft skin that can rapidly display colors for protection, predation, or communication. Development of synthetic analogs to mimic such color-changing abilities in the infrared (IR) region is pivotal to a variety of technologies ranging from soft robotics, flexible displays, dynamic thermoregulatory systems, to adaptive IR disguise platforms. However, the integration of tissue-like mechanical properties and rapid IR modulation ability into smart materials remains challenging. Here, by drawing inspiration from cephalopod skin, we develop an all-soft adaptive IR composite that can dynamically change its IR appearance upon equiaxial stretching. The biomimetic composite is built entirely from soft materials of liquid metal droplets and elastic elastomer, which are analogs of chromatophores and dermal layer of cephalopod skin, respectively. Driven by externally applied strains, the liquid metal inclusions transition between a contracted droplet state with corrugated surface and an expanded platelet state with relatively smooth surface, enabling dynamic variations in the IR reflectance/emissivity of the composite and ultimately resulting in reversible IR adaption. Strain-actuated flexible IR displays and pneumatically-driven soft devices that can dynamically manipulate their IR appearance are demonstrated as examples of the applicability of this material in emerging adaptive soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yao
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China; State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA
| | - Xinwei Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhubing Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA
| | - Wenhan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guixin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provisional Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA.
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provisional Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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4
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Oh J, Kim J, Moon S, Lee Y, Park D, Joo J, Shon YM, Park SM, Jeong U. Subcutaneous mechano-electrocardiogram (MECG) sensor for complementary cardiac diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 236:115443. [PMID: 37276637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the heart pumps out the blood through the excitation-contraction coupling, simultaneous monitoring of the electrical and mechanical characteristics is beneficial for comprehensive diagnosis of cardiac disorders. Currently, these characteristics are monitored separately with electrocardiogram (ECG) and medical imaging techniques. This work presents a fully implantable device named mechano-electrocardiogram (MECG) sensor that can measure mechanocardiogram (MCG) and ECG together. The key to the success is fabrication of permeable electrodes on a single low-modulus porous nanofiber mat, which helps immediate adhesion of the sensor on the tissue. A strain-insensitive electrode is used as the ECG electrode and a strain-sensitive electrode is used for MCG. The MECG device is implanted subcutaneously in the skin above the heart of the rat. Through a vasopressor (phenylephrine) injection test, the MECG signals indicate that the MCG amplitude is related with blood pressure and the ECG peak interval is more related with heart rate. These results confirm that the MECG device is clinically meaningful for continuous and comprehensive monitoring of the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joosung Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Junho Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - YoungHyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Daejong Park
- Department of Convergernce IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jaesoon Joo
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06531, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Shon
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06531, South Korea
| | - Sung-Min Park
- Department of Convergernce IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
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5
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Wang W, Li Z, Li M, Fang L, Chen F, Han S, Lan L, Chen J, Chen Q, Wang H, Liu C, Yang Y, Yue W, Xie Z. High-Transconductance, Highly Elastic, Durable and Recyclable All-Polymer Electrochemical Transistors with 3D Micro-Engineered Interfaces. Nanomicro Lett 2022; 14:184. [PMID: 36094765 PMCID: PMC9468203 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have emerged as versatile platforms for broad applications spanning from flexible and wearable integrated circuits to biomedical monitoring to neuromorphic computing. A variety of materials and tailored micro/nanostructures have recently been developed to realized stretchable OECTs, however, a solid-state OECT with high elasticity has not been demonstrated to date. Herein, we present a general platform developed for the facile generation of highly elastic all-polymer OECTs with high transconductance (up to 12.7 mS), long-term mechanical and environmental durability, and sustainability. Rapid prototyping of these devices was achieved simply by transfer printing lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS/LiTFSI) microstructures onto a resilient gelatin-based gel electrolyte, in which both depletion-mode and enhancement-mode OECTs were produced using various active channels. Remarkably, the elaborate 3D architectures of the PEDOT:PSS were engineered, and an imprinted 3D-microstructured channel/electrolyte interface combined with wrinkled electrodes provided performance that was retained (> 70%) through biaxial stretching of 100% strain and after 1000 repeated cycles of 80% strain. Furthermore, the anti-drying and degradable gelatin and the self-crosslinked PEDOT:PSS/LiTFSI jointly enabled stability during > 4 months of storage and on-demand disposal and recycling. This work thus represents a straightforward approach towards high-performance stretchable organic electronics for wearable/implantable/neuromorphic/sustainable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Mancheng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Lvye Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Fubin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Songjia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Qize Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongshang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yabin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Yue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Kokare S, Asif FMA, Mårtensson G, Shoaib-ul-Hasan S, Rashid A, Roci M, Salehi N. A comparative life cycle assessment of stretchable and rigid electronics: a case study of cardiac monitoring devices. Int J Environ Sci Technol (Tehran) 2022; 19:3087-3102. [PMID: 34054976 PMCID: PMC8150627 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-021-03388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics is a new innovation and becoming popular in various fields, especially in the healthcare sector. Since stretchable electronics use less printed circuit boards (PCBs), it is expected that the environmental performance of a stretchable electronics-based device is better than a rigid electronics-based device that provides the same functionalities. Yet, such a study is rarely available. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to perform a comparative life cycle analysis of stretchable and rigid electronics-based devices. This research combines both the case study approach and the research review approach. For the case study, a cardiac monitoring device with both stretchable and rigid electronics is used. The ISO 14044:2006 standard's prescribed LCA approach and ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (Hierarchist) are followed for the impact assessment using the SimaPro 9.1 software. The LCA results show that the stretchable cardiac monitoring device has better environmental performance in all eighteen impact categories. This research also shows that the manufacturing process of stretchable electronics has lower environmental impacts than those for rigid electronics. The main reasons for the improved environmental performance of stretchable electronics are lower consumption of raw material as well as decreased energy consumption during manufacturing. Based on the LCA results of a cardiac monitoring device, the study concludes that stretchable electronics and their manufacturing process have better environmental performance in comparison with the rigid electronics and their manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kokare
- Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 68, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F. M. A. Asif
- Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 68, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G. Mårtensson
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Mycronic AB Nytorpsvägen 9, 183 03 Täby, Sweden
| | - S. Shoaib-ul-Hasan
- Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 68, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Rashid
- Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 68, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Roci
- Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 68, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N. Salehi
- Department of Production Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 68, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Wang M, Zhang Q, Bo Y, Zhang C, Lv Y, Fu X, He W, Fan X, Liang J, Huang Y, Ma R, Chen Y. Highly Stretchable Shape Memory Self-Soldering Conductive Tape with Reversible Adhesion Switched by Temperature. Nanomicro Lett 2021; 13:124. [PMID: 34138351 PMCID: PMC8113436 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory self-soldering tape used as conductive interconnecting material. Perfect shape and conductivity memory performance and anti-fatigue performance. Reversible strong-to-weak adhesion switched by temperature. With practical interest in the future applications of next-generation electronic devices, it is imperative to develop new conductive interconnecting materials appropriate for modern electronic devices to replace traditional rigid solder tin and silver paste of high melting temperature or corrosive solvent requirements. Herein, we design highly stretchable shape memory self-soldering conductive (SMSC) tape with reversible adhesion switched by temperature, which is composed of silver particles encapsulated by shape memory polymer. SMSC tape has perfect shape and conductivity memory property and anti-fatigue ability even under the strain of 90%. It also exhibits an initial conductivity of 2772 S cm-1 and a maximum tensile strain of ~ 100%. The maximum conductivity could be increased to 5446 S cm-1 by decreasing the strain to 17%. Meanwhile, SMSC tape can easily realize a heating induced reversible strong-to-weak adhesion transition for self-soldering circuit. The combination of stable conductivity, excellent shape memory performance, and temperature-switching reversible adhesion enables SMSC tape to serve two functions of electrode and solder simultaneously. This provides a new way for conductive interconnecting materials to meet requirements of modern electronic devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Bo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Rujun Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
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8
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Wang H, Lu J, Huang H, Fang S, Zubair M, Peng Z. A highly elastic, Room-temperature repairable and recyclable conductive hydrogel for stretchable electronics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 588:295-304. [PMID: 33406464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels present great potential in bioelectronics, ionotronic devices, and electronic skin. However, the creeping and plastic deformation of hydrogel often lead to poor stability and low reliability in applications. Here, we report a highly elastic conductive hydrogel based on crosslinked carbon nanotubes (CNT) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). With the formation of double crosslinking interactions, i.e., strong interaction from covalent acetal bonds and weak interaction from hydrogen bonds, CNT-PVA networks exhibit good stretchability (fracture stain up to 500%), rapid recovery, zero-residual deformation, and excellent mechanical stability. As such, the electromechanical response of this dual-crosslinked conductive hydrogel is stable and repeatable for a wide range of loading rates. Benefiting from the abundant hydroxyl groups and reversible acetal linking bridges in hydrogel networks, the prepared conductive hydrogel is not only repairable at room temperature, but also recyclable.
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9
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Dong T, Sun Y, Zhu Z, Wu X, Wang J, Shi Y, Xu J, Chen K, Yu L. Monolithic Integration of Silicon Nanowire Networks as a Soft Wafer for Highly Stretchable and Transparent Electronics. Nano Lett 2019; 19:6235-6243. [PMID: 31415178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Assembling nanoscale building blocks into an orderly network with a programmable layout and channel designs represents a critical capability to enable a wide range of stretchable electronics. Here, we demonstrate the growth-in-place integration of silicon nanowire (SiNW) springs into highly stretchable, transparent, and quasicontinuous functional networks with a close to unity interconnection among the discrete electrode joints because of a unique double-lane/double-step guiding edge design. The SiNW networks can be reliably transferred to a soft elastomer substrate, conformally attached to highly curved surfaces, or deployed as self-supporting/movable membranes suspended over voids. A high stretchability of >40% is achieved for the SiNW network on an elastomer, which can be employed as a transparent and semiconducting thin-film material endowed with a high carrier mobility of >50 cm2/(V s), Ion/Ioff ratio >104, and a tunable transmission of >80% over a wide spectrum range. Reversibly stretchable and bendable sensors based on the SiNW network have been successfully demonstrated, where the local strain distribution within the spring network can be directly observed and analyzed by finite element simulations. This SiNW network has a unique potential to eventually establish a new generically purposed waferlike platform for constructing soft electronics with Si-based hard performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taige Dong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Ying Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Zhimin Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Junzhuan Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Yi Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Kunji Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
| | - Linwei Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , 210093 Nanjing , China
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10
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Zhao Y, Kim A, Wan G, Tee BCK. Design and applications of stretchable and self-healable conductors for soft electronics. Nano Converg 2019; 6:25. [PMID: 31367883 PMCID: PMC6669229 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-019-0195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soft and conformable electronics are emerging rapidly and is envisioned as the future of next-generation electronic devices where devices can be readily deployed in various environments, such as on-body, on-skin or as a biomedical implant. Modern day electronics require electrical conductors as the fundamental building block for stretchable electronic devices and systems. In this review, we will study the various strategies and methods of designing and fabricating materials which are conductive, stretchable and self-healable, and explore relevant applications such as flexible and stretchable sensors, electrodes and energy harvesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Aeree Kim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Guanxiang Wan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
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11
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Entifar SAN, Han JW, Lee DJ, Ramadhan ZR, Hong J, Kang MH, Kim S, Lim D, Yun C, Kim YH. Simultaneously enhanced optical, electrical, and mechanical properties of highly stretchable transparent silver nanowire electrodes using organic surface modifier. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:116-123. [PMID: 30815043 PMCID: PMC6383608 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1568750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new surface modifier which simultaneously improves electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of silver nanowire-based stretchable transparent electrodes. The transparent electrodes treated with 11-aminoundecanoic acid achieve a low sheet resistance of 26.0 ohm/sq and a high transmittance of 90% with an excellent stretchability. These improvements are attributed to the effective formation of a strong chemical bond between silver nanowire networks and elastomeric substrates by 11-aminoundecanoic acid treatment. The resistance change of the optimized silver nanowire/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin-films is only about 10% when the film is stretched by 120%. In addition, the chemical stability of stretchable silver nanowire films is significantly improved by the introduction of conductive PEDOT:PSS overcoat film. The optimized electrodes are utilized as high-performance stretchable transparent heaters, successfully illustrating its feasibility for future wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joo Won Han
- Department of Display Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Lee
- Department of Display Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Zeno Rizqi Ramadhan
- Department of Display Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Hong
- Department of Display Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hee Kang
- Department of Electrical Energy Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Surface Technology Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchan Lim
- Surface Technology Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhun Yun
- Center for Nano-Photonics Convergence Technology, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Kim
- Department of Display Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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12
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Zhou Y, Cao S, Wang J, Zhu H, Wang J, Yang S, Wang X, Kong D. Bright Stretchable Electroluminescent Devices based on Silver Nanowire Electrodes and High-k Thermoplastic Elastomers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:44760-44767. [PMID: 30484303 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electroluminescent device is a compliant form of light-emitting device to expand the application areas of conventional optoelectronics on rigid wafers. Currently, practical implementations are impeded by the high operating voltage required to achieve sufficient brightness. In this study, we report the fabrication of an intrinsically stretchable electroluminescent device based on silver nanowire electrodes and high-k thermoplastic elastomers. The device exhibits a bright emission with a low driving voltage by using polar elastomer as a dielectric matrix of the electroluminescent layer. Highly stretchable silver nanowire electrodes contribute to the exceptional elasticity and durability of the device in spite of bending, stretching, twisting, puncturing, and cutting. Stretchable electroluminescent devices developed here may find potential uses in wearable displays, deformable lightings, and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shitai Cao
- Kuang Yaming Honors School , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | | | - Hangyu Zhu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | | | - Sennan Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering , Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130 , China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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13
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Zhang J, Liu X, Xu W, Luo W, Li M, Chu F, Xu L, Cao A, Guan J, Tang S, Duan X. Stretchable Transparent Electrode Arrays for Simultaneous Electrical and Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits in Vivo. Nano Lett 2018; 18:2903-2911. [PMID: 29608857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments of transparent electrode arrays provide a unique capability for simultaneous optical and electrical interrogation of neural circuits in the brain. However, none of these electrode arrays possess the stretchability highly desired for interfacing with mechanically active neural systems, such as the brain under injury, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Here, we report a stretchable transparent electrode array from carbon nanotube (CNT) web-like thin films that retains excellent electrochemical performance and broad-band optical transparency under stretching and is highly durable under cyclic stretching deformation. We show that the CNT electrodes record well-defined neuronal response signals with negligible light-induced artifacts from cortical surfaces under optogenetic stimulation. Simultaneous two-photon calcium imaging through the transparent CNT electrodes from cortical surfaces of GCaMP-expressing mice with epilepsy shows individual activated neurons in brain regions from which the concurrent electrical recording is taken, thus providing complementary cellular information in addition to the high-temporal-resolution electrical recording. Notably, the studies on rats show that the CNT electrodes remain operational during and after brain contusion that involves the rapid deformation of both the electrode array and brain tissue. This enables real-time, continuous electrophysiological monitoring of cortical activity under traumatic brain injury. These results highlight the potential application of the stretchable transparent CNT electrode arrays in combining electrical and optical modalities to study neural circuits, especially under mechanically active conditions, which could potentially provide important new insights into the local circuit dynamics of the spinal cord and PNS as well as the mechanism underlying traumatic injuries of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wenhan Luo
- School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | | | | | | | | | - Jisong Guan
- School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , 201210 , China
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14
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Grandgeorge P, Antkowiak A, Neukirch S. Auxiliary soft beam for the amplification of the elasto-capillary coiling: Towards stretchable electronics. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 255:2-9. [PMID: 28947256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A flexible fiber carrying a liquid drop may coil inside the drop thereby creating a drop-on-fiber system with an ultra-extensible behavior. During compression, the excess fiber is spooled inside the droplet and capillary forces keep the system taut. During subsequent elongation, the fiber is gradually released and if a large number of spools is uncoiled a high stretchability is achieved. This mechanical behaviour is of interest for stretchable connectors but information, may it be electronic or photonic, usually travels through stiff functional materials. These high Young's moduli, leading to large bending rigidity, prevent in-drop coiling. Here we overcome this limitation by attaching a beam of soft elastomer to the functional fiber, thereby creating a composite system which exhibits in-drop coiling and carries information while being ultra-extensible. We present a simple model to explain the underlying mechanics of the addition of the soft beam and we show how it favors in-drop coiling. We illustrate the method with a two-centimeter long micronic PEDOT:PSS conductive fiber joined to a PVS soft beam, showing that the system conveys electricity throughout a 1900% elongation.
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15
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Wang Y, Zhu C, Pfattner R, Yan H, Jin L, Chen S, Molina-Lopez F, Lissel F, Liu J, Rabiah NI, Chen Z, Chung JW, Linder C, Toney MF, Murmann B, Bao Z. A highly stretchable, transparent, and conductive polymer. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1602076. [PMID: 28345040 PMCID: PMC5345924 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous breakthroughs in stretchable electronics stem from strain engineering and nanocomposite approaches. Routes toward intrinsically stretchable molecular materials remain scarce but, if successful, will enable simpler fabrication processes, such as direct printing and coating, mechanically robust devices, and more intimate contact with objects. We report a highly stretchable conducting polymer, realized with a range of enhancers that serve a dual function: (i) they change morphology and (ii) they act as conductivity-enhancing dopants in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The polymer films exhibit conductivities comparable to the best reported values for PEDOT:PSS, with over 3100 S/cm under 0% strain and over 4100 S/cm under 100% strain-among the highest for reported stretchable conductors. It is highly durable under cyclic loading, with the conductivity maintained at 3600 S/cm even after 1000 cycles to 100% strain. The conductivity remained above 100 S/cm under 600% strain, with a fracture strain of 800%, which is superior to even the best silver nanowire- or carbon nanotube-based stretchable conductor films. The combination of excellent electrical and mechanical properties allowed it to serve as interconnects for field-effect transistor arrays with a device density that is five times higher than typical lithographically patterned wavy interconnects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chenxin Zhu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raphael Pfattner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongping Yan
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shucheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Franziska Lissel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Noelle I. Rabiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jong Won Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, South Korea
| | - Christian Linder
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Boris Murmann
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding author.
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16
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Mishra S, Norton JJS, Lee Y, Lee DS, Agee N, Chen Y, Chun Y, Yeo WH. Soft, conformal bioelectronics for a wireless human-wheelchair interface. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 91:796-803. [PMID: 28152485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There are more than 3 million people in the world whose mobility relies on wheelchairs. Recent advancement on engineering technology enables more intuitive, easy-to-use rehabilitation systems. A human-machine interface that uses non-invasive, electrophysiological signals can allow a systematic interaction between human and devices; for example, eye movement-based wheelchair control. However, the existing machine-interface platforms are obtrusive, uncomfortable, and often cause skin irritations as they require a metal electrode affixed to the skin with a gel and acrylic pad. Here, we introduce a bioelectronic system that makes dry, conformal contact to the skin. The mechanically comfortable sensor records high-fidelity electrooculograms, comparable to the conventional gel electrode. Quantitative signal analysis and infrared thermographs show the advantages of the soft biosensor for an ergonomic human-machine interface. A classification algorithm with an optimized set of features shows the accuracy of 94% with five eye movements. A Bluetooth-enabled system incorporating the soft bioelectronics demonstrates a precise, hands-free control of a robotic wheelchair via electrooculograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswat Mishra
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - James J S Norton
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yongkuk Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Dong Sup Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Nicolas Agee
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Yanfei Chen
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Youngjae Chun
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Center for Rehabilitation Science and Engineering, Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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17
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Fan Z, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Zhang F, Fu H, Hwang KC, Huang Y. A finite deformation model of planar serpentine interconnects for stretchable electronics. Int J Solids Struct 2016; 91:46-54. [PMID: 27695135 PMCID: PMC5042350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lithographically defined interconnects with filamentary, serpentine configurations have been widely used in various forms of stretchable electronic devices, owing to the ultra-high stretchability that can be achieved and the relative simple geometry that facilitates the design and fabrication. Theoretical models of serpentine interconnects developed previously for predicting the performance of stretchability were mainly based on the theory of infinitesimal deformation. This assumption, however, does not hold for the interconnects that undergo large levels of deformations before the structural failure. Here, an analytic model of serpentine interconnects is developed starting from the finite deformation theory of planar, curved beams. Finite element analyses (FEA) of the serpentine interconnects with a wide range of geometric parameters were performed to validate the developed model. Comparisons of the predicted stretchability to the estimations of linear models provide quantitative insights into the effect of finite deformation. Both the theoretical and numerical results indicate that a considerable overestimation (e.g., > 50% relatively) of the stretchability can be induced by the linear model for many representative shapes of serpentine interconnects. Furthermore, a simplified analytic solution of the stretchability is obtained by using an approximate model to characterize the nonlinear effect. The developed models can be used to facilitate the designs of serpentine interconnects in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Fan
- Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Fu
- Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Keh-Chih Hwang
- Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Center for Engineering and Health; Skin Disease Research Center; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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18
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Kim J, Lee J, Son D, Choi MK, Kim DH. Deformable devices with integrated functional nanomaterials for wearable electronics. Nano Converg 2016; 3:4. [PMID: 28191414 PMCID: PMC5271140 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-016-0062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As the market and related industry for wearable electronics dramatically expands, there are continuous and strong demands for flexible and stretchable devices to be seamlessly integrated with soft and curvilinear human skin or clothes. However, the mechanical mismatch between the rigid conventional electronics and the soft human body causes many problems. Therefore, various prospective nanomaterials that possess a much lower flexural rigidity than their bulk counterparts have rapidly established themselves as promising electronic materials replacing rigid silicon and/or compound semiconductors in next-generation wearable devices. Many hybrid structures of multiple nanomaterials have been also developed to pursue both high performance and multifunctionality. Here, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art wearable devices based on one- or two-dimensional nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, single-crystal silicon and oxide nanomembranes, organic nanomaterials and their hybrids) in combination with zero-dimensional functional nanomaterials (e.g., metal/oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots). Starting from an introduction of materials strategies, we describe device designs and the roles of individual ones in integrated systems. Detailed application examples of wearable sensors/actuators, memories, energy devices, and displays are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsu Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
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19
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Lee MS, Kim J, Park J, Park JU. Studies on the mechanical stretchability of transparent conductive film based on graphene-metal nanowire structures. Nanoscale Res Lett 2015; 10:27. [PMID: 25852324 PMCID: PMC4384901 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transparent electrodes with superior flexibility and stretchability as well as good electrical and optical properties are required for applications in wearable electronics with comfort designs and high performances. Here, we present hybrid nanostructures as stretchable and transparent electrodes based on graphene and networks of metal nanowires, and investigate their optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. High electrical and optical characteristics, superb bendability (folded in half), excellent stretchability (10,000 times in stretching cycles with 100% in tensile strain toward a uniaxial direction and 30% in tensile strain toward a multi-axial direction), strong robustness against electrical breakdown and thermal oxidation were obtained through comprehensive study. We believe that these results suggest a substantial promise application in future electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798 Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798 Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Low-Dimensional Carbon Materials Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798 Republic of Korea
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20
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Zhang Y, Xu S, Fu H, Lee J, Su J, Hwang KC, Rogers JA, Huang Y. Buckling in serpentine microstructures and applications in elastomer-supported ultra- stretchable electronics with high areal coverage. Soft Matter 2013; 9:8062-8070. [PMID: 25309616 PMCID: PMC4189820 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51360b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lithographically defined electrical interconnects with thin, filamentary serpentine layouts have been widely explored for use in stretchable electronics supported by elastomeric substrates. We present a systematic and thorough study of buckling physics in such stretchable serpentine microstructures, and a strategic design of serpentine layout for ultra-stretchable electrode, via analytical models, finite element method (FEM) computations, and quantitative experiments. Both the onset of buckling and the postbuckling behaviors are examined, to determine scaling laws for the critical buckling strain and the limits of elastic behavior. Two buckling modes, namely the symmetric and anti-symmetric modes, are identified and analyzed, with experimental images and numerical results that show remarkable levels of agreement for the associated postbuckling processes. Based on these studies and an optimization in design layout, we demonstrate routes for application of serpentine interconnects in an ultra-stretchable electrode that offer, simultaneously, an areal coverage as high as 81%, and a biaxial stretchability as large as ~170%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Haoran Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Juhwan Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jessica Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Keh-Chih Hwang
- Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - John A. Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Institute of Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Skin Disease Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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