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van Weerd JH, Badi I, van den Boogaard M, Stefanovic S, van de Werken HJG, Gomez-Velazquez M, Badia-Careaga C, Manzanares M, de Laat W, Barnett P, Christoffels VM. A large permissive regulatory domain exclusively controls Tbx3 expression in the cardiac conduction system. Circ Res 2014; 115:432-41. [PMID: 24963028 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.303591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The evolutionary conserved Tbx3/Tbx5 gene cluster encodes T-box transcription factors that play crucial roles in the development and homeostasis of the cardiac conduction system in human and mouse. Both genes are expressed in overlapping patterns and function in strictly tissue-specific and dose-dependent manners, yet, their regulation is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To analyze the mechanism underlying the complex regulation of the Tbx3/Tbx5 cluster. METHODS AND RESULTS By probing the 3-dimensional architecture of the Tbx3/Tbx5 cluster using high-resolution circular chromosome conformation capture sequencing in vivo, we found that its regulatory landscape is in a preformed conformation similar in embryonic heart, limbs, and brain. Tbx3 and its flanking gene desert form a 1 Mbp loop between CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)-binding sites that is separated from the neighboring Tbx5 loop. However, Ctcf inactivation did not result in transcriptional regulatory interaction between Tbx3 and Tbx5. Multiple sites within the Tbx3 locus contact the promoter, including sites corresponding to regions known to contain variations in the human genome influencing conduction. We identified an atrioventricular-specific enhancer and a pan-cardiac enhancer that contact the promoter and each other and synergize to activate transcription in the atrioventricular conduction system. CONCLUSIONS We provide a high-resolution model of the 3-dimensional structure and function of the Tbx3/Tbx5 locus and show that the locus is organized in a preformed, permissive structure. The Tbx3 locus forms a CTCF-independent autonomous regulatory domain with multiple combinatorial regulatory elements that control the precise pattern of Tbx3 in the cardiac conduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hendrik van Weerd
- From the Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.v.W., I.B., M.v.d.B., S.S., P.B., V.M.C.); Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W., W.d.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W.); and Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.G.-V., C.B.-C., M.M.)
| | - Ileana Badi
- From the Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.v.W., I.B., M.v.d.B., S.S., P.B., V.M.C.); Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W., W.d.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W.); and Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.G.-V., C.B.-C., M.M.)
| | - Malou van den Boogaard
- From the Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.v.W., I.B., M.v.d.B., S.S., P.B., V.M.C.); Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W., W.d.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W.); and Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.G.-V., C.B.-C., M.M.)
| | - Sonia Stefanovic
- From the Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.v.W., I.B., M.v.d.B., S.S., P.B., V.M.C.); Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W., W.d.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W.); and Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.G.-V., C.B.-C., M.M.)
| | - Harmen J G van de Werken
- From the Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.v.W., I.B., M.v.d.B., S.S., P.B., V.M.C.); Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W., W.d.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W.); and Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.G.-V., C.B.-C., M.M.)
| | - Melisa Gomez-Velazquez
- From the Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.v.W., I.B., M.v.d.B., S.S., P.B., V.M.C.); Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W., W.d.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W.); and Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.G.-V., C.B.-C., M.M.)
| | - Claudio Badia-Careaga
- From the Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.v.W., I.B., M.v.d.B., S.S., P.B., V.M.C.); Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W., W.d.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W.); and Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.G.-V., C.B.-C., M.M.)
| | - Miguel Manzanares
- From the Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.v.W., I.B., M.v.d.B., S.S., P.B., V.M.C.); Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W., W.d.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W.); and Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.G.-V., C.B.-C., M.M.)
| | - Wouter de Laat
- From the Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.v.W., I.B., M.v.d.B., S.S., P.B., V.M.C.); Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W., W.d.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W.); and Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.G.-V., C.B.-C., M.M.)
| | - Phil Barnett
- From the Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.v.W., I.B., M.v.d.B., S.S., P.B., V.M.C.); Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W., W.d.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W.); and Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.G.-V., C.B.-C., M.M.)
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- From the Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.v.W., I.B., M.v.d.B., S.S., P.B., V.M.C.); Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W., W.d.L.); Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (H.J.G.v.d.W.); and Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.G.-V., C.B.-C., M.M.).
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Coupé P, Yger P, Prima S, Hellier P, Kervrann C, Barillot C. An optimized blockwise nonlocal means denoising filter for 3-D magnetic resonance images. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2008; 27:425-41. [PMID: 18390341 PMCID: PMC2881565 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2007.906087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A critical issue in image restoration is the problem of noise removal while keeping the integrity of relevant image information. Denoising is a crucial step to increase image quality and to improve the performance of all the tasks needed for quantitative imaging analysis. The method proposed in this paper is based on a 3-D optimized blockwise version of the nonlocal (NL)-means filter (Buades, et al., 2005). The NL-means filter uses the redundancy of information in the image under study to remove the noise. The performance of the NL-means filter has been already demonstrated for 2-D images, but reducing the computational burden is a critical aspect to extend the method to 3-D images. To overcome this problem, we propose improvements to reduce the computational complexity. These different improvements allow to drastically divide the computational time while preserving the performances of the NL-means filter. A fully automated and optimized version of the NL-means filter is then presented. Our contributions to the NL-means filter are: 1) an automatic tuning of the smoothing parameter; 2) a selection of the most relevant voxels; 3) a blockwise implementation; and 4) a parallelized computation. Quantitative validation was carried out on synthetic datasets generated with BrainWeb (Collins, et al., 1998). The results show that our optimized NL-means filter outperforms the classical implementation of the NL-means filter, as well as two other classical denoising methods [anisotropic diffusion (Perona and Malik, 1990)] and total variation minimization process (Rudin, et al., 1992) in terms of accuracy (measured by the peak signal-to-noise ratio) with low computation time. Finally, qualitative results on real data are presented .
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Coupé
- IRISA, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires
CNRS : UMR6074INRIAInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées de RennesUniversité de Rennes 1Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes,FR
- VISAGES U746, Unité/Projet VISAGES U746: Vision Action et Gestion d'Informations en Santé
INSERM : U746CNRS : UMR6074INRIAUniversité de Rennes 1IRISA, campus de Beaulieu F-35042 Rennes,FR
- Montreal Neurological Institute
Université McGill3801 University Street, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4,CA
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Pierrick Coupé
| | - Pierre Yger
- IRISA, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires
CNRS : UMR6074INRIAInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées de RennesUniversité de Rennes 1Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes,FR
- VISAGES U746, Unité/Projet VISAGES U746: Vision Action et Gestion d'Informations en Santé
INSERM : U746CNRS : UMR6074INRIAUniversité de Rennes 1IRISA, campus de Beaulieu F-35042 Rennes,FR
- ENS Cachan, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS CachanFR
| | - Sylvain Prima
- IRISA, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires
CNRS : UMR6074INRIAInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées de RennesUniversité de Rennes 1Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes,FR
- VISAGES U746, Unité/Projet VISAGES U746: Vision Action et Gestion d'Informations en Santé
INSERM : U746CNRS : UMR6074INRIAUniversité de Rennes 1IRISA, campus de Beaulieu F-35042 Rennes,FR
| | - Pierre Hellier
- IRISA, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires
CNRS : UMR6074INRIAInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées de RennesUniversité de Rennes 1Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes,FR
- VISAGES U746, Unité/Projet VISAGES U746: Vision Action et Gestion d'Informations en Santé
INSERM : U746CNRS : UMR6074INRIAUniversité de Rennes 1IRISA, campus de Beaulieu F-35042 Rennes,FR
| | - Charles Kervrann
- MIA, Unité de recherche Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées
INRA : UR0341FR
- INRIA - IRISA, VISTAS
INRIAInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées de RennesCNRS : UMR6074Université de Rennes 1École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS CachanFR
| | - Christian Barillot
- IRISA, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires
CNRS : UMR6074INRIAInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées de RennesUniversité de Rennes 1Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes,FR
- VISAGES U746, Unité/Projet VISAGES U746: Vision Action et Gestion d'Informations en Santé
INSERM : U746CNRS : UMR6074INRIAUniversité de Rennes 1IRISA, campus de Beaulieu F-35042 Rennes,FR
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