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Aboelhadid SM, Ibrahium SM, Abdel-Tawab H, Hassan AO, Al-Quraishy S, Saleh FEZR, Abdel-Baki AAS. Toxicity and Repellency Efficacy of Benzyl Alcohol and Benzyl Benzoate as Eco-Friendly Choices to Control the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst. 1797). Molecules 2023; 28:7731. [PMID: 38067462 PMCID: PMC10707955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tribolium castaneum is a damaging pest of stored grains, causing significant losses and secreting lethal quinones, which render the grains unfit for human consumption. Chemical insecticides are the most commonly used approach for control; however, they create insecticide resistance and affect the health of humans, animals, and the environment. As a result, it is critical to find an environmentally friendly pest-management strategy. In this study, two naturally occurring chemicals, benzyl alcohol (BA) and benzoyl benzoate (BB), were investigated for insecticidal activity against T. castaneum using different assays (impregnated-paper, contact toxicity, fumigant, and repellency assays). The results showed that BA had a significant insecticidal effect, with the LC50 achieved at a lower concentration in the direct-contact toxicity test (1.77%) than in the impregnated-paper assay (2.63%). BB showed significant effects in the direct-contact toxicity test, with an LC50 of 3.114%, and a lower toxicity in the impregnated-paper assay, with an LC50 of 11.75%. Furthermore, BA exhibited significant fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum, with an LC50 of 6.72 µL/L, whereas BB exhibited modest fumigant toxicity, with an LC50 of 464 µL/L. Additionally, at different concentrations (0.18, 0.09, 0.045, and 0.0225 µL/cm2), BA and BB both showed a notable and potent repelling effect. BA and BB significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase, reduced glutathione (GSH), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in treated T. castaneum. This is the first report of BA insecticidal activity against the red flour beetle. Also, the outcomes of various assays demonstrated that the application of BA induces a potent bio-insecticidal effect. BA may be a promising eco-friendly alternative to control T. castaneum due to its safety and authorization by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawky M. Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Samar M. Ibrahium
- Parasitology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Fayum Branch, Fayum 16101, Egypt;
| | - Heba Abdel-Tawab
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (A.-A.S.A.-B.)
| | - Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Lajarin-Reinares M, Martinez-Esteve E, Pena-Rodríguez E, Cañellas-Santos M, Bulut S, Karabelas K, Clauss A, Nieto C, Mallandrich M, Fernandez-Campos F. The Efficacy and Biopharmaceutical Properties of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Disulfiram and Benzyl Benzoate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10969. [PMID: 36142878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies and hair lice are parasitic diseases that affect human skin and hair, respectively. The incidence and resistances of these infections are increasing. Tenutex® (disulfiram and benzyl benzoate emulsion) is an alternative to standard insecticides to avoid resistances. The aim of the work is to evaluate the transdermal absorption and the in vitro efficacy against scabies and hair lice after different exposition times. Dermatomed human skin was used to assess the dermal absorption using a validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. HEK001 keratinocytes were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of benzyl benzoate. Only benzyl benzoate was able to cross the skin, but it did not show cytotoxicity at any of the tested concentrations. The product efficacy was tested on Psoroptes ovis after direct contact and after administration on sheep skin explants at different contact times. Permethrin/malathion-resistant strains of Pediculus humanis capitis adults and eggs were directly exposed to Tenutex, and the vitality and hatchability, respectively, were evaluated. The anti-scabies study demonstrated that exposure for 6 or 24 h completely eradicated the parasite. The pediculicidal activity of Tenutex exhibited superior efficacy than standard treatment on resistant lice. The positive results obtained suggest that Tenutex® is a good treatment option, especially in drug resistance situations.
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Kılıç Süloğlu A, Koçkaya EA, Selmanoğlu G. Toxicity of benzyl benzoate as a food additive and pharmaceutical agent. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:221-233. [PMID: 35332820 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221086133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzyl benzoate (BB), one of the benzyl derivates, is a component of brown aromatic resin in cinnamon oil and cough syrups and it is widely used in various fields in the perfume, pharmaceutical, and food industries. It is absorbed and hydrolyzed to benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol. Two different doses of BB (25 mg kg-1 body weight and 100 mg kg-1 body weight) were orally administered to 5-week old male rats for 90 days. Histopathological, morphological, hematological, and biochemical assays were performed in toxicological evaluations. Initial/final body weights, relative organ weights, and food and water consumptions of rats did not change significantly. There were statistically significant differences in terms of monocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte %, and serum AST levels in control and BB treatment groups. Several histopathological findings were observed in liver, kidney, thymus, prostate, and epididymis tissues of the rats in the treatment groups. Immunohistochemical examinations were also performed in the tissues for fibronectin (FN), type IV collagen, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2). Alterations in immunolocalization of these markers were observed between the control and the treatment groups. No changes were detected in the sperm count, daily sperm production, and sperm morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Kılıç Süloğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Beytepe Campus, 37515Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Evrim A Koçkaya
- The Higher Vocational School of Health Services, Gölbaşı Campus, 175630Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Güldeniz Selmanoğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Beytepe Campus, 37515Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Song M, Chang JH. Thermally Stable and Reusable Ceramic Encapsulated and Cross-Linked CalB Enzyme Particles for Rapid Hydrolysis and Esterification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052459. [PMID: 35269598 PMCID: PMC8910707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) enzyme was encapsulated and cross-linked by silica matrix to enhance its thermal stability and reusability, and demonstrated an enzymatic ability for rapid hydrolysis and esterification. Silica encapsulated CalB particles (Si-E-CPs) and silica cross-linked CalB particles (Si-CL-CPs) were prepared as a function of TEOS concentration. The particle size analysis, thermal stability, catalytic activity in different pHs, and reusability of Si-E-CPs and Si-CL-CPs were demonstrated. Furthermore, the determination of the CalB enzyme in Si-E-CPs and Si-CL-CPs was achieved by Bradford assay and TGA analysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed against the p-nitrophenyl butyrate and the catalytic parameters (Km, Vmax, and Kcat) were calculated by the Michaelis–Menten equation and a Lineweaver–Burk plot. Moreover, enzymatic synthesis for benzyl benzoate was demonstrated by esterification with an acyl donor of benzoic acid and two acyl donors of benzoic anhydride. Although the conversion efficiency of Si-CL-CPs was not much higher than that of native CalB, it has an efficiency of 91% compared to native CalB and is expected to be very useful because it has high thermal and pH stability and excellent reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju 28160, Korea;
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Chang
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju 28160, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Liu X, Ma R, Wang Y, Du S, Tong J, Shi X, Li J, Bao X, Xia Y, Liu T, Yan H. Significantly Boosting Efficiency of Polymer Solar Cells by Employing a Nontoxic Halogen-Free Additive. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:11117-11124. [PMID: 33635064 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditional additives like 1,8-diiodooctane and 1-chloronaphthalene were successfully utilized morphology optimization of various polymer solar cells (PSCs) in an active layer, but their toxicity brought by halogen atoms limits their corresponding large-scale manufacturing. Herein, a new nontoxic halogen-free additive named benzyl benzoate (BB) was introduced into the classic PSCs (PTB7-Th:PC71BM), and an optimal power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.43% was realized, while there was a poor PCE for additive free devices (4.83%). It was shown that BB additives could inhibit PC71BM's overaggregation, which increased the interface contact area and formed a better penetration path of an active layer. In addition, BB additives could not only boost the distribution of a PTB7-Th donor at the surface, beneficial to suppressing exciton recombination in inverted devices but also boost the crystallinity of a blend layer, which is conducive to exciton dissociation and charge transport. Our work effectively improved a device performance by using a halogen-free additive, which can be referential for industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gansu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Organic Semiconductor Materials and Application Technology, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ruijie Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yufei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gansu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Organic Semiconductor Materials and Application Technology, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Sanshan Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gansu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Organic Semiconductor Materials and Application Technology, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Junfeng Tong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gansu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Organic Semiconductor Materials and Application Technology, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shi
- College of Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gansu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Organic Semiconductor Materials and Application Technology, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xichang Bao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yangjun Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gansu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Organic Semiconductor Materials and Application Technology, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Andaya R, Booler H, Nagata DDA, Lawson C, Vogt J, Schuetz C, Chang DP, Bantseev V. Intravitreal Administration of Acetyl Triethyl Citrate and Benzyl Benzoate Is Retinotoxic in Rabbits but Not in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:621-633. [PMID: 33252011 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320971571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sustained drug delivery formulations are developed to reduce dose frequency while maintaining efficacy of intravitreal (ITV) administered therapeutics. Available safety data for components novel to the eye's posterior segment may be limited, requiring preclinical assessments to identify potential toxicities. We evaluated the in vivo and in vitro safety of two solvents, acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) and benzyl benzoate (BB), as novel sustained delivery formulations for ITV administration. In vivo tolerability was assessed following ITV administration of ATEC and BB to rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys. In rabbits, ITV solvent administration resulted in moderate to severe retinal toxicity characterized by focal retinal necrosis and/or degeneration, sometimes accompanied by inflammation, with a clear association between the physical presence of the solvent and areas of retinal damage. In contrast, solvent administration in monkeys appeared well tolerated, producing no histologic abnormalities. Toxicity in primary human retinal pigment epithelial cells, characterized by cellular toxicity and mitochondrial injury, corroborated the retinal toxicity in rabbits. In conclusion, ITV solvent depots of ATEC or BB result in chemical and focal retinal toxicity in rabbits, but not monkeys. Additional investigation is needed to demonstrate a sufficient margin of safety prior to use of ATEC or BB in ITV drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Andaya
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helen Booler
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Chris Lawson
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Vogt
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chris Schuetz
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Debby P Chang
- Department of Drug Delivery, 7412Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Bantseev
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Bao F, Zhang T, Ding A, Ding A, Yang W, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q. Metabolic, Enzymatic Activity, and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism Underlying the Lack of Characteristic Floral Scent in Apricot Mei Varieties. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:574982. [PMID: 33193512 PMCID: PMC7642261 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.574982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Apricot mei, a hybrid of Prunus mume and Prunus sibirica, usually has greater cold resistance than P. mume; however, most varieties of Apricot mei lack the characteristic floral scent of P. mume. The volatile and intracellular metabolites, activity levels of key enzymes, and transcriptomes of blooming flowers were comprehensively investigated in five varieties of P. mume. Benzyl acetate and eugenol were determined to be the main components of the P. mume floral scent. However, benzyl benzoate and benzyl alcohol benzoyltransferase activity was detected in only the low-fragrance varieties "Dan Fenghou" and "Yanxing." No benzyl alcohol or benzaldehyde reductase (BAR) activity was detected in the non-fragrant variety "Fenghou." PmBAR1 and PmBAR3 were identified as the key genes responsible for BAR activity. The lack of benzyl alcohol synthesis in the "Fenghou" variety was caused by low activity of PmBAR1-Fen and low expression of PmBAR3. The 60-aa segment at the N-terminus of PmBAR3 was found to play an important role in its enzymatic activity. Correlation tests between floral scent metabolites and the transcriptomes of the five different scented varieties showed that some transcripts associated with hormones, stresses, posttranslational modifications and transporters may also play important regulatory roles in floral scent metabolism in the different varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Bao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengxun Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Anqi Ding
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Aiqin Ding
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiru Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Forton FMN, De Maertelaer V. Effectiveness of benzyl benzoate treatment on clinical symptoms and Demodex density over time in patients with rosacea and demodicosis: a real life retrospective follow-up study comparing low- and high-dose regimens. J DERMATOL TREAT 2020; 33:456-465. [PMID: 32427504 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1770168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Patients with rosacea and demodicosis have high facial skin Demodex densities (Dds), which decrease with benzyl benzoate (BB) treatment.Objectives: To evaluate the impact of topical BB (+crotamiton) treatment on Dds and clinical symptoms during prolonged follow-up and to compare low (12% once daily) and high (12% twice daily or 20-24% once daily) BB dose regimens.Methods: This retrospective study included 344 patients (103 rosacea, 241 demodicosis) observed for 7.1 ± 0.5 months. Dds were measured on two consecutive standardized skin surface biopsies and symptoms evaluated using investigator global assessment. Compliance was considered good if patients correctly followed treatment instructions.Results: At final follow-up, in the 248 patients with good compliance, Dd had normalized in 217 (88%) and symptoms cleared in 204 (82%). The high dose was associated with better compliance and faster results than the low-dose. The higher the initial Dd, the longer it took to normalize. In the 96 poorly compliant patients, treatment was less effective and slower.Conclusions: These findings indirectly support a key role of the mite in rosacea and suggest that topical treatment with BB (+crotamiton), especially the higher dose, may be a useful alternative treatment for rosacea as well as for demodicosis.[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviane De Maertelaer
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie humaine et moléculaire (IRIBHM) & Service de Biostatistique et Informatique médicale (SBIM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Koçkaya EA, Kılıç A. Developmental toxicity of benzyl benzoate in rats after maternal exposure throughout pregnancy. Environ Toxicol 2014; 29:40-53. [PMID: 21922633 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The maternal and fetal toxicity of benzyl benzoate, commonly used as antiparasitic insecticide, was evaluated in pregnant rats after a daily oral dose of 25 and 100 mg/kg. Biochemical, histopathological, and morphological examinations were performed. Dams were observed for maternal body weights and food and water consumption and subjected to caesarean section on (GD) 20. Maternal and fetal liver, kidney, heart, brain, and placenta were examined histopathologically under light microscope. Maternal and fetal liver and placenta were stained immunohistochemically for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Morphometric analysis of fetal body lengths, placental measurements, and fetal skeletal stainings was performed. Statistically significant alterations in biochemical parameters and placental and skeletal measurements were determined in treatment groups. In addition to histopathological changes, considerable differences were observed in the immunolocalization of VEGF in treatment groups. These results demonstrated that benzyl benzoate and its metabolites can transport to the placenta and eventually enter the fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arzu Koçkaya
- The Higher Vocational School of Health Services, Medical Services and Techniques, Gazi University, Gölbaşı Campus, Ankara, Türkiye
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MacDonald GH, Rubel EW. Three-dimensional imaging of the intact mouse cochlea by fluorescent laser scanning confocal microscopy. Hear Res 2008; 243:1-10. [PMID: 18573326 PMCID: PMC2566306 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex anatomy of the mammalian cochlea is most readily understood by representation in three-dimensions. However, the cochlea is often sectioned to minimize the effects of its anatomic complexity and optical properties on image acquisition by light microscopy. We have found that optical aberrations present in the decalcified cochlea can be greatly reduced by dehydration through graded ethanols followed by clearing with a mixture of five parts methyl salicylate and three parts benzyl benzoate (MSBB). Clearing the cochlea with MSBB enables acquisition of high-resolution images with multiple fluorescent labels, through the full volume of the cochlea by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The resulting images are readily applicable to three-dimensional morphometric analysis and volumetric visualizations. This method promises to be particularly useful for three-dimensional characterization of anatomy, innervation and expression of genes or proteins in the many new animal models of hearing and balance generated by genetic manipulation. Furthermore, the MSBB is compatible with most non-protein fluorophores used for histological labeling, and may be removed with traditional transitional solvents to allow subsequent epoxy embedding for sectioning.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzoates
- Cochlea/anatomy & histology
- Cochlea/innervation
- Cochlea/metabolism
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/cytology
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/cytology
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/metabolism
- Histological Techniques
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Models, Anatomic
- Salicylates
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen H MacDonald
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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