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Liu J, Liao X, Li N, Xu Z, Yang W, Zhou H, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Wang G, Hou S. Single‐cell RNA sequencing reveals inflammatory retinal microglia in experimental autoimmune uveitis. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e534. [PMID: 38585235 PMCID: PMC10999176 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis (AU) is a kind of immune-mediated disease resulting in irreversible ocular damage and even permanent vision loss. However, the precise mechanism underlying dynamic immune changes contributing to disease initiation and progression of AU remains unclear. Here, we induced an experimental AU (EAU) model with IRBP651-670 and found that day[D]14 was the inflammatory summit with remarking clinical and histopathological manifestations and the activation of retinal microglia exhibited a time-dependent pattern in the EAU course. We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing of retinal immune cells in EAU mice at four time points and found microglia constituting the largest proportion, especially on D14. A novel inflammatory subtype (Cd74high Ccl5high) of retinal microglia was identified at the disease peak that was closely associated with modulating immune responses. In vitro experiments indicated that inflammatory stimuli induced proinflammatory microglia with the upregulation of CD74 and CCL5, and CD74 overexpression in microglia elicited their proinflammatory phenotype via nuclear factor-kappa B signaling that could be attenuated by the treatment of neutralizing CCL5 antibody to a certain extent. In-vivo blockade of Cd74 and Ccl5 effectively alleviated retinal microglial activation and disease phenotype of EAU. Therefore, we propose targeting CD74 and CCL5 of retinal microglia as promising strategies for AU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyi Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Xingyun Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
- Department of Medical OncologyChongqing University Cancer HospitalChongqingChina
| | - Na Li
- Department of Laboratory MedicineBeijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zongren Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Wang Yang
- Department of KidneyFirst Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Hongxiu Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Yusen Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Zhi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Guoqing Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
- Beijing Institute of OphthalmologyBeijing Tongren Eye CenterBeijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key LaboratoryBeijingChina
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Assis DN, Leng L, Du X, Zhang CK, Grieb G, Merk M, Garcia AB, McCrann C, Chapiro J, Meinhardt A, Mizue Y, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Bernhagen J, Kaplan MM, Zhao H, Boyer JL, Bucala R. The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in autoimmune liver disease. Hepatology 2014; 59:580-91. [PMID: 23913513 PMCID: PMC3877200 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of the cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and its receptor, CD74, was assessed in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Two MIF promoter polymorphisms, a functional -794 CATT5-8 microsatellite repeat (rs5844572) and a -173 G/C single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs755622), were analyzed in DNA samples from over 500 patients with AIH, PBC, and controls. We found a higher frequency of the proinflammatory and high-expression -794 CATT7 allele in AIH, compared to PBC, whereas lower frequency was found in PBC, compared to both AIH and healthy controls. MIF and soluble MIF receptor (CD74) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 165 serum samples of AIH, PBC, and controls. Circulating serum and hepatic MIF expression was elevated in patients with AIH and PBC versus healthy controls. We also identified a truncated circulating form of the MIF receptor, CD74, that is released from hepatic stellate cells and that binds MIF, neutralizing its signal transduction activity. Significantly higher levels of CD74 were found in patients with PBC versus AIH and controls. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a distinct genetic and immunopathogenic basis for AIH and PBC at the MIF locus. Circulating MIF and MIF receptor profiles distinguish PBC from the more inflammatory phenotype of AIH and may play a role in pathogenesis and as biomarkers of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. Assis
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Clarence K. Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany,Department of Plastic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Melanie Merk
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alvaro Baeza Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Catherine McCrann
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julius Chapiro
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Yuka Mizue
- Sapporo Immuno Diagnostic Laboratory, Sapporo, Japan
| | - David J. Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology and Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marshall M. Kaplan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - James L. Boyer
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Merk M, Mitchell RA, Endres S, Bucala R. D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT or MIF-2): doubling the MIF cytokine family. Cytokine 2012; 59:10-7. [PMID: 22507380 PMCID: PMC3367028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT) is a newly described cytokine and a member of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) protein superfamily. MIF is a broadly expressed pro-inflammatory cytokine that regulates both the innate and the adaptive immune response. MIF activates the MAP kinase cascade, modulates cell migration, and counter-acts the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids. For many cell types, MIF also acts as an important survival or anti-apoptotic factor. Circulating MIF levels are elevated in the serum in different infectious and autoimmune diseases, and neutralization of the MIF protein via antibodies or small molecule antagonists improves the outcome in numerous animal models of human disease. Recently, a detailed investigation of the biological role of the closely homologous protein D-DT, which is encoded by a gene adjacent to MIF, revealed an overlapping functional spectrum with MIF. The D-DT protein also is present in most tissues and circulates in serum at similar concentrations as MIF. D-DT binds the MIF cell surface receptor complex, CD74/CD44, with high affinity and induces similar cell signaling and effector functions. Furthermore, an analysis of the signaling properties of the two proteins showed that they work cooperatively, and that neutralization of D-DT in vivo significantly decreases inflammation. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between MIF and D-DT, which we propose to designate "MIF-2", and discuss the implication of D-DT/MIF-2 expression for MIF-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Merk
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Bucala
- Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
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Ishizaki T, Erickson A, Kuric E, Shamloo M, Hara-Nishimura I, Inácio ARL, Wieloch T, Ruscher K. The asparaginyl endopeptidase legumain after experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:1756-66. [PMID: 20234379 PMCID: PMC3023405 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Various proteases in the brain contribute to ischemic brain injury. We investigated the involvement of the asparaginyl endopeptidase legumain after experimental stroke. On the basis of gene array studies and in situ hybridizations, we observed an increase of legumain expression in the peri-infarct area of rats after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 120 mins with a maximum expression at 24 and 48 h. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed the expression of legumain in Iba1(+) microglial cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes of the peri-infarct area in mice after MCAO. Post-stroke recovery was also studied in aged legumain-deficient mice (45 to 58 weeks old). Legumain-deficient mice did not show any differences in physiologic parameters compared with respective littermates before, during MCAO (45 mins), and the subsequent recovery period of 8 days. Moreover, legumain deficiency had no effect on mortality, infarct volume, and the neurologic deficit determined by the rotating pole test, a standardized grip strength test, and the pole test. However, a reduced number of invading CD74(+) cells in the ischemic hemisphere indicates an involvement in post-stroke inflammation. We conclude that legumain is not essential for the functional deficit after MCAO but may be involved in mechanisms of immune cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Ishizaki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, University of Lund, Sweden
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Stein R, Smith MR, Chen S, Zalath M, Goldenberg DM. Combining milatuzumab with bortezomib, doxorubicin, or dexamethasone improves responses in multiple myeloma cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2808-17. [PMID: 19351768 PMCID: PMC2681251 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The humanized anti-CD74 monoclonal antibody, milatuzumab, is in clinical evaluation for the therapy of multiple myeloma (MM). The ability of milatuzumab to increase the efficacy of bortezomib, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone was examined in three human CD74+ MM cell lines, CAG, KMS11, KMS12-PE, and one CD74-MM cell line, OPM-2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Activity of milatuzumab as a monotherapy and combined with the drugs was evaluated by studying in vitro cytotoxicity, signaling and apoptotic pathways, and in vivo therapeutic activity in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse models of MM. RESULTS Given as a monotherapy, cross-linked milatuzumab, but not milatuzumab alone, yielded significant antiproliferative effects in CD74+ cells. The combination of cross-linked milatuzumab with bortezomib, doxorubicin, or dexamethasone caused more growth inhibition than either cross-linked milatuzumab or drug alone, producing significant reductions in the IC(50) of the drugs when combined. Efficacy of combined treatments was accompanied by increased levels of apoptosis measured by increases of activated caspase-3 and hypodiploid DNA. Both milatuzumab and bortezomib affect the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in CAG MM cells. In CAG- or KMS11-SCID xenograft models of disseminated MM, milatuzumab more than doubled median survival time, compared with up to a 33% increase in median survival with bortezomib but no significant benefit with doxorubicin. Moreover, combining milatuzumab and bortezomib increased survival significantly compared with either treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic efficacies of bortezomib, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone are enhanced in MM cell lines when given in combination with milatuzumab, suggesting testing these combinations clinically.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Boronic Acids/pharmacology
- Boronic Acids/therapeutic use
- Bortezomib
- Caspase 3/immunology
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Fragmentation/drug effects
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dexamethasone/therapeutic use
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/mortality
- Pyrazines/pharmacology
- Pyrazines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona Stein
- Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Belleville, New Jersey 07109, USA.
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