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Berghuis WHWJ, van Tilburg MAJ, Peeters WHJ, van Lange VT, Farina R, Fadaly EMT, Renirie ECM, Theeuwes RJ, Verheijen MA, Macco B, Bakkers EPAM, Haverkort JEM, Kessels WMME. Low Surface Recombination in Hexagonal SiGe Alloy Nanowires: Implications for SiGe-Based Nanolasers. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2024; 7:2343-2351. [PMID: 38298254 PMCID: PMC10825821 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c05770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Monolithic integration of silicon-based electronics and photonics could open the door toward many opportunities including on-chip optical data communication and large-scale application of light-based sensing devices in healthcare and automotive; by some, it is considered the Holy Grail of silicon photonics. The monolithic integration is, however, severely hampered by the inability of Si to efficiently emit light. Recently, important progress has been made by the demonstration of efficient light emission from direct-bandgap hexagonal SiGe (hex-SiGe) alloy nanowires. For this promising material, realized by employing a nanowire structure, many challenges and open questions remain before a large-scale application can be realized. Considering that for other direct-bandgap materials like GaAs, surface recombination can be a true bottleneck, one of the open questions is the importance of surface recombination for the photoluminescence efficiency of this new material. In this work, temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements were performed on both hex-Ge and hex-SiGe nanowires with and without surface passivation schemes that have been well documented and proven effective on cubic silicon and germanium to elucidate whether and to what extent the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of the wires can be improved. Additionally, time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements were performed on unpassivated hex-SiGe nanowires as a function of their diameter. The dependence of the surface recombination on the SiGe composition could, however, not be yet addressed given the sample-to-sample variations of the state-of-the-art hex-SiGe nanowires. With the aforementioned experiments, we demonstrate that at room temperature, under high excitation conditions (a few kW cm-2), the hex-(Si)Ge surface is most likely not a bottleneck for efficient radiative emission under relatively high excitation conditions. This is an important asset for future hex(Si)Ge optoelectronic devices, specifically for nanolasers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wouter H. J. Peeters
- Eindhoven
University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Victor T. van Lange
- Eindhoven
University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Farina
- Eindhoven
University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elham M. T. Fadaly
- Eindhoven
University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elsa C. M. Renirie
- Eindhoven
University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roel J. Theeuwes
- Eindhoven
University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel. A. Verheijen
- Eindhoven
University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eurofins
Materials Science BV, High Tech Campus 11, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Macco
- Eindhoven
University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jos E. M. Haverkort
- Eindhoven
University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Shilov AO, Kamalov RV, Karabanalov MS, Chukin AV, Vokhmintsev AS, Mikhalevsky GB, Zamyatin DA, Henaish AMA, Weinstein IA. Luminescence in Anion-Deficient Hafnia Nanotubes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:3109. [PMID: 38133006 PMCID: PMC10745887 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Hafnia-based nanostructures and other high-k dielectrics are promising wide-gap materials for developing new opto- and nanoelectronic devices. They possess a unique combination of physical and chemical properties, such as insensitivity to electrical and optical degradation, radiation damage stability, a high specific surface area, and an increased concentration of the appropriate active electron-hole centers. The present paper aims to investigate the structural, optical, and luminescent properties of anodized non-stoichiometric HfO2 nanotubes. As-grown amorphous hafnia nanotubes and nanotubes annealed at 700 °C with a monoclinic crystal lattice served as samples. It has been shown that the bandgap Eg for direct allowed transitions amounts to 5.65 ± 0.05 eV for amorphous and 5.51 ± 0.05 eV for monoclinic nanotubes. For the first time, we have studied the features of intrinsic cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence in the obtained nanotubular HfO2 structures with an atomic deficiency in the anion sublattice at temperatures of 10 and 300 K. A broad emission band with a maximum of 2.3-2.4 eV has been revealed. We have also conducted an analysis of the kinetic dependencies of the observed photoluminescence for synthesized HfO2 samples in the millisecond range at room temperature. It showed that there are several types of optically active capture and emission centers based on vacancy states in the O3f and O4f positions with different coordination numbers and a varied number of localized charge carriers (V0, V-, and V2-). The uncovered regularities can be used to optimize the functional characteristics of developed-surface luminescent media based on nanotubular and nanoporous modifications of hafnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem O. Shilov
- NANOTECH Centre, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (A.O.S.); (R.V.K.); (M.S.K.); (A.V.C.); (A.S.V.); (D.A.Z.); (A.M.A.H.)
| | - Robert V. Kamalov
- NANOTECH Centre, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (A.O.S.); (R.V.K.); (M.S.K.); (A.V.C.); (A.S.V.); (D.A.Z.); (A.M.A.H.)
| | - Maxim S. Karabanalov
- NANOTECH Centre, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (A.O.S.); (R.V.K.); (M.S.K.); (A.V.C.); (A.S.V.); (D.A.Z.); (A.M.A.H.)
| | - Andrey V. Chukin
- NANOTECH Centre, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (A.O.S.); (R.V.K.); (M.S.K.); (A.V.C.); (A.S.V.); (D.A.Z.); (A.M.A.H.)
| | - Alexander S. Vokhmintsev
- NANOTECH Centre, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (A.O.S.); (R.V.K.); (M.S.K.); (A.V.C.); (A.S.V.); (D.A.Z.); (A.M.A.H.)
| | - Georgy B. Mikhalevsky
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Ural Branch of the RAS, Vonsovskogo Street, 15, 620110 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitry A. Zamyatin
- NANOTECH Centre, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (A.O.S.); (R.V.K.); (M.S.K.); (A.V.C.); (A.S.V.); (D.A.Z.); (A.M.A.H.)
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Ural Branch of the RAS, Vonsovskogo Street, 15, 620110 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Ahmed M. A. Henaish
- NANOTECH Centre, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (A.O.S.); (R.V.K.); (M.S.K.); (A.V.C.); (A.S.V.); (D.A.Z.); (A.M.A.H.)
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ilya A. Weinstein
- NANOTECH Centre, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (A.O.S.); (R.V.K.); (M.S.K.); (A.V.C.); (A.S.V.); (D.A.Z.); (A.M.A.H.)
- Institute of Metallurgy, Ural Branch of the RAS, Amundsena Street, 101, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Wang C, Shi X, Liu S, Zhao H, Zhang W. Preparation of Mixed Few-Layer GeSe Nanosheets with High Efficiency by the Thermal Sublimation Method. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:39732-39739. [PMID: 37562002 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) GeSe has been proven promising in fast and broadband optoelectronic applications for its complicated band structure, inert surface property, and excellent stability. The major challenge is the deficiency of the effective technique for controllably prepared large-scale few-to-monolayer GeSe films. For this purpose, a layer-by-layer thinning method by thermal sublimation for manufacturing large-scale mixed few-layer GeSe with direct bandgaps is proposed, and an optimized sublimation temperature of 300 °C in vacuum is evaluated by atomic force microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectra, and fluorescence mapping measurements are performed on the thinned GeSe layers, and results are well-indexed to the orthorhombic lattice structure with direct bandgaps with an atomic ratio of Ge/Se ≈ 5:4. Raman and fluorescence spectra show an α-type crystalline structure of the thinned GeSe films, indicating the pure physical process of the sublimation thinning. Both the bulk and few-layer GeSe films demonstrate broadband absorption. Conductivity of the few-layer GeSe device indicates the overall crystalline integrity of the film after thermal thinning. Given the convenience and efficiency, we provide an effective approach for fabrication of large-scale 2D materials that are difficult to be prepared by traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Wang
- Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 100064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Shi
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxiang Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongquan Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
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Liu CY, Tien KY, Chiu PY, Wu YJ, Chuang Y, Kao HS, Li JY. Room-Temperature Negative Differential Resistance and High Tunneling Current Density in GeSn Esaki Diodes. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2203888. [PMID: 36030362 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) are a promising candidate for low-power applications owing to their steep subthreshold swing of sub-60 mV per decade. For silicon- or germanium-based TFETs, the drive current is low due to the indirect band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) process. Direct-bandgap germanium-tin (GeSn) can boost the TFET performance since phonon participation is not required during the tunneling process. Esaki diodes with negative differential resistance (NDR) are used to characterize the BTBT properties and calibrate the tunneling rates for TFET applications. This work demonstrates high-performance GeSn Esaki diodes with clear NDR at room temperature with very high peak-to-valley current ratios of 15-53 from 300 K to 4 K. A record-high peak current density of 545 kA cm-2 at 4 K is also reported for the tensile-strained Ge0.925 Sn0.075 device (strain ≈0.6 %). By applying tensile stresses to n-GeSn epitaxial films, the direct BTBT process dominates, leading to high tunneling rates. Hall measurements further confirm that more electrons populate in the direct Γ valley in the tensile-strained n-GeSn epitaxial films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-You Liu
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ying Tien
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Wu
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Shun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yun Li
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, Hsinchu, 30078, Taiwan
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Richter JM, Chen K, Sadhanala A, Butkus J, Rivett JPH, Friend RH, Monserrat B, Hodgkiss JM, Deschler F. Direct Bandgap Behavior in Rashba-Type Metal Halide Perovskites. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1803379. [PMID: 30370614 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The generation and recombination of charge carriers in semiconductors through photons controls photovoltaic and light-emitting diode operation. Understanding of these processes in hybrid perovskites has advanced, but remains incomplete. Using femtosecond transient absorption and photoluminescence, it is observed that the luminescence signal shows a rise over 2 ps, while initially hot photogenerated carriers cool to the band edge. This indicates that the luminescence from hot carriers is weaker than that of cold carriers, as expected from strongly radiative transitions in direct gap semiconductors. It is concluded that the electrons and holes show a strong overlap in momentum space, despite recent proposals that Rashba splitting leads to a band offset suppressing such an overlap. A number of possible resolutions to this, including lattice dynamics that remove the Rashba splitting at room temperature, and localization of luminescence events to length scales below 10 nm are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Richter
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kai Chen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Aditya Sadhanala
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justinas Butkus
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jasmine P H Rivett
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bartomeu Monserrat
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justin M Hodgkiss
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Felix Deschler
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE, Cambridge, UK
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Yao J, Deng Z, Zheng Z, Yang G. Stable, Fast UV-Vis-NIR Photodetector with Excellent Responsivity, Detectivity, and Sensitivity Based on α-In2Te3 Films with a Direct Bandgap. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:20872-9. [PMID: 27459243 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectric conversion is of great importance to extensive applications. However, thus far, photodetectors integrated with high responsivity, excellent detectivity, large phototo-dark current ratio, fast response speed, broad spectral range, and good stability are rarely achieved. Herein, we deposited large-scale and high-quality polycrystalline indium sesquitelluride (α-In2Te3) films via pulsed-laser deposition. Then, we demonstrated that the photodetectors made of the prepared α-In2Te3 films possess stable photoswitching behavior from 370 to 1064 nm and short response time better than ca. 15 ms. At a source-drain voltage of 5 V, the device achieves a high responsivity of 44 A/W, along with an outstanding detectivity of 6 × 10(12) cm H(1/2) W(-1) and an excellent sensitivity of 2.5 × 10(5) cm(2)/W. All of these figures-of-merit are the best among those of the reported α-In2Te3 photodetectors. In fact, they are comparable to the state-of-the-art commercial Si and Ge photodetectors. For the first time, we established the theoretical evidence that α-In2Te3 possesses a direct bandgap structure, which reasonably accounts for the superior photodetection performances above. Importantly, the device exhibits a good stability against the multiple photoswitching operation and ambient environment, along with no obvious voltage-scan hysteresis. These excellent figures-of-merit, together with the broad spectral range and good stability, underscore α-In2Te3 as a promising candidate material for next-generation photodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zexiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Yang JH, Zhang Y, Yin WJ, Gong XG, Yakobson BI, Wei SH. Two-Dimensional SiS Layers with Promising Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties: Theoretical Prediction. Nano Lett 2016; 16:1110-1117. [PMID: 26741149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors can be very useful for novel electronic and optoelectronic applications because of their good material properties. However, all current 2D materials have shortcomings that limit their performance. As a result, new 2D materials are highly desirable. Using atomic transmutation and differential evolution global optimization methods, we identified two group IV-VI 2D materials, Pma2-SiS and silicene sulfide. Pma2-SiS is found to be both chemically, energetically, and thermally stable. Most importantly, Pma2-SiS has shown good electronic and optoelectronic properties, including direct bandgaps suitable for solar cells, good mobility for nanoelectronics, good flexibility of property tuning by layer control and applied strain, and good air stability as well. Therefore, Pma2-SiS is expected to be a promising 2D material in the field of 2D electronics and optoelectronics. The designing principles demonstrated in identifying these two tantalizing examples have great potential to accelerate the finding of new functional 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hui Yang
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yueyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wan-Jian Yin
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - X G Gong
- Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Su-Huai Wei
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing 100094, China
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Abstract
Single-layer black phosphorus (BP), or phosphorene, is a highly anisotropic two-dimensional elemental material possessing promising semiconductor properties for flexible electronics. However, the direct bandgap of single-layer black phosphorus predicted theoretically has not been directly measured, and the properties of its edges have not been considered in detail. Here we report atomic scale electronic variation related to strain-induced anisotropic deformation of the puckered honeycomb structure of freshly cleaved black phosphorus using a high-resolution scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) survey along the light (x) and heavy (y) effective mass directions. Through a combination of STS measurements and first-principles calculations, a model for edge reconstruction is also determined. The reconstruction is shown to self-passivate most dangling bonds by switching the coordination number of phosphorus from 3 to 5 or 3 to 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbo Liang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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