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Abstract
The liver is a frequent site of cancer metastasis, but current treatment options for cancer patients with liver metastasis are limited, resulting in poor prognosis. Colonization of the liver by cancer cells is a multistep and temporally controlled process. Investigating this process in biological relevant settings in a dynamic manner may lead to new therapeutic avenues. Experimental mouse models of liver metastasis combined with high-resolution microscopy methods can facilitate study of the mechanisms that underlie the outgrowth of cancer cells in the liver. Intravital imaging can provide information on the behavior of tumor cells in their biological setting, in time frames of hours to days. In this unit, we describe the experimental induction of liver metastasis through administration of cancer cells into mice via mesenteric vein injection. The behavior of these injected cells can then be studied using intravital imaging by surgical exposure or through an abdominal imaging window. The approach is described for use with an upright multiphoton microscope, making it widely applicable. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Inducing liver metastasis through mesenteric vein injection Basic Protocol 2: Short-term imaging of tumor cells in mouse liver Basic Protocol 3: Long-term imaging of tumor cells in mouse liver using an abdominal imaging window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwke L Marvin
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Laila Ritsma
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Cai WX, Yu RQ, Ma L, Huang HZ, Zheng LW, Zwahlen R. Differences between epithelial and mesenchymal human tongue cancer cell lines in experimental metastasis. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9959-9964. [PMID: 29928368 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Distant metastasis represents the outcome with the worst prognosis for various types of malignant tumors, but little is known regarding the impact of interacting epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypic cancer cells within its etiopathogenesis. In a novel animal model, 48 male athymic Balb/c nude mice underwent subcutaneous and intravenous injection of human tongue cancer cell lines of green fluorescent mesenchymal and red fluorescent epithelial phenotypes, in order to visualize and monitor eventual phenotypic interaction in lung metastasis as well as experimental metastasis in in vivo, ex vivo and histopathological analyses. While the epithelial, but not the mesenchymal, phenotypic human tongue cancer cell line led to direct metastasis in the lungs when injected intravenously, neither of them, even when injected in combination, were able to establish distant metastasis. The results of the present study provide evidence regarding the role of epithelial phenotypic cancer cells in the release of experimental metastasis following tail vein injection in male athymic Balb/c nude mice, in addition to proving fluorescent human tongue cancer cells may be reliably detected under a fluorescence microscope even 8 weeks after the two injection types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xin Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Ru Qing Yu
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Polyclinics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Li Wu Zheng
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Polyclinics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Roger Zwahlen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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Hu T, Qi H, Li P, Zhao G, Ma Y, Hao Q, Gao C, Zhang Y, Wang C, Yang M, Hoffman RM, Chen P, Dong Z. Comparison of GFP-Expressing Imageable Mouse Models of Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Established in Various Anatomical Sites. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:4655-4663. [PMID: 26254355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a recalcitrant cancer. Mouse models of this disease could be used for discovery of more effective therapy for ESCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing human esophageal cancer EC1 cell line was established with a lentiviral expression system. Subsequently, nude mice were injected subcutaneously, intracardiac or intravenously, or orthotopically implanted with EC1-GFP cells. Tumor growth and metastasis were examined by fluorescence in vivo imaging or by open fluorescence imaging after autopsy. RESULTS Four different mouse xenograft models of ESCC expressing GFP were established. In the subcutaneous model, primary tumor growth was monitored in real-time by whole-body fluorescence imaging. No metastasis was observed in the subcutaneous or surgical orthotopic implantation model. By 55 days after implantation, all mice had developed orthotopic esophageal cancer, but without detectable metastasis. In contrast, experimental metastasis occurred in the intracardiac and intravenous models. In the intravenous injection model, the lung was the sole organ of experimental metastasis. In the intracardiac model, extensive experimental metastases occurred in the bone, brain and lung. CONCLUSION The mouse xenograft models of ESCC developed in the present study can provide a means of discovering more effective therapy of this recalcitrant type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan province for cancer chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, P.R. China Laboratory Animal Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Qi
- AntiCancer Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan province for cancer chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan province for cancer chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yangcheng Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan province for cancer chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qianyun Hao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan province for cancer chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chunzhi Gao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan province for cancer chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan province for cancer chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chunyao Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Meng Yang
- AntiCancer Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, P.R. China AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A. AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan province for cancer chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ziming Dong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan province for cancer chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
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Swartz MA, Kristensen CA, Melder RJ, Roberge S, Calautti E, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Cells shed from tumours show reduced clonogenicity, resistance to apoptosis, and in vivo tumorigenicity. Br J Cancer 1999; 81:756-9. [PMID: 10555742 PMCID: PMC2374305 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to compare growth characteristics of cells shed from a tumour with the native tumour cells. The human colon adenocarcinoma LS174T and its highly metastatic subline LS LiM 6 were grown as tissue-isolated tumours in nude mice and perfused to collect shed cells. The tumours were then excised and prepared into single-cell suspensions. Clonogenicity in 0.3-0.9% agarose, apoptotic fraction, and in vivo tumorigenicity were determined for each population. In both tumour lines, shed cells were less clonogenic, more apoptotic and less tumorigenic than cells isolated directly from their native tissue. These findings suggest that shed cells have a low metastatic potential compared to native tumour cells, most likely because they represent an apoptotic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Swartz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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Kogerman P, Sy MS, Culp LA. Overexpressed human CD44s promotes lung colonization during micrometastasis of murine fibrosarcoma cells: facilitated retention in the lung vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:13233-8. [PMID: 9371829 PMCID: PMC24292 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.24.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Normally nonmetastatic murine sis-transformed BALB/c 3T3 cells, transfected with human CD44s gene (hCD44s), acquire spontaneous metastatic capacity to the lung. The mechanism(s) of this facilitated micrometastasis was analyzed in an experimental metastasis model. Human CD44s overexpression promoted the earliest stages severalfold (initial implantation and subsequent stabilization of tumor cells) but was irrelevant for later stages (subsequent outgrowth) of lung experimental micrometastasis. By injecting mixed populations of parental (nonmetastatic) and CD44s-transfected cells, it was shown that cell-cell adhesion between tumor and parental cells was not promoted by hCD44s but that promotion of cell-cell adhesion to lung endothelium or specifically between transfected cells (via hyaluronan) are likely mechanisms. Results obtained with hCD44s-negative primary tumor cells and hCD44s-positive or -negative variants of lung micrometastatic cells (after s.c. injection of transfectants) confirmed the importance of CD44s overexpression for early but not late stages of experimental lung metastasis. Therefore, CD44s represents a metastasis-facilitating molecule that is irrelevant for primary tumor outgrowth but that promotes micrometastasis to the lungs at the very earliest stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kogerman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Abe F, Schneider M, Black PL, Talmadge JE. Chemoimmunotherapy with cyclophosphamide and bestatin in experimental metastasis in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1989; 29:231-6. [PMID: 2752391 PMCID: PMC11039019 DOI: 10.1007/bf00199209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/1988] [Accepted: 02/16/1989] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bestatin has significant therapeutic activity (even following oral administration) for the treatment of metastatic disease, an activity which is limited by tumor burden. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of bestatin was examined in combination with chemotherapy to determine if there is additive activity for heavy tumor burdens. Bestatin significantly increased therapeutic activity and decreased the myelotoxicity of cyclophosphamide following a single injection of cyclophosphamide or split daily doses. In immune function studies, in tumor-bearing animals, bestatin increased the number of colony-forming units (granulocyte-macrophage) (CFU) and alveolar macrophage tumoricidal activity. However, when bestatin was combined with cyclophosphamide, which depressed bone marrow and macrophage activity, it did not show apparent augmentation of macrophage and NK cell activity, but did significantly increase bone marrow CFU activity. Thus, in combined chemoimmunotherapy, bestatin appears to enhance therapeutic activity by accelerating the recovery of hematopoiesis. We suggest, therefore, that a combination chemotherapy protocol, with oral bestatin, may facilitate myelorestoration following aggressive chemotherapy. The majority of biological response modifiers require parental administration; thus, the identification of an orally active, synthetic immunoaugmenting agent with a defined receptor is of particular interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abe
- Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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Starkey JR, Ristow SS, McDonald TL, Talmadge JE. Immunologic enhancement of experimental metastasis in the rat. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1984; 17:42-50. [PMID: 6563943 PMCID: PMC11039126 DOI: 10.1007/bf00205496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/1982] [Accepted: 01/19/1984] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Using a series of immunologically cross-reactive metastatic tumor variants, we demonstrate that serum from animals bearing pulmonary tumor colonies possesses enhancing properties in the experimental metastasis (lung colony) assay. Enhancement is produced by chronic serum administration and promotes the growth of tumor cells arrested in the lungs which would not otherwise proliferate to form grossly detectable lung nodules. Tumor-bearer serum from animals with lung colonies derived from the most highly metastatic variant examined is shown to possess enhancing properties in both BD-IX(H-1d) and BD-IV(H-1d) rat strains, while tumor-bearer serum from animals with lung colonies derived from the less metastatic parent tumor cell line possesses enhancing properties in the BD-IX rat strain only. Removal of immunoglobulin from enhancing serum by affinity column chromatography simultaneously removes the enhancing factor(s), and enhancing activity correlates with the presence of increased levels of Clq-binding immune complexes in the serum. Serum levels of immune complexes are shown to be more elevated in serum from animals bearing lung colonies derived from the most highly metastatic variant. The enhancing moieties are shown to bind to concanavalin A, but not to staphylococcal protein A, and the active fraction elutes from concanavalin A-Sepharose with alpha-methyl-mannoside. Consideration of immunoprecipitation studies on whole and fractionated enhancing sera, along with studies on affinity purified isotype fractions reveals that the activity resides with antibodies of IgG2b subclass.
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