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Duffy KJ. The enigma of genetic adaptation in a panmictic pine. New Phytol 2024. [PMID: 38520184 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Duffy
- Department of Biology, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80126, Italy
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Payne N, Erwin JA, Morrison JL, Dwyer JF, Culver M. Genomic insights into isolation of the threatened Florida crested caracara (Caracara plancus). J Hered 2024; 115:45-56. [PMID: 37837958 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a population genomic study of the crested caracara (Caracara plancus) using samples (n = 290) collected from individuals in Florida, Texas, and Arizona, United States. Crested caracaras are non-migratory raptors ranging from the southern tip of South America to the southern United States, including a federally protected relict population in Florida long thought to have been isolated since the last ice age. Our objectives were to evaluate genetic diversity and population structure of Florida's apparently isolated population and to evaluate taxonomic relationships of crested caracaras at the northern edge of their range. Using DNA purified from blood samples, we conducted double-digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing and sequenced the mitochondrial ND2 gene. Analyses of population structure using over 9,000 SNPs suggest that two major clusters are best supported, one cluster including only Florida individuals and the other cluster including Arizona and Texas individuals. Both SNPs and mitochondrial haplotypes reveal the Florida population to be highly differentiated genetically from Arizona and Texas populations, whereas, Arizona and Texas populations are moderately differentiated from each other. The Florida population's mitochondrial haplotypes form a separate monophyletic group, while Arizona and Texas populations share mitochondrial haplotypes. Results of this study provide substantial genetic evidence that Florida's crested caracaras have experienced long-term isolation from caracaras in Arizona and Texas and thus, represent a distinct evolutionary lineage possibly warranting distinction as an Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) or subspecies. This study will inform conservation strategies focused on long-term survival of Florida's distinct, panmictic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Payne
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
| | - John A Erwin
- Florida International University College of Law, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Joan L Morrison
- Department of Biology, Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, Hartford, CT 06106, United States
| | - James F Dwyer
- EDM International, Inc., Fort Collins, CO 80525, United States
| | - Melanie Culver
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
- U.S. Geological Survey, Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
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Lipphardt V, Rappold GA, Surdu M. Representing vulnerable populations in genetic studies: The case of the Roma. Sci Context 2021; 34:69-100. [PMID: 36050807 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889722000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Moreau () has raised concerns about the use of DNA data obtained from vulnerable populations, such as the Uighurs in China. We discuss another case, situated in Europe and with a research history dating back 100 years: genetic investigations of Roma. In our article, we focus on problems surrounding representativity in these studies. We claim that many of the circa 440 publications in our sample neglect the methodological and conceptual challenges of representativity. Moreover, authors do not account for problematic misrepresentations of Roma resulting from the conceptual frameworks and sampling schemes they use. We question the representation of Roma as a "genetic isolate" and the underlying rationales, with a strong focus on sampling strategies. We discuss our results against the optimistic prognosis that the "new genetics" could help to overcome essentialist understandings of groups.
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Diwo C, Budisa N. Alternative Biochemistries for Alien Life: Basic Concepts and Requirements for the Design of a Robust Biocontainment System in Genetic Isolation. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:E17. [PMID: 30597824 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The universal genetic code, which is the foundation of cellular organization for almost all organisms, has fostered the exchange of genetic information from very different paths of evolution. The result of this communication network of potentially beneficial traits can be observed as modern biodiversity. Today, the genetic modification techniques of synthetic biology allow for the design of specialized organisms and their employment as tools, creating an artificial biodiversity based on the same universal genetic code. As there is no natural barrier towards the proliferation of genetic information which confers an advantage for a certain species, the naturally evolved genetic pool could be irreversibly altered if modified genetic information is exchanged. We argue that an alien genetic code which is incompatible with nature is likely to assure the inhibition of all mechanisms of genetic information transfer in an open environment. The two conceivable routes to synthetic life are either de novo cellular design or the successive alienation of a complex biological organism through laboratory evolution. Here, we present the strategies that have been utilized to fundamentally alter the genetic code in its decoding rules or its molecular representation and anticipate future avenues in the pursuit of robust biocontainment.
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Nielsen ES, Beger M, Henriques R, Selkoe KA, von der Heyden S. Multispecies genetic objectives in spatial conservation planning. Conserv Biol 2017; 31:872-882. [PMID: 27925351 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing threats to biodiversity and global alteration of habitats and species distributions make it increasingly necessary to consider evolutionary patterns in conservation decision making. Yet, there is no clear-cut guidance on how genetic features can be incorporated into conservation-planning processes, despite multiple molecular markers and several genetic metrics for each marker type to choose from. Genetic patterns differ between species, but the potential tradeoffs among genetic objectives for multiple species in conservation planning are currently understudied. We compared spatial conservation prioritizations derived from 2 metrics of genetic diversity (nucleotide and haplotype diversity) and 2 metrics of genetic isolation (private haplotypes and local genetic differentiation) in mitochondrial DNA of 5 marine species. We compared outcomes of conservation plans based only on habitat representation with plans based on genetic data and habitat representation. Fewer priority areas were selected for conservation plans based solely on habitat representation than on plans that included habitat and genetic data. All 4 genetic metrics selected approximately similar conservation-priority areas, which is likely a result of prioritizing genetic patterns across a genetically diverse array of species. Largely, our results suggest that multispecies genetic conservation objectives are vital to creating protected-area networks that appropriately preserve community-level evolutionary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Nielsen
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Romina Henriques
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kimberly A Selkoe
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, U.S.A
| | - Sophie von der Heyden
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Porter AH, Wenger R, Geiger H, Scholl A, Shapiro AM. THE PONTIA DAPLIDICE-ED USA HYBRID ZONE IN NORTHWESTERN ITALY. Evolution 2017; 51:1561-1573. [PMID: 28568618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/1996] [Accepted: 05/21/1997] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pierid butterflies Pontia daplidice and P. edusa, parapatrically distributed in southern Europe, have very similar morphologies and life histories, but show fixed differences at four allozyme markers. We sampled these allozymes in a 28-population transect north of Genoa in Italy, through the hybrid zone where these taxa meet. We used the numerical techniques developed for hybrid zone analysis to study the patterns of genetic differentiation and their underlying evolutionary causes. The hybrid zone is characterized by a very short and steep central region, flanked by broad tails of introgression extended up to 100 km in either direction. From mean two-locus disequilibium of D = 0.148 (maximum-likelihood two-unit support limits 0.139-0.153), and after accounting for minor differences in the center locations of the single-locus clines, which act to bias the dispersal estimate, we estimated a dispersal rate of σ = 4.4 (3.7-5.5) km/gen1/2 . The effective selection needed to maintain the steep central portion is strong, 0.47 < s∗ < 0.64, when combined over potential intrinsic (genetic background) and extrinsic (ecological) sources of selection. The clines in allozyme loci showed variation that was significantly different between the most divergent shapes, and the differences are attributable to different degrees of introgression on the edusa side of the zone. The average selection acting on individual allozyme loci was high at s∗∗∗e 1.5%, but because of the narrowness of the central region of the cline, we suspect that this estimate is somewhat biased by selection on loci closely linked to the allozyme markers. A common question for taxa that show fixed allozyme differences in parapatry is whether or not they are genetically isolated. A fairly general measure of genetic isolation across hybrid zones is the time, T, that it takes a neutral allele to cross the hybrid zone and recombine into the opposite genetic background, given by T = (β/σ)2 , where β is the barrier strength of the hybrid zone. Genetic isolation in the Pontia zone is weak, with T 25 generations for most allozyme markers. By this measure, populations of daplidice and edusa on opposite sides of the hybrid zone share more identical-by-descent alleles than do populations of phenotypically pure daplidice in, say, France and Morocco. Accordingly, we think it best for systematists to consider edusa as a well-marked subspecies of P. daplidice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, 43403-0212
| | - Remo Wenger
- Zoologisches Institut der Universität Bern, Baltzerstrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hansjürg Geiger
- Zoologisches Institut der Universität Bern, Baltzerstrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adolf Scholl
- Zoologisches Institut der Universität Bern, Baltzerstrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arthur M Shapiro
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
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Shen Y, Kou Q, Chen W, He S, Yang M, Li X, Gan X. Comparative population structure of two dominant species, Shinkaia crosnieri (Munidopsidae: Shinkaia) and Bathymodiolus platifrons (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus), inhabiting both deep-sea vent and cold seep inferred from mitochondrial multi-genes. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3571-3582. [PMID: 28725351 PMCID: PMC5513293 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, limited environments without sunlight, are two types of extreme habitat for marine organisms. The differences between vents and cold seeps may facilitate genetic isolation and produce population heterogeneity. However, information on such chemosynthetic fauna taxa is rare, especially regarding the population diversity of species inhabiting both vents and cold seeps. In this study, three mitochondrial DNA fragments (the cytochrome c oxidase submit I (COI), cytochrome b gene (Cytb), and 16S) were concatenated as a mitochondrial concatenated dataset (MCD) to examine the genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of Shinkaia crosnieri and Bathymodiolus platifrons. The genetic diversity differences between vent and seep populations were statistically significant for S. crosnieri but not for B. platifrons. S. crosnieri showed less gene flow and higher levels of genetic differentiation between the vent and seep populations than B. platifrons. In addition, the results suggest that all the B. platifrons populations, but only the S. crosnieri vent populations, passed through a recent expansion or bottleneck. Therefore, different population distribution patterns for the two dominant species were detected; a pattern of population differentiation for S. crosnieri and a homogeneity pattern for B. platifrons. These different population distribution patterns were related to both extrinsic restrictive factors and intrinsic factors. Based on the fact that the two species were collected in almost identical or adjacent sampling sites, we speculated that the primary factors underlying the differences in the population distribution patterns were intrinsic. The historical demographics, dispersal ability, and the tolerance level of environmental heterogeneity are most likely responsible for the different distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430072HubeiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100039China
| | - Qi Kou
- Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao266071China
| | - Weitao Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430072HubeiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100039China
| | - Shunping He
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430072HubeiChina
| | - Mei Yang
- Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao266071China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao266071China
| | - Xiaoni Gan
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430072HubeiChina
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Ying LX, Zhang TT, Chiu CA, Chen TY, Luo SJ, Chen XY, Shen ZH. The phylogeography of Fagus hayatae (Fagaceae): genetic isolation among populations. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2805-16. [PMID: 27066254 PMCID: PMC4801808 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The beech species Fagus hayatae is an important relict tree species in subtropical China, whose biogeographical patterns may reflect floral responses to climate change in this region during the Quaternary. Previous studies have revealed phylogeography for three of the four Fagus species in China, but study on F. hayatae, the most sparsely distributed of these species, is still lacking. Here, molecular methods based on eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of nuclear DNA (nDNA) and three chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences were applied for analyses of genetic diversity and structure in 375 samples from 14 F. hayatae populations across its whole range. Both nDNA and cpDNA indicated a high level of genetic diversity in this species. Significant fixation indexes and departures from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, with a genetic differentiation parameter of Rst of 0.233, were detected in nDNA SSR loci among populations, especially those on Taiwan Island, indicating strong geographic partitioning. The populations were classified into two clusters, without a prominent signal of isolation‐by‐distance. For the 15 haplotypes detected in the cpDNA sequence fragments, there was a high genetic differentiation parameter (Gst = 0.712) among populations. A high Gst of 0.829 was also detected outside but not within the Sichuan Basin. Consistent with other Fagus species in China, no recent population expansion was detected from tests of neutrality and mismatch distribution analysis. Overall, genetic isolation with limited gene flow was prominent for this species and significant phylogeographic structures existed across its range except for those inside the Sichuan Basin. Our study suggested long‐term geographic isolation in F. hayatae with limited population admixture and the existence of multiple refugia in the mountainous regions of the Sichuan Basin and southeast China during the Quaternary. These results may provide useful information critical for the conservation of F. hayatae and other Chinese beech species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xiao Ying
- Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences The MOE Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- School of Life Sciences Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ching-An Chiu
- Experimental Forest/Department of Forestry National Chung Hsing University 250 Kuokuang Rd. Taichung 40227
| | - Tze-Ying Chen
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources National Ilan University 1 Sec. 1 Shen-Lung Road I-Lan 260
| | - Shu-Jin Luo
- School of Life Sciences Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chen
- College of Natural Resource and Environment East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Ze-Hao Shen
- Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences The MOE Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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Susoy V, Herrmann M, Kanzaki N, Kruger M, Nguyen CN, Rödelsperger C, Röseler W, Weiler C, Giblin-Davis RM, Ragsdale EJ, Sommer RJ. Large-scale diversification without genetic isolation in nematode symbionts of figs. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1501031. [PMID: 26824073 PMCID: PMC4730855 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Diversification is commonly understood to be the divergence of phenotypes accompanying that of lineages. In contrast, alternative phenotypes arising from a single genotype are almost exclusively limited to dimorphism in nature. We report a remarkable case of macroevolutionary-scale diversification without genetic divergence. Upon colonizing the island-like microecosystem of individual figs, symbiotic nematodes of the genus Pristionchus accumulated a polyphenism with up to five discrete adult morphotypes per species. By integrating laboratory and field experiments with extensive genotyping of individuals, including the analysis of 49 genomes from a single species, we show that rapid filling of potential ecological niches is possible without diversifying selection on genotypes. This uncoupling of morphological diversification and speciation in fig-associated nematodes has resulted from a remarkable expansion of discontinuous developmental plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Susoy
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Matthias Herrmann
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Natsumi Kanzaki
- Forest Pathology Laboratory, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Meike Kruger
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Chau N. Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Christian Rödelsperger
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Waltraud Röseler
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Weiler
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Robin M. Giblin-Davis
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida–IFAS, 3205 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Erik J. Ragsdale
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (E.J.R.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Ralf J. Sommer
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (E.J.R.); (R.J.S.)
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Shubina EA, Ponomareva EV, Klimov AV, Klimova AV, Kedrova OS. [Repetitive DNA sequences as an indicator of the level of genetic isolation in fish]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2015; 49:405-16. [PMID: 26107893 DOI: 10.7868/s0026898415030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the functional role is still unknown for most types of nuclear noncoding repetitive sequences, some of them proved to provide adequate phylogenetic and taxonomic markers for studying the genetic relationships of organisms at the species and within-species levels. Several markers were used in this work. First, microsatellite markers were used to examine populations varying in the extent of genetic subdivision in marine and anadromous fish, including the Chilean jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi, anadromous brown trout Salmo trutta, and isolated and anadromous char populations. Locus polymorphism was proportional to the gene flow between populations in all cases. Second, satellite DNA was used to study the phylogenetic relationships within the genera Salmo, Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus, and Coregonus. Genetic distances agreed well with the taxonomic relationships based on morphological traits and various biochemical markers and correlated with the evolutionary ages estimated for the groups by other markers. Third, RAPD PCR with a set of 20-mer primers was performed to study the genus Coregonus and anadromous and isolated populations and species of the genus Salvelinus. The resulting phylogenetic trees may help to resolve some disputable taxonomic issues for the groups. A comparison showed that several RAPD-detected sequences contain conserved fragments of coding sequences and polymorphic repeats (minisatellites) from intergenic regions or introns. The finding point to a nonrandom nature of repetitive DNA divergence and may reflect the evolution of the fish groups examined. Heterochromatic satellite repeats were assumed to contribute to generating a reproductive barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Shubina
- Belozersky Institute of Phyico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia.,Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia.,
| | - E V Ponomareva
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia
| | - A V Klimov
- Kamchatka Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Petropavlovsk Kamchatskii, 683000 Russia
| | - A V Klimova
- Kamchatka State Technical University, Petropavlovsk Kamchatskii, 683003 Russia
| | - O S Kedrova
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia
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Kanthaswamy S, Ng J, Satkoski Trask J, George DA, Kou AJ, Hoffman LN, Doherty TB, Houghton P, Smith DG. The genetic composition of populations of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) used in biomedical research. J Med Primatol 2013; 42:120-31. [PMID: 23480663 PMCID: PMC3651788 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic composition of cynomolgus macaques used in biomedical research is not as well-characterized as that of rhesus macaques. METHODS Populations of cynomolgus macaques from Sumatra, Corregidor, Mauritius, Singapore, Cambodia, and Zamboanga were analyzed using 24 STRs. RESULTS The Sumatran and Cambodian populations exhibited the highest allelic diversity, while the Mauritian population exhibited the lowest. Sumatran cynomolgus macaques were the most genetically similar to all others, consistent with an Indonesian origin of the species. The high diversity among Cambodian animals may result from interbreeding with rhesus macaques. The Philippine and Mauritian samples were the most divergent from other populations, the former due to separation from the Sunda Shelf by deepwater and the latter due to anthropogenic translocation and extreme founder effects. CONCLUSIONS Investigators should verify their research subjects' origin, ancestry, and pedigree to minimize risks to biomedical experimentation from genetic variance stemming from close kinship and mixed ancestry as these can obscure treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanthaswamy
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Scharsack JP, Schweyen H, Schmidt AM, Dittmar J, Reusch TB, Kurtz J. Population genetic dynamics of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in anthropogenic altered habitats. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1122-43. [PMID: 22833789 PMCID: PMC3402189 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In industrialized and/or agriculturally used landscapes, inhabiting species are exposed to a variety of anthropogenic changes in their environments. Genetic diversity may be reduced if populations encounter founder events, bottlenecks, or isolation. Conversely, genetic diversity may increase if populations adapt to changes in selective regimes in newly created habitats. With the present study, genetic variability of 918 sticklebacks from 43 samplings (21.3 ± 3.8 per sample) at 36 locations from cultivated landscapes in Northwest Germany was analyzed at nine neutral microsatellite loci. To test if differentiation is influenced by habitat alterations, sticklebacks were collected from ancient running waters and adjacent artificial stagnant waters, from brooks with salt water inflow of anthropogenic and natural origin and adjacent freshwater sites. Overall population structure was dominated by isolation by distance (IBD), which was significant across all populations, and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 10.6% of the variation was explained by river catchment area. Populations in anthropogenic modified habitats deviated from the general IBD structure and in the AMOVA, grouping by habitat type running/stagnant water explained 4.9% of variation and 1.4% of the variation was explained by salt-/freshwater habitat. Sticklebacks in salt-polluted water systems seem to exhibit elevated migratory activity between fresh- and saltwater habitats, reducing IBD. In other situations, populations showed distinct signs of genetic isolation, which in some locations was attributed to mechanical migration barriers, but in others to potential anthropogenic induced bottleneck or founder effects. The present study shows that anthropogenic habitat alterations may have diverse effects on the population genetic structure of inhabiting species. Depending on the type of habitat change, increased genetic differentiation, diversification, or isolation are possible consequences.
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Friesen VL, Smith AL, Gómez-Díaz E, Bolton M, Furness RW, González-Solís J, Monteiro LR. Sympatric speciation by allochrony in a seabird. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:18589-94. [PMID: 18006662 PMCID: PMC2141821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700446104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of sympatric speciation (the evolution of reproductive isolation between codistributed populations) in generating biodiversity is highly controversial. Whereas potential examples of sympatric speciation exist for plants, insects, and fishes, most theoretical models suggest that it requires conditions that are probably not common in nature, and only two possible cases have been described for tetrapods. One mechanism by which it could occur is through allochronic isolation-separation of populations by breeding time. Oceanodroma castro (the Madeiran or band-rumped storm-petrel) is a small seabird that nests on tropical and subtropical islands throughout the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In at least five archipelagos, different individuals breed on the same islands in different seasons. We compared variation in five microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial control region among 562 O. castro from throughout the species' range. We found that sympatric seasonal populations differ genetically within all five archipelagos and have ceased to exchange genes in two. Population and gene trees all indicate that seasonal populations within four of the archipelagos are more closely related to each other than to populations from the same season from other archipelagos; divergence of the fifth sympatric pair is too ancient for reliable inference. Thus, seasonal populations appear to have arisen sympatrically at least four times. This is the first evidence for sympatric speciation by allochrony in a tetrapod, and adds to growing indications that population differentiation and speciation can occur without geographic barriers to gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. L. Friesen
- *Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - A. L. Smith
- *Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - E. Gómez-Díaz
- Departament Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenue Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Bolton
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, U.K. Headquarters, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedforshire SG19 2DL, United Kingdom
- Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal; and
| | - R. W. Furness
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - J. González-Solís
- Departament Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenue Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. R. Monteiro
- Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal; and
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Abstract
We define a genetic species as a group of genetically compatible interbreeding natural populations that is genetically isolated from other such groups. This focus on genetic isolation rather than reproductive isolation distinguishes the Genetic Species Concept from the Biological Species Concept. Recognition of species that are genetically isolated (but not reproductively isolated) results in an enhanced understanding of biodiversity and the nature of speciation as well as speciation-based issues and evolution of mammals. We review criteria and methods for recognizing species of mammals and explore a theoretical scenario, the Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller (BDM) model, for understanding and predicting genetic diversity and speciation in mammals. If the BDM model is operating in mammals, then genetically defined phylogroups would be predicted to occur within species defined by morphology, and phylogroups experiencing stabilizing selection will evolve genetic isolation without concomitant morphological diversification. Such species will be undetectable using classical skin and skull morphology (Morphological Species Concept). Using cytochrome-b data from sister species of mammals recognized by classical morphological studies, we estimated the number of phylogroups that exist within mammalian species and hypothesize that there will be >2,000 currently unrecognized species of mammals. Such an underestimation significantly affects conclusions on the nature of speciation in mammals, barriers associated with evolution of genetic isolation, estimates of biodiversity, design of conservation initiatives, zoonoses, and so on. A paradigm shift relative to this and other speciation-based issues will be needed. Data that will be effective in detecting these "morphologically cryptic genetic species" are genetic, especially DNA-sequence data. Application of the Genetic Species Concept uses genetic data from mitochondrial and nuclear genomes to identify species and species boundaries, the extent to which the integrity of the gene pool is protected, nature of hybridization (if present), and introgression. Genetic data are unique in understanding species because the use of genetic data 1) can quantify genetic divergence from different aspects of the genome (mitochondrial and nuclear genes, protein coding genes, regulatory genes, mobile DNA, microsatellites, chromosomal rearrangements, heterochromatin, etc.); 2) can provide divergence values that increase with time, providing an estimate of time since divergence; 3) can provide a population genetics perspective; 4) is less subject to convergence and parallelism relative to other sets of characters; 5) can identify monophyly, sister taxa, and presence or absence of introgression; and 6) can accurately identify hybrid individuals (kinship and source of hybrid individuals, F(1)s, backcrosses, direction of hybridization, and in concert with other data identify which hybrids are sterile or fertile). The proposed definition of the Genetic Species Concept is more compatible with a description of biodiversity of mammals than is "reproductively isolated species." Genetic profiles of mammalian species will result in a genetic description of species and mammalian diversity, and such studies are being accelerated by technological advances that reduce cost and increase speed and efficiency of generating genetic data. We propose that this genetic revolution remain museum- and voucher specimen-based and that new names are based on a holotype (including associated tissues) deposited in an accredited museum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - Robert D. Bradley
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
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