1
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Wommack A, Holloway AB, Stallings KA, Lundin PM. Scaling the Process Chemistry of a COVID-19 Antiviral Pharmaceutical Down for a Multistep Synthesis Experiment in the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory. J Chem Educ 2024; 101:1211-1217. [PMID: 38495616 PMCID: PMC10938635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Molnupiravir is an orally bioavailable direct acting antiviral agent that received emergency use authorization in late 2021 from the FDA for the treatment of patients with mild, moderate, or severe COVID-19. This prodrug is metabolized into a ribonucleoside that is incorporated into the viral RNA during replication. Its tautomerization between cytidine- and uridine-like forms ultimately causes multiple irreversible errors in the genetic code of the virus, which prevents successful viral replication. There are multiple process chemistry routes for molnupiravir synthesis published in the literature that attempt to maximize synthetic yield while minimizing cost and waste, which are goals similar to those of an implementable educational laboratory experiment for the teaching laboratory. We have developed a multiweek laboratory module for undergraduate students in which students conduct a multistep synthesis of molnupiravir. Specifically, our Organic Chemistry II Laboratory students performed the final two steps of molnupiravir synthesis using procedures derived directly from the published process chemistry literature. We utilized this opportunity to introduce students to reading and interpreting these primary experimental sources. Students obtained authentic characterization data via high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to assess the conversion and purity of their products at each synthetic step. We report our in-lab activities and student generated data as well as suggestions for how this laboratory experiment could be tailored to meet similar learning objectives in other courses, such as medicinal chemistry or capstone laboratory courses, and as a function of available instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
J. Wommack
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
- Cambrex, High Point, North Carolina 27265, United States
| | - Aaliyah B. Holloway
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Kaitlyn A. Stallings
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Pamela M. Lundin
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
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2
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Saura-Sanmartin A, Lopez-Sanchez J, Lopez-Leonardo C, Pastor A, Berna J. Exploring the Chemistry of the Mechanical Bond: Synthesis of a [2]Rotaxane through Multicomponent Reactions. J Chem Educ 2023; 100:3355-3363. [PMID: 37720524 PMCID: PMC10501439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a [2]rotaxane through three- or five-component coupling reactions has been adapted to an organic chemistry experiment for upper-division students. The experimental procedure addresses the search for the most favorable reaction conditions for the synthesis of the interlocked compound, which is obtained in a yield of up to 71%. Moreover, the interlocked nature of the rotaxane is proven by NMR spectroscopy. The content of the sessions has been designed on the basis of a proactive methodology whereby upper-division undergraduate students have a dynamic role. The laboratory experience not only introduces students to the chemistry of the mechanical bond but also reinforces their previous knowledge of basic organic laboratory procedures and their skills with structural elucidation techniques such as NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies. The experiment has been designed in such a customizable way that both experimental procedures and laboratory material can be adapted to a wide range of undergraduate course curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jorge Lopez-Sanchez
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Lopez-Leonardo
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Aurelia Pastor
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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3
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Shaffer T, Herrada CU, Walker AM, Casto-Boggess LD, Holland LA, Johnson TR, Jones ME, Elshamy YS. A Cost-Effective Microfluidic Device to Teach the Principles of Electrophoresis and Electroosmosis. J Chem Educ 2023; 100:2782-2788. [PMID: 37455796 PMCID: PMC10339723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoresis is integral to analytical and biochemistry experiences in undergraduate education; however, fundamental principles of the method are often taught in upper-level laboratories through hands-on experiences. A laboratory activity is reported that teaches the concepts of electrophoretic mobility and electroosmotic flow. A single reuseable instrument, called a mini-E, costs 37 USD and consists of a DC power supply, a voltmeter, platinum electrodes, and a chip cast in polydimethylsiloxane. This activity uses common reagents costing only 0.02 USD per student. Experiments are devised that allow students to investigate the properties of electrophoretic flow and electroosmotic flow by separating the two commonly used food dyeing agents Brilliant Blue FCF and Allura Red AC in vinegar and in a solution of ammonium hydroxide. A dark-purple mixture of these dyes is separated into red and blue bands that are easily visualized. The migration order of the dyes differs when the separation is performed under conditions of reversed polarity and suppressed electroosmotic flow (vinegar) compared to conditions of normal polarity and active electroosmotic flow (ammonium hydroxide). When delivered to chemistry majors, students had a significant gain in their ability to apply the concepts of electroosmosis and electrophoresis to predict analyte migration. Although this activity targets upper-level chemistry content, it can also be adapted for other laboratory experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler
A. Shaffer
- C.
Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Carlos U. Herrada
- Department
of Chemistry, St. Norbert College, De Pere, Wisconsin 54115, United States
| | - Avery M. Walker
- C.
Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Laura D. Casto-Boggess
- C.
Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Lisa A. Holland
- C.
Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Timothy R. Johnson
- C.
Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Megan E. Jones
- C.
Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Yousef S. Elshamy
- C.
Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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4
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Zhang W, Liu R, Shi Y, Xing H, Zhang J. Hybrid Model Teaching in the Postepidemic Period: From Nucleic Acid to Antigen for the Fluorescence Analysis of SARS-CoV-2. J Chem Educ 2023; 100:2339-2346. [PMID: 37552782 PMCID: PMC10184538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the global spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), education has shifted to distance online learning, whereas some face-to-face courses have been resumed with the improvement of the outbreak prevention and management situation, including a laboratory course for senior undergraduate students in chemical biology. Here, we present an innovative chemical biology experiment covering COVID-19 topics, which was created for third-year undergraduates. The basic principles of two nucleic-acid- and antigen-based diagnostic techniques for SARS-CoV-2 are demonstrated in detail. These experiments are designed to provide students with comprehensive knowledge of COVID-19 and related diagnoses in daily life. Crucially, the biosafety of this experimental manipulation was ensured by using artificial nucleic acids and recombinant protein. Furthermore, an interactive hybrid online-facing teaching model was designed to cover the key mechanism regarding PCR and serological tests of COVID-19. Finally, a satisfactory evaluation was obtained through a questionnaire, and simultaneously, reasonable improvements to the course design were suggested. The proposed curriculum provides all the necessary information for other instructors to create new courses supported by research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life
Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine
Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing
210023, China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life
Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine
Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing
210023, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life
Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine
Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing
210023, China
| | - Hang Xing
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of
Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Hunan University, Changsha 410082,
China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life
Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine
Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing
210023, China
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5
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Silva JC, Rosado MTS, Maria TMR, Pereira Silva PS, Silva MR, Eusébio MES. Introduction to Pharmaceutical Co-amorphous Systems Using a Green Co-milling Technique. J Chem Educ 2023; 100:1627-1632. [PMID: 37067885 PMCID: PMC10100544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The concept of co-amorphous systems is introduced in an integrated laboratory experiment, designed for advanced chemistry students, using solvent-free, environmentally friendly mechanochemistry. The dual-drug naproxen-cimetidine co-amorphous system (NPX-CIM) is investigated as an example of the emergent field of medicinal mechanochemistry. Students are trained in solid-state characterization techniques including X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry. This lab experiment also provides an opportunity to discuss the relevance of different solid forms of pharmaceutics, emphasizing particular properties of disordered materials. This experiment can easily fit the curriculum of any Chemistry or Pharmacy master level degree in courses dealing with instrumental analysis, solid state chemistry, or green chemistry, for classes of 6 to 18 students, in a 5-h lab session. Suggestions to adapt it to the use of a single characterization technique are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana
F. C. Silva
- CQC-IMS,
Dep. de Química, Universidade de
Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal
| | - Mário T. S. Rosado
- CQC-IMS,
Dep. de Química, Universidade de
Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal
| | - Teresa M. R. Maria
- CQC-IMS,
Dep. de Química, Universidade de
Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal
| | | | - Manuela Ramos Silva
- CFisUC,
Dep. de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra 3000-370, Portugal
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6
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Wilbourn E, Alrimaly S, Williams H, Hurst J, McGovern GP, Anderson TA, Hiranuma N. Integrated Science Teaching in Atmospheric Ice Nucleation Research: Immersion Freezing Experiments. J Chem Educ 2023; 100:1511-1522. [PMID: 37067867 PMCID: PMC10100551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces hands-on curricular modules integrated with research in atmospheric ice nucleation, which is an important phenomenon potentially influencing global climate change. The primary goal of this work is to promote meaningful laboratory exercises to enhance the competence of students in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) by applying an appropriate methodology to laboratory ice nucleation measurements. To achieve this goal, three laboratory modules were developed with 18 STEM interns and tested by 28 students in a classroom setting. Students were trained to experimentally simulate atmospheric ice nucleation and cloud droplet freezing. For practical training, this work utilized a simple freezing assay device called the West Texas Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test (WT-CRAFT) system. More specifically, students were provided with hands-on lessons to calibrate WT-CRAFT with deionized water and apply analytical techniques to understand the physicochemical properties of bulk water and droplet freezing. All procedures to implement the developed modules were typewritten during this process, and shareable read-ahead exploration materials were developed and compiled as a curricular product. Additionally, students conducted complementary analyses to identify possible catalysts of heterogeneous freezing in the water. The water analyses included: pH, conductivity, surface tension, and electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. During the data and image analysis process, students learned how to analyze droplet freezing spectra as a function of temperature, screen and interpret the data, perform uncertainty analyses, and estimate ice nucleation efficiency using computer programs. Based on the formal program assessment of learning outcomes and direct (yet deidentified) student feedback, we broadly achieved our goals to (1) improve their problem-solving skills by combining multidisciplinary science and math skills and (2) disseminate data and results with variability and uncertainty. The developed modules can be applied at any institute to advance undergraduate and graduate curricula in environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise
K. Wilbourn
- Department
of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, United States
| | - Sarah Alrimaly
- Department
of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, United States
| | - Holly Williams
- Department
of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, United States
| | - Jacob Hurst
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, West Texas A&M
University, Canyon, Texas 79016, United
States
| | - Gregory P. McGovern
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, West Texas A&M
University, Canyon, Texas 79016, United
States
| | - Todd A. Anderson
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas 79416, United States
| | - Naruki Hiranuma
- Department
of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, United States
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7
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Kelley EW. A Day in the Life: Characterization of Doctoral Bench Research in Synthetic Chemistry Using Phenomenological Case Studies. J Chem Educ 2023; 100:442-458. [PMID: 36812103 PMCID: PMC9933917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of reform efforts, STEM education continues to face calls for improvement, especially regarding the teaching laboratory. Establishing an empirical understanding of the types of hands-on, psychomotor skills that students need to learn to succeed in downstream careers could help ensure laboratory courses are promoting authentic learning. Therefore, this paper reports phenomenological grounded theory case studies characterizing the nature of benchwork in synthetic organic chemistry graduate research. Through first-person video data and retrospective interviews, the results illustrate how organic chemistry students use psychomotor skills to conduct doctoral research and where they acquired those skills. By understanding the role that psychomotor skills play in authentic benchwork and the role that teaching laboratories play in the development of those skills, chemical educators could revolutionize undergraduate laboratory experiences by enabling evidence-based incorporation of the psychomotor component into laboratory learning objectives.
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8
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Johnson T, Shaffer TA, Holland LA, Veltri LM, Lucas JA, Elshamy YS, Rutto PK. A Low-Cost and Simple Demonstration of Freezing Point Depression and Colligative Properties with Common Salts and Ice Cream. J Chem Educ 2022; 99:3590-3594. [PMID: 36277356 PMCID: PMC9578014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory activity was developed to teach freezing point depression and colligative properties to introductory-level chemistry students. The laboratory uses food-grade reagents and is delivered in two units that can be taught in a single 2 hour session or two separate sessions. The total cost of the consumables is 1 USD. In the first part of this two-part activity, students perform measurements on the properties of five salt solutions to better know and understand freezing point depression. In the second part of the activity, students apply their knowledge and understanding of freezing point depression to make ice cream. The ice-cream-making experiment is delivered as a group activity to encourage reflection. Centering this experiment on ice cream allows students to connect properties described in chemistry to everyday life. The solutions used in the experiment are reusable and nonhazardous. The experiment can be implemented in a classroom, in a teaching laboratory, or at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy
R. Johnson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Tyler A. Shaffer
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lisa A. Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lindsay M. Veltri
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - John A. Lucas
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Yousef S. Elshamy
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Patrick K. Rutto
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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9
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Fernandes PA, Passos Ó, Ramos MJ. Necessity is the Mother of Invention: A Remote Molecular Bioinformatics Practical Course in the COVID-19 Era. J Chem Educ 2022; 99:2147-2153. [PMID: 35529516 PMCID: PMC9063112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought many challenges to human beings, related to not only health and way of life but also teaching because of the interruption of the standard training at universities imposed by lockdowns. Concerning the latter, the academic community had to reinvent itself, in many ways, to carry on with prepandemic education. This article focuses on the use of modern technology and software to create a virtual, highly interactive classroom where a remote but still hands-on course on molecular bioinformatics can be taught, motivating the university students and helping them learn the course contents without significant compromises imposed by successive lockdowns. We implemented such a virtual hands-on molecular bioinformatics course in the second semester of the 2020/2021 academic year. Furthermore, we compared the learning outcomes with those for the earlier editions of the same course in the pre-COVID-19 era, in which the more traditional teaching method was used where all teaching was delivered with physically present lecturers. The virtual classroom proposed here allowed the students to develop skills close to, although slightly below, those obtained with physically present learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. Fernandes
- LAQV/Departamento de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Óscar Passos
- LAQV/Departamento de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- LAQV/Departamento de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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10
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Vargas-Oviedo D, Morantes SJ, Diaz-Báez D. Human Salivary α-Amylase and Starch Digestion: A Simple and Inexpensive At-Home Laboratory Experience in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Chem Educ 2021; 98:3975-3983. [PMID: 37556287 PMCID: PMC8577362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 in Colombia was detected on March 6, 2020. Subsequently, schools, colleges, and universities were closed on March 26, which forced a massive migration to virtual education and impacted laboratory-based teaching courses. The teaching of biochemistry requires an experimental component that virtual laboratories cannot emulate. To address this concern, the article describes an at-home biochemistry laboratory experience that explores the hydrolysis of starch by α-amylase as a function of enzyme concentration, reaction time, and pH. The general success of the experience was assessed through the quality of information submitted through laboratory reports and feedback from students. A total of 19 laboratory reports were reviewed, and 50 students were surveyed. The analysis indicated that approximately 90% of students expressed favorable opinions about the experience. They understood the objective of the practice, identified the function of each material, and explained the relationship between the obtained results and concepts of enzyme activity presented in theoretical classes. Finally, the study concluded that the at-home laboratory experience is inexpensive and easy to perform outside the traditional laboratory. Furthermore, it enables a genuine practical experience with observations, data collection, analysis, and discussion of results, which meets the expectations for pharmaceutical chemistry students at the Universidad El Bosque in Bogotá, Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vargas-Oviedo
- Semillero de Investigación en
Aplicaciones de Productos Orgánicos Sintéticos-PRONASI,
Grupo de Investigación en
Química Aplicada-INQA, Programa Química
Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad El Bosque. Av.
Carrera 9 #131 A-02, Bogotá D.C. 110121,
Colombia
| | - Sandra Johanna Morantes
- Semillero de Investigación en
Aplicaciones de Productos Orgánicos Sintéticos-PRONASI,
Grupo de Investigación en
Química Aplicada-INQA, Programa Química
Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad El Bosque. Av.
Carrera 9 #131 A-02, Bogotá D.C. 110121,
Colombia
| | - David Diaz-Báez
- Unidad de Investigación
Básica Oral-UIBO, Facultad de Odontología,
Universidad El Bosque, Av. Carrera 9
#131 A-02, Bogotá D.C. 110121,
Colombia
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11
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Mosiagin I, Pallitsch K, Klose I, Preinfalk A, Maulide N. As Similar As Possible, As Different As Necessary - On-Site Laboratory Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Chem Educ 2021; 98:3143-3152. [PMID: 37556260 PMCID: PMC8442609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Most of the available information on studying under the challenging conditions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic emphasizes a variety of aspects on how to digitalize the whole teaching process. Thus, several useful and potentially game-changing strategies have been reported recently. In contrast to the digitalization of teaching, in this article, we focus on the reverse process: transitioning back to offline teaching, which is unavoidable especially for the acquisition of practical skills during chemistry studies. In this work, we describe our own experience acquired during the Organic Chemistry practical course at the University of Vienna, which was held in June 2020 and onwards. The article contains descriptions of precautions and measures that were taken, additional materials, and necessary changes made in order to safely continue on-site course teaching. We anticipate that this set of precautions can be used in an adapted fashion for any type of laboratory course. Further, we offer a critical analysis of students' and instructors' opinions concerning the changes and well-being during the course. Those opinions were collected via a detailed survey. From our experience, with careful planning and responsible behavior, a return to on-site education is possible and warmly welcomed by all involved participants. The detailed description of our course may also be useful for those who need to start a new organic laboratory course or want to improve an existing one.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090
Vienna,Austria
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12
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Kelley EW. LAB Theory, HLAB Pedagogy, and Review of Laboratory Learning in Chemistry during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Chem Educ 2021; 98:2496-2517. [PMID: 37556258 PMCID: PMC8291136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The role and efficacy of the laboratory in chemical education have recently been a subject of renewed discussion as researchers are called upon to address the question of whether laboratory education lives up to expectations. The COVID-19 pandemic, which forced most of the global student population to temporarily adopt remote learning, offers an unparalleled case study to investigate types of outcomes resulting from a variety of adjustments made to laboratory education. This scoping review article focuses on the reports of laboratory learning in chemistry and closely related disciplines during COVID-19 to analyze the types of adjustments made to laboratory curricula and the immediate effect of these adjustments on students. The aggregated findings suggest that a lack of hands-on laboratory experience was detrimental to certain types of learning and engagement but that other types of learning were successfully achieved remotely. For researchers, departments, and university administrators, the differentiation in these findings could help inform the ongoing discussion about the future of laboratory education. For instructors and student support staff, the findings indicate potential areas of deficiency and strength for the COVID-19 student cohort going forward. Finally, a laboratory learning theory and pedagogy are proposed to guide the use of the laboratory in chemical education and potentially in other laboratory-based sciences as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W. Kelley
- Laboratory Schools, University of
Chicago, 1362 East 59th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
- Chemistry Department, University of
Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
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13
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Shen J, Chen C. Anaerobic digestion as a laboratory experiment for undergraduate biochemistry courses. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2021; 49:108-114. [PMID: 32738180 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Compared to aerobic catabolism, the theories and experiments of anaerobic catabolism are not covered in depth in biochemistry education curricula. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a feasible method for converting common organic compounds to renewable energy-methane that has drawn a great deal of attention in practical applications. In this study, we designed an AD laboratory experiment for use in undergraduate biochemistry courses to supplement the knowledge of metabolic networks in biochemistry and extend the information presented in biochemistry textbooks. In this laboratory experiment, students explored the methane production performance of wheat straw (WS; a representative and commonly available agricultural waste) and mastered a reasonable method for utilizing this new biochemical reaction to convert organic wastes from renewable resources to methane. Basic experimental procedures, such as a biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay, data analysis, and graphic presentations were organized to provide students with abundant hands-on experience. Furthermore, calculations of significant parameters, such as total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), experimental methane yield (EMY), maximum theoretical methane production (MMP), and biodegradability (BD ), were also performed. From this AD experiment, students learned not only a new series of biochemical reactions but also a novel strategy to achieve cleaner methane production from organic wastes, exhibiting a positive impact for students' learning in biochemistry course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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14
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Fogde A, Kurtén B, Sandberg T, Huynh TP. Colorimetric Hydrogel from Natural Indicators: A Tool for Electrochemistry Education. J Chem Educ 2020; 97:3702-3706. [PMID: 33071310 PMCID: PMC7558295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electrolysis of water is popular both as lab work and as a demonstration. In this activity, the electrolysis of water in the presence of a pH indicator is used to produce text and symbols. This report describes the design of an environmentally friendly setup of a writing board utilizing the electrolysis of water in a hydrogel environment. The activity can be performed by only using chemicals and materials that are easily accessible to everyone, with no special permit needed. The writing board has been developed mainly as an outreach activity for our faculty and has been assessed during visits from upper secondary school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fogde
- Faculty of Science
and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20500, Finland
| | - Berit Kurtén
- Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa 65100, Finland
| | - Thomas Sandberg
- Faculty of Science
and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20500, Finland
| | - Tan-Phat Huynh
- Faculty of Science
and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20500, Finland
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15
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Driscoll EH, Hayward EC, Patchett R, Anderson PA, Slater PR. The Building Blocks of Battery Technology: Using Modified Tower Block Game Sets to Explain and Aid the Understanding of Rechargeable Li-Ion Batteries. J Chem Educ 2020; 97:2231-2237. [PMID: 32801390 PMCID: PMC7424848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While Li-ion batteries are abundant in everyday life from smart phones to electric vehicles, there are a lack of educational resources that can explain their operation, particularly their rechargeable nature. It is also important that any such resource can be understood by a wide range of age groups and backgrounds. To this end, we describe how modified tower block games sets, such as Jenga, can be used to explain the operation of Li-ion batteries. The sets can also be utilized to explain more advanced topics such as battery degradation and challenges with charging these batteries at high rates. In order to make the resource more inclusive, we also illustrate modifications to prepare tactile tower block sets, so that the activity is also suitable for blind and partially sighted students. Feedback from a range of groups supports the conclusion that the tower block sets are a useful tool to explain Li-ion battery concepts.
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16
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Kvittingen L, Sjursnes BJ. Demonstrating Basic Properties and Application of Polarimetry Using a Self-Constructed Polarimeter. J Chem Educ 2020; 97:2196-2202. [PMID: 32905174 PMCID: PMC7467646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An easily constructed and inexpensive polarimeter with an optical rotation angle resolution of about 0.5° is presented. It is made from small pieces of polarizing film, 2 LEDs, a protractor, and a few wires, all held in place with plastic interlocking toy bricks, such as Lego bricks. The instrument was used to demonstrate the optical rotation of plane polarized light as a function of concentration, path length, temperature, and wavelength, and to determine enantiomeric excess in solutions of arabinose, the amount of limonene in citrus ski wax remover, and optical rotations of various types of honeys and essential oils. Results were comparable to values obtained on a commercial scientific instrument, and with literature values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Kvittingen
- Department
of Chemistry, NTNU, Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Duda M, Rafalska-Łasocha A, Łasocha W. Plane and Frieze Symmetry Group Determination for Educational Purposes. J Chem Educ 2020; 97:2169-2174. [PMID: 33122864 PMCID: PMC7588026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional symmetry plays a crucial role in crystallography education. The educational process can be facilitated by introducing the analysis of friezes and plane patterns such as parquets before presenting more sophisticated crystal structures. Analysis of the symmetry of parquets can serve as an opportunity to follow the full routine of finding symmetry group symbols through incorporation of a two-step procedure involving the determination of Bravais lattice type. The aim of this paper is to provide a simple description of the analysis of Bravais lattices and pattern symmetry that can be used by students as well as crystallography educators. The procedure is also summarized in the form of comprehensive tree charts. This form is easy to use and popular with students. It may also aid in the retention of certain facts concerning crystallographic methodology. Examples of patterns in frieze and parquet forms were taken from the interiors of Kórnik Castle (Poland), which exhibit Moorish-style ornamentation including dichroic patterns and constitute an important locus of cultural heritage capable of strengthening students' motivation.
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18
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Andrews JL, de Los Rios JP, Rayaluru M, Lee S, Mai L, Schusser A, Mak CH. Experimenting with At-Home General Chemistry Laboratories During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Chem Educ 2020; 97:1887-1894. [PMID: 37556272 PMCID: PMC7336719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, an at-home laboratory program was created and implemented for a section of the general chemistry course at the University of Southern California. The experiments were designed to only utilize safe household items and no special equipment. These laboratory activities, spanning over 4 weeks, focused on concepts usually covered in the final one-third of our second-semester chemistry laboratory, including pH, acid-base titrations, buffers, solubility, phase equilibria, and thermodynamics. In this article, we describe the design of the laboratories and our experience with this experiment, while also providing an assessment on how similar activities could be integrated profitably into a regular general chemistry course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Andrews
- Department of Chemistry,
Department of Biological Sciences, and
Center of Applied Mathematical Sciences,
University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Juan Pablo de Los Rios
- Department of Chemistry,
Department of Biological Sciences, and
Center of Applied Mathematical Sciences,
University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mythreyi Rayaluru
- Department of Chemistry,
Department of Biological Sciences, and
Center of Applied Mathematical Sciences,
University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Seungwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry,
Department of Biological Sciences, and
Center of Applied Mathematical Sciences,
University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Lilly Mai
- Department of Chemistry,
Department of Biological Sciences, and
Center of Applied Mathematical Sciences,
University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anna Schusser
- Department of Chemistry,
Department of Biological Sciences, and
Center of Applied Mathematical Sciences,
University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Chi H. Mak
- Department of Chemistry,
Department of Biological Sciences, and
Center of Applied Mathematical Sciences,
University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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19
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Jefferson MT, Rutter C, Fraine K, Borges GVB, de Souza Santos GM, Schoene FAP, Hurst GA. Valorization of Sour Milk to Form Bioplastics: Friend or Foe? J Chem Educ 2020; 97:1073-1076. [PMID: 32308213 PMCID: PMC7161078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A demonstration was developed to introduce students to waste valorization in order to form bioplastics. Waste valorization is the process of reusing, recycling, or composting, from waste, useful products or sources of energy. In this demonstration, waste valorization is introduced by converting sour milk into a bioplastic via the addition of lemon juice upon heating. Utilizing lemon juice to perform the acidification offers a greener procedure than the traditional formaldehyde (used commercially to make galalith) and enhances the transferability in remote locations such as the Amazon Rainforest in comparison to vinegar. Students can establish connections to relevant United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) by adopting a systems thinking approach. However, through this, it is noteworthy that this process is also used (particularly in the Indian subcontinent) to make paneer, a farmer cheese. While this also enables students to make a link to additional UN SDGs pertaining to "zero hunger", there is an ethical discussion to be had as to whether such a process that is utilized to feed malnourished citizens should be used to make a decorative bioplastic. As such, despite this demonstration being transferrable, instructors may consider carefully whether to utilize this resource, and, if so, to use this as an opportunity to teach the importance of ethics in science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T. Jefferson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England,
United Kingdom
| | - Connor Rutter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England,
United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Fraine
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England,
United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel V. B. Borges
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Escola SESC de Ensino
Médio, Av Ayrton
Senna 5677, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela M. de Souza Santos
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Escola SESC de Ensino
Médio, Av Ayrton
Senna 5677, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Frederico A. P. Schoene
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Escola SESC de Ensino
Médio, Av Ayrton
Senna 5677, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Glenn A. Hurst
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England,
United Kingdom
- Green
Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England, United Kingdom
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20
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Wietsma JJ, van der Veen JT, Buesink W, van den Berg A, Odijk M. Lab-on-a-Chip: Frontier Science in the Classroom. J Chem Educ 2018; 95:267-275. [PMID: 30258250 PMCID: PMC6150665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.7b00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip technology is brought into the classroom through development of a lesson series with hands-on practicals. Students can discover the principles of microfluidics with different practicals covering laminar flow, micromixing, and droplet generation, as well as trapping and counting beads. A quite affordable novel production technique using scissor-cut and laser-cut lamination sheets is presented, which provides good insight into how scientific lab-on-a-chip devices are produced. In this way high school students can now produce lab-on-a-chip devices using lamination sheets and their own lab-on-a-chip design. We begin with a review of previous reports on the use of lab-on-a-chip technology in classrooms, followed by an overview of the practicals and projects we have developed with student safety in mind. We conclude with an educational scenario and some initial promising results for student learning outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jaap Wietsma
- Pre-U
/ ELAN Department of Teacher Development, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Jan T. van der Veen
- Pre-U
/ ELAN Department of Teacher Development, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred Buesink
- Micronit
Microfluidics B.V., Colosseum 15, 7521 PV Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS
Research Group, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS
Research Group, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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21
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Ramirez-Paz J, Ortiz-Andrade BM, Griebenow K, Díaz-Vázquez L. Show Yourself, Asparaginase: An Enzymatic Reaction Explained through a Hands-On Interactive Activity. J Chem Educ 2017; 94:722-725. [PMID: 29599566 PMCID: PMC5867643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Determining the catalytic activity of an enzyme can be the perfect method for its identification, for example during purification procedures or for isolation purposes. Herein, we used a pharmaceutically relevant protein to bring the concept of enzymatic activity to the classroom. We designed a hands-on interactive activity in which a medically relevant enzyme, asparaginase, was distinguished from a nonenzymatic protein based on its specific enzymatic activity. The experiment was carried out in the classroom, designed to impact different educational levels from elementary to high school. Our main purposes were to promote the emerging field of protein-based drugs as a source of scientific careers in bionanotechnology and to show the students an image of a "scientist" as that of a common and educated person working in an exciting profession. In addition of being inexpensive, this activity proved to be adaptable for various educational levels and can be easily implemented in different scenarios, for example, scientific fairs, some schools, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josell Ramirez-Paz
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, United States
| | - Bonny M. Ortiz-Andrade
- Department
of Graduate Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23304, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3304, United States
- Institute
for Functional Nanomaterials, University
of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras
Campus, San Juan, Puerto
Rico 00931-3304, United
States
| | - Kai Griebenow
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, United States
| | - Liz Díaz-Vázquez
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, United States
- Institute
for Functional Nanomaterials, University
of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras
Campus, San Juan, Puerto
Rico 00931-3304, United
States
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22
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Anumukonda LN, Young A, Lynn DG, Buckley R, Warrayat A, Graves CL, Bean HD, Hud NV. Adenine Synthesis in a Model Prebiotic Reaction: Connecting Origin of Life Chemistry with Biology. J Chem Educ 2011; 88:1698-1701. [PMID: 22075932 PMCID: PMC3210525 DOI: 10.1021/ed1012074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many high school laboratory experiments demonstrate concepts related to biological evolution, but few exist that allow students to investigate life's chemical origins. This series of laboratory experiments has been developed to allow students to explore and appreciate the deep connection that exists between prebiotic chemistry, chemical evolution, and contemporary biological systems. In the first experiment of the series, students synthesize adenine, one of the purine nucleobases of DNA and RNA, from plausibly prebiotic precursor molecules. Students compare their product to authentic standards using thin-layer chromatography. The second and third experiments of the series allow students to extract DNA from a familiar organism, the strawberry, and hydrolyze it, releasing adenine, which they can then compare to the previously chemically-synthesized adenine. A fourth, optional experiment is included where the technique of thin-layer chromatography is introduced and chromatographic skills are developed for use in the other three experiments that comprise this series. Concepts relating to organic and analytical chemistry, as well as biochemistry and DNA structure, are incorporated throughout, allowing this series of laboratory experiments to be easily inserted into existing laboratory courses and to reinforce concepts already included in any high school chemistry or biology curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi N. Anumukonda
- Riverwood International Charter School, 5900 Heards Drive NW, Sandy Springs, Georgia 30328, United States
| | - Avery Young
- Roswell High School, 11595 King Road, Roswell, Georgia 30075, United States
| | - David G. Lynn
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ragan Buckley
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Amena Warrayat
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christina L. Graves
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Heather D. Bean
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nicholas V. Hud
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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23
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Smith DH, Wilson M, Ronhovde K, Wilson E, Clevette D, Lucas K, Holmes A. Enzymatic Resolution of 1-Phenylethanol and Formation of a Diastereomer: An Undergraduate H NMR Experiment To Introduce Chiral Chemistry. J Chem Educ 2011; 88:334-336. [PMID: 21359111 PMCID: PMC3045260 DOI: 10.1021/ed100325p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This organic laboratory experiment introduces students to stereoselective enzyme reactions, resolution of enantiomers, and NMR analysis of diastereomers. The reaction between racemic 1-phenylethanol and vinyl acetate in hexane to form an ester is catalyzed by acylase I. The unreacted alcohol is then treated with a chiral acid and the resulting ester diastereomer is analyzed by NMR. This experiment is suitable for group work in the laboratory as several diastereomers are synthesized and compared to determine which enantiomer of 1-phenylethanol reacts with the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Doane College, Crete, Nebraska 68333
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24
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LaFratta CN, Huh SP, Mallillin AC, Riviello PJ, Walt DR. Visualizing Fluorescence: Using a Homemade Fluorescence "Microscope" to View Latent Fingerprints on Paper. J Chem Educ 2010; 87:1105-1107. [PMID: 20852733 PMCID: PMC2940251 DOI: 10.1021/ed100290w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe an inexpensive handheld fluorescence imager (low-magnification microscope), constructed from poly(vinyl chloride) pipe and other inexpensive components for use as a teaching tool to understand the principles of fluorescence detection. Optical filters are used to select the excitation and emission wavelengths and can be easily interchanged to accommodate different fluorescent samples. As a demonstration, we used the fluorescence imager to view lawsone-dyed fingerprints on paper, which fluoresce red when illuminated with green light. This emission can be seen by viewing the sample through the instrument by eye, or the fluorescence can be captured by a camera. The entire imager can be built for less than $300.
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25
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Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has become an important optical biosensing technology in the areas of biochemistry, biology, and medical sciences because of its real-time, label-free, and noninvasive nature. The high cost of commercial devices and consumables has prevented SPR from being introduced in the undergraduate laboratory. Here we present an affordable homemade SPR device with all of its components accessible to visualization. This design allows ease of integration with electrochemistry and makes the device suitable for education. We describe a laboratory experiment in which students examine the relationship between the SPR angle and the solution refractive index at the interface and perform a coupled SPR-electrochemistry experiment. Students also study the antibody-antigen binding activity. Most of the experimental work was done as a project by a grade 12 high-school student under proper supervision. We believe that the SPR device and the SPR laboratory will enhance undergraduate chemical education by introducing students to this important modern instrumentation and will help students to learn and understand the molecular interactions occurring at interfaces.
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26
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Kaneko F, Monjushiro H. Photoacoustic Experimental System To Confirm Infrared Absorption Due to Greenhouse Gases. J Chem Educ 2010; 87:202-204. [PMID: 20084177 PMCID: PMC2806634 DOI: 10.1021/ed8000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An experimental system for detecting infrared absorption using the photoacoustic (PA) effect is described. It is aimed for use at high-school level to illustrate the difference in infrared (IR) absorption among the gases contained in the atmosphere in connection with the greenhouse effect. The experimental system can be built with readily available components and is suitable for small-group experiments. The PA signal from a greenhouse gas (GHG), such as CO(2), H(2)O, and CH(4), can be detected down to a concentration of 0.1%. Since the basic theory of the PA effect in gases due to IR absorption is straightforward, the experiments with this PA system are accessible to students. It can be shown that there is a significant difference in IR absorption between GHGs and the major components of the atmosphere, N(2), O(2), and Ar, which helps students understand that the minor components, that is, the GHGs, determine the IR absorptivity of the atmosphere.
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