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Ye PC, Liu C, Wang AH, Wu JY, Zhao X, Chen H, Si Q. Theoretical framework, indicator system and practical application of key biodiversity areas. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2023; 34:835-845. [PMID: 37087668 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202303.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous decline of global biodiversity, biodiversity conservation has attracted more and more attention from the international society. In order to slow down the trend of biodiversity decline, it is particularly important to identify key areas for biodiversity conservation. However, most of current methods for identifying important areas have different assessment criteria and focus on different biological assemblages (species or communities) and ecosystem types. Key biodiversity areas (KBAs) are sites that contribute significantly to global biodiversity persistence. Unlike traditional research and identification methods, KBAs identification is based on a unified global standard to explore habitats that are critical to endangered plants and animals in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. Based on the theoretical and technical framework of KBAs, we summarized the system of identification criteria and assessment parameters for KBAs. The five high-level criteria are separated into eleven sub-level criteria. Among the eleven evaluation parameters, there is one evaluation parameter for the ecosystem level, eight evaluation parameters for the species level, one evaluation parameter for the gene level, and one comprehensive evaluation parameter. In addition, we analyzed the application of KBAs identification in biodiversity research and conservation combined with relevant domestic and foreign research cases. Furthermore, we discussed the future development direction and application prospect of KBAs identification method in China. This method could provide a new perspective for the formulation of ecological protection policies and the planning of naturally protected areas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Ye
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biodiversity and Biosafty/State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecological Environment of Wuyi Mountains, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Can Liu
- Management Committee of Xianju National Park, Xianju 317300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ai-Hua Wang
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biodiversity and Biosafty/State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecological Environment of Wuyi Mountains, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biodiversity and Biosafty/State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecological Environment of Wuyi Mountains, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biodiversity and Biosafty/State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecological Environment of Wuyi Mountains, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qin Si
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biodiversity and Biosafty/State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecological Environment of Wuyi Mountains, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
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Di Marco M, Brooks T, Cuttelod A, Fishpool LDC, Rondinini C, Smith RJ, Bennun L, Butchart SHM, Ferrier S, Foppen RPB, Joppa L, Juffe-Bignoli D, Knight AT, Lamoreux JF, Langhammer PF, May I, Possingham HP, Visconti P, Watson JEM, Woodley S. Quantifying the relative irreplaceability of important bird and biodiversity areas. Conserv Biol 2016; 30:392-402. [PMID: 26307601 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
World governments have committed to increase the global protected areas coverage by 2020, but the effectiveness of this commitment for protecting biodiversity depends on where new protected areas are located. Threshold- and complementarity-based approaches have been independently used to identify important sites for biodiversity. We brought together these approaches by performing a complementarity-based analysis of irreplaceability in important bird and biodiversity areas (IBAs), which are sites identified using a threshold-based approach. We determined whether irreplaceability values are higher inside than outside IBAs and whether any observed difference depends on known characteristics of the IBAs. We focused on 3 regions with comprehensive IBA inventories and bird distribution atlases: Australia, southern Africa, and Europe. Irreplaceability values were significantly higher inside than outside IBAs, although differences were much smaller in Europe than elsewhere. Higher irreplaceability values in IBAs were associated with the presence and number of restricted-range species; number of criteria under which the site was identified; and mean geographic range size of the species for which the site was identified (trigger species). In addition, IBAs were characterized by higher irreplaceability values when using proportional species representation targets, rather than fixed targets. There were broadly comparable results when measuring irreplaceability for trigger species and when considering all bird species, which indicates a good surrogacy effect of the former. Recently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has convened a consultation to consolidate global standards for the identification of key biodiversity areas (KBAs), building from existing approaches such as IBAs. Our results informed this consultation, and in particular a proposed irreplaceability criterion that will allow the new KBA standard to draw on the strengths of both threshold- and complementarity-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreno Di Marco
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, SapienzaUniversità di Roma, viale dell' Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196, Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
- School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Annabelle Cuttelod
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Sheraton House Castle Park, Cambridge, CB3 0AX, United Kingdom
| | - Lincoln D C Fishpool
- BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, SapienzaUniversità di Roma, viale dell' Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert J Smith
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
| | - Leon Bennun
- The Biodiversity Consultancy Ltd, 3E King's Parade, Cambridge, CB2 1SJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart H M Butchart
- BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Ferrier
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ruud P B Foppen
- Sovon, Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, P.O. Box 6521, 6503, GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- European Bird Census Council, P.O. Box 6521, 6503, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, P.O. Box 9100, 6500, GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Joppa
- Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Diego Juffe-Bignoli
- United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, CB3 0DL, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T Knight
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
- Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - John F Lamoreux
- National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Washington, D.C., 20005, U.S.A
| | - Penny F Langhammer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 874601, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-4601, U.S.A
| | - Ian May
- BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | | | - James E M Watson
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, 10460, U.S.A
| | - Stephen Woodley
- WCPA-SSC Joint Task Force on Biodiversity and Protected Areas, International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 64 Juniper Road, Chelsea, Quebec, J9B 1T3, Canada
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Brooks TM, Cuttelod A, Faith DP, Garcia-Moreno J, Langhammer P, Pérez-Espona S. Why and how might genetic and phylogenetic diversity be reflected in the identification of key biodiversity areas? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140019. [PMID: 25561678 PMCID: PMC4290431 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Key biodiversity areas' are defined as sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity. The identification of these sites builds from existing approaches based on measures of species and ecosystem diversity and process. Here, we therefore build from the work of Sgró et al. (2011 Evol. Appl.4, 326–337. (doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00157.x)) to extend a framework for how components of genetic diversity might be considered in the identification of key biodiversity areas. We make three recommendations to inform the ongoing process of consolidating a key biodiversity areas standard: (i) thresholds for the threatened species criterion currently consider a site's share of a threatened species' population; expand these to include the proportion of the species' genetic diversity unique to a site; (ii) expand criterion for ‘threatened species' to consider ‘threatened taxa’ and (iii) expand the centre of endemism criterion to identify as key biodiversity areas those sites holding a threshold proportion of the compositional or phylogenetic diversity of species (within a taxonomic group) whose restricted ranges collectively define a centre of endemism. We also recommend consideration of occurrence of EDGE species (i.e. threatened phylogenetic diversity) in key biodiversity areas to prioritize species-specific conservation actions among sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Brooks
- IUCN, 28 rue Mauverney, Gland 1196, Switzerland
| | - A Cuttelod
- IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - D P Faith
- Australian Museum, 6 College St., Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | | | - P Langhammer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874601, Tempe, AZ 85287-4601, USA
| | - S Pérez-Espona
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
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