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Dinh TKH, Nguyen PH, Phuong DL, Dang TPL, Quan PM, Dao TKD, Grigorchuk VP, Long PQ. Component and Content of Lipid Classes and Phospholipid Molecular Species of Eggs and Body of the Vietnamese Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093721. [PMID: 37175131 PMCID: PMC10180406 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea urchins (Tripneustes gratilla) are among the most highly prized seafood products in Vietnam because of their nutritional value and medicinal properties. In this research, lipid classes and the phospholipid (PL) molecular species compositions from the body and eggs of T. gratilla collected in Hon Tam, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, were investigated. Hydrocarbon and wax (HW), triacylglycerol (TG), mono- and diacylglycerol (MDAG), free fatty acid (FFA), sterol (ST), polar lipid (PoL), and monoalkyl-diacylglycerol are the major lipid classes. In PL, five main glycerophospholipid classes have been identified, in which 137 PL molecular species were detected in the body and eggs of T. gratilla, including 20 inositol glycerophospholipids (PI), 11 serine glycerophospholipids (PS), 22 ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (PE), 11 phosphatidic acids (PA), and 73 choline glycerophospholipids (PC). PI 18:0/20:4, PS 20:1/20:1, PE 18:1e/20:4, PA 20:1/20:1, and PC 18:0e/20:4 are the most abundant species with the highest content values of 38.65-48.19%, 42.48-44.41%, 41.21-40.03%, 52.42-52.60%, and 7.77-7.18% in each class of the body-eggs, respectively. Interestingly, PL molecules predominant in the body sample were also found in the egg sample. The molecular species with the highest content account for more than 40% of the total species in each molecular class. However, in the PC class containing 73 molecular species, the highest content species amounted to only 7.77%. For both the body and egg TL samples of the sea urchin T. gratilla, a substantial portion of C20:4n polyunsaturated fatty acid was found in PI, PE, and PC, but C16, C18, C20, and C22 saturated fatty acids were reported at low levels. The most dominant polyunsaturated fatty acid in PI, PE, and PC was tetracosapolyenoic C20, while unsaturated fatty acid C20:1 was the most dominant in PS and PA. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the chemical properties of TL and phospholipid molecular species of the PoL of Vietnamese sea urchin (T. gratilla) have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Kim-Hoa Dinh
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen University (TUAF), Quyet Thang, Thai Nguyen 24119, Vietnam
| | - Phi-Hung Nguyen
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
| | - Doan Lan Phuong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Phuong-Ly Dang
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
| | - Pham Minh Quan
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Kim-Dung Dao
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
| | - Valeria P Grigorchuk
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity (Institute of Biology and Soil Science), Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr-t 100-let Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Pham Quoc Long
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam
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Rodriguez-Sanchez R, Tres A, Sala R, Soler MD, Guardiola F, Barroeta AC. Effects of free-fatty-acid content and saturation degree of the dietary oil sources on lipid-class content and fatty-acid digestibility along the gastrointestinal tract in broilers from 22 to 37 days of age. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101261. [PMID: 34273649 PMCID: PMC8313834 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of the free-fatty-acid (FFA) content and saturation degree of dietary fat (added at 6%) on the fatty-acid (FA) digestibility and lipid-class content along the gastrointestinal tract and excreta in broilers from 22 to 37 d of age. This is essential to determine the potential use of acid oils (refining by-products rich in FFA) in broiler diets as an alternative to crude oils. The study consisted of a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement, which included 2 fat sources (soybean oils – unsaturated, or palm oils – saturated) and 4 levels of FFA (5, 15, 35, and 50%). Samples of digestive content of the gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and of the excreta were obtained at 37 d of age. Irrespective of the dietary fat source, more than 80% of total FA (TFA) was absorbed in the jejunum. Broilers fed with unsaturated diets had a higher absorption efficiency of FA than did those fed with saturated diets. This conclusion is supported by the lower FFA content and the higher TFA and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) digestibility coefficients in the ileum (P < 0.001) observed in the former group. The dietary FFA level did not affect the FA absorption process as much as the dietary fat source did. This was supported by the lack of statistical differences among the diets with a similar saturation degree but rather different levels of FFA, for TFA, saturated FA, and PUFA digestibility coefficients both in the jejunum and ileum. However, the interactions reported in the ileum for triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol contents (P < 0.001), as well as for monounsaturated FA digestibility coefficients (P < 0.05) show that the dietary FFA content affects the FA absorption process. The present results show that the inclusion of acid oils in grower-finisher broiler diets with FFA levels up to 35% does not have a negative impact on the FA absorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, E-08193 Spain.
| | - A Tres
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department - XIA-INSA, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921 Spain
| | - R Sala
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, E-08193 Spain
| | - M D Soler
- AviFeed Science, Department of Animal Production and Health Public Veterinary Health and Food Science and Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Tirant lo Blanch, 7, E-46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - F Guardiola
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department - XIA-INSA, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921 Spain
| | - A C Barroeta
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, E-08193 Spain
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Abstract
Microalgae is a potential producer of functional lipids such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and fucoxanthin. In the present study, lipids from ten microalgae species were analyzed especially focusing on the fucoxanthin, lipid and fatty acid compositions. The study revealed a remarkable variation in total lipids content, fucoxanthin content, lipid class composition and n-3 PUFA content in individual species, although they belong to the same genus. Among microalgae examined, Pavlova lutheri contained the highest total lipids content (313.59 mg g-1 dry weight) and considerable amount of fucoxanthin (3.13 mg g-1 dry weight). It also had the highest level (28.01%) of total n-3 PUFA with high level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (17.76%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (7.61%). The highest fucoxanthin content (5.19 mg g-1 dry weight) was observed in Chaetoceros gracilis. C. gracilis also contained relatively high level of total lipids (228.87 mg g-1 dry weight) and 10.67% EPA. The results also demonstrated that Nannochloropsis oculata contained the greatest amount of EPA (26.21%), while Isochrysis galbana had the highest level of DHA (8.76%). And both microalgae contained 1.71 and 4.44 mg g-1 dry weight fucoxanthin, respectively. Microalgal lipids containing abundant fucoxanthin and n-3 PUFA such as EPA and DHA in the present study will be used as nutraceutical lipids with great commercial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Yang
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | | | - Kazuo Miyashita
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University.,Center for Regional Collaboration in Research and Education, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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Lapidot-Cohen T, Rosental L, Brotman Y. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)-Based Analysis for Lipophilic Compound Profiling in Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:e20109. [PMID: 32343495 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are fascinating due to their chemical diversity, which is especially vast in the plant kingdom thanks to the high plasticity of the plant biosynthetic machinery. Lipidomic studies aim to simultaneously analyze a large number of lipid compounds of diverse classes in a given sample. The method presented here uses liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based lipidomic profiling in a relatively fast, robust, and high-throughput manner for high-coverage quantification and annotation of lipophilic compounds. Protocols cover sample preparation, LC-MS-based measurement, and data extraction and annotation. An extensive lipid library for triacylglycerols, galactolipids, and phospholipids is provided. The extended profiling described here could be used in a range of applications and is suitable for integration with other omic datasets. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation and metabolite extraction Basic Protocol 2: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis Basic Protocol 3: Data extraction, annotation, and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taly Lapidot-Cohen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Leah Rosental
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Tessari R, Berlanda M, Morgante M, Badon T, Gianesella M, Mazzotta E, Contiero B, Fiore E. Changes of Plasma Fatty Acids in Four Lipid Classes to Understand Energy Metabolism at Different Levels of Non-Esterified Fatty Acid (NEFA) in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1410. [PMID: 32823588 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dairy cows in the transition period require energy for fetal growth and milk production. In this phase, energy requirement exceeds the amount available for the animal, developing a negative energy balance. Numerous metabolic processes are involved to improve the energy requirement, in particular the mobilization of adipose tissue occurs. Dairy cows with an inadequate adaptive response to the negative energy balance can develop metabolic diseases such as subclinical ketosis. The purpose of the present study was to identify new biomarkers among the plasma fatty acids (FAs) through the use of thin layer chromatography and gas chromatographic techniques (TLC-GC). Early detection of excessive lipomobilization could improve animal health and reduce economic losses on farms. The current study determined the FA concentrations of four plasma lipid classes in plasma, in two groups of cows with different degrees of lipid mobilization in order to obtain biomarker for an early diagnosis of metabolic diseases. Abstract The transition period is a central moment in dairy cows breeding because metabolic disorders may occur in relation to a dramatic increase in energy demand. This research aimed to identify new biomarkers for the diagnosis of hyperketonemia in bovine in early lactation phase with different value of plasmatic non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). The profile of plasma fatty acids (FAs) divided into four lipid classes was evaluated using thin layer chromatography and gas chromatographic techniques (TLC-GC). A group of 60 multiparous Holstein–Friesian dairy cows were recruited in the present study. Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein and NEFA and the β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were evaluated. All animals were divided in 2 groups based on NEFA, NEFA0 group had as mean value 0.24 ± 0.12 mEq/L and NEFA1 group had as mean value 0.87 ± 0.23 mEq/L. Plasma FA concentrations were analyzed separately in free fatty acids, cholesterol esters, phospholipids and triglycerides. Six FAs demonstrated a predictive value in the hyperketonemic dairy cows. In the free fatty acid class, the predictive FAs were C14:0 (AUC = 0.77), C18:1 ω 9 (AUC = 0.72), C18:1 ω 7 (AUC = 0.70) and C18:3 ω 3 (AUC = 0.68). In the phospholipids class the predictive parameters were C12:0 (AUC = 0.78) and C8:0 (AUC = 0.73). In cholesterol, esters and triglycerides lipidic classes no FA had a predictive function.
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Rodriguez-Sanchez R, Tres A, Sala R, Garcés-Narro C, Guardiola F, Gasa J, Barroeta AC. Effects of dietary free fatty-acid content and saturation degree on lipid-class composition and fatty-acid digestibility along the gastrointestinal tract in broiler starter chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4929-4941. [PMID: 31111950 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of the dietary free fatty acid (FFA) content and dietary fat saturation degree on the fatty-acid (FA) digestibility and lipid-class content along the gastrointestinal tract and excreta in broiler chickens. The 8 experimental diets resulted from replacing crude soybean oil with soybean acid oil from chemical refining, or crude palm oil with palm FA distillate from physical refining. Thus, there were 4 soybean and 4 palm diets with 6% added fat varying in their FFA% (5, 15, 35, and 50%). Samples of digestive content (gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and excreta were collected at 14 D for the determination of the FA digestibility and lipid-class content. The total FA digestibility coefficients reported for the chickens fed S diets in the jejunum, ileum, and excreta were higher than for those fed P diets (P ≤ 0.02). The general greater digestibility of the unsaturated diets was mainly explained by a higher contribution of the ileum to the absorption of saturated FA. The dietary FFA content mainly affected the FA absorption process. The diets with 50% FFA presented lower saturated FA digestibility coefficients in the jejunum and ileum (P ≤ 0.03), and higher content of FFA in the ileum and excreta (P ≤ 0.014), in comparison to the diets with 5% FFA. The 15% FFA diets were not different from the 5% FFA diets, regarding the saturated FA digestibility in the jejunum and excreta, and the FFA content in the ileum and excreta. It was concluded that unsaturated diets with moderate content of dietary FFA (up to 15%) could be used in broiler-chicken starter diets, as they led to similar FA absorption and performance results to the diets with the lowest dietary FFA content. From the present study, it has also been concluded that dietary saturated FA content has a greater impact on FA absorption than the dietary FFA content has.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Tres
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department - XaRTA-INSA, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Sala
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Garcés-Narro
- Department of Animal Production and Health. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera- CEU Universities, E-46115 Alfara de Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - F Guardiola
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department - XaRTA-INSA, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Gasa
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A C Barroeta
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Liang J, Iqbal S, Wen F, Tong M, Liu J. Phosphorus-Induced Lipid Class Alteration Revealed by Lipidomic and Transcriptomic Profiling in Oleaginous Microalga Nannochloropsis sp. PJ12. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090519. [PMID: 31484443 PMCID: PMC6780086 DOI: 10.3390/md17090519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton are primary producers in the marine ecosystem, where phosphorus is often a limiting factor of their growth. Hence, they have evolved strategies to recycle phosphorus by replacing membrane phospholipids with phosphorus-free lipids. However, mechanisms for replacement of lipid classes remain poorly understood. To improve our understanding, we performed the lipidomic and transcriptomic profiling analyses of an oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis sp. PJ12 in response to phosphorus depletion (PD) and replenishing. In this study, by using (liquid chromatography couple with tandem mass spectrometry) LC-MS/MS-based lipidomic analysis, we show that membrane phospholipid levels are significantly reduced upon PD, while phosphorus-free betaine lipid levels are increased. However, levels of phosphorus-free photosynthetic galactolipid and sulfolipid are not increased upon PD, consistent with the reduced photosynthetic activity. RNA-seq-based transcriptomic analysis indicates that enzymes involved in phospholipid recycling and phosphorus-free lipid synthesis are upregulated, supporting the lipidomic analysis. Furthermore, enzymes involved in FASII (type II fatty acid synthesis) elongation cycle upon PD are transcriptionally downregulated. EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) level decrease upon PD is revealed by both GC-MS (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) and LC-MS/MS-based lipidomic analyses. PD-induced alteration is reversed after phosphorus replenishing. Taken together, our results suggest that the alteration of lipid classes upon environmental change of phosphorus is a result of remodeling rather than de novo synthesis in Nannochloropsis sp. PJ12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibei Liang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Sunya Iqbal
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
| | - Fang Wen
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
| | - Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
| | - Jianhua Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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Honda M, Ishimaru T, Itabashi Y, Vyssotski M. Glycerolipid Composition of the Red Macroalga Agarophyton Chilensis and Comparison to the Closely Related Agarophyton Vermiculophyllum Producing Different Types of Eicosanoids. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17020096. [PMID: 30717350 PMCID: PMC6410328 DOI: 10.3390/md17020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The red macroalga Agarophyton chilensis is a well-known producer of eicosanoids such as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, but the alga produces almost no prostaglandins, unlike the closely related A. vermiculophyllum. This indicates that the related two algae would have different enzyme systems or substrate composition. To carry out more in-depth discussions on the metabolic pathway of eicosanoids between the two algae, we investigated the characteristics of glycerolipids, which are the substrates of eicosanoids production, of A. chilensis and compared them to the reported values of A. vermiculophyllum. In A. chilensis, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were the major lipid classes and accounted for 44.4% of the total lipid extract. The predominant fatty acids were arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), an eicosanoids precursor, and palmitic acid (16:0). The 20:4n-6 content was extremely high in MGDG and PC (>70%), and the 16:0 content was extremely high in DGDG and SQDG (>40%). A chiral-phase HPLC analysis showed that fatty acids were esterified at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of those lipids. The glycerolipid molecular species were determined by reversed-phase HPLC–ESI–MS analysis. The main glycerolipid molecular species were 20:4n-6/20:4n-6 (sn-1/sn-2) for MGDG (63.8%) and PC (48.2%), 20:4n-6/16:0 for DGDG (71.1%) and SQDG (29.4%). These lipid characteristics of A. chilensis were almost the same as those of A. vermiculophyllum. Hence, the differences of the eicosanoids producing ability between the two algae would not be due to the difference of substrate composition but the difference of enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ishimaru
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-0811, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Itabashi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho, Hakodate 041-0811, Japan.
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Mikhail Vyssotski
- Callaghan Innovation, 69 Gracefield Road, P.O. Box 31310, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.
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Kutzner L, Ostermann AI, Konrad T, Riegel D, Hellhake S, Schuchardt JP, Schebb NH. Lipid Class Specific Quantitative Analysis of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Food Supplements. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:139-147. [PMID: 28005361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation products containing n-3 PUFA from marine sources serve a large market. Although the amount of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the products is provided by the manufacturer, no or little information is available on their lipid pattern. Therefore, we quantitatively analyzed the fatty acid pattern in the lipid fractions triglycerides, phospholipids, ethyl esters, and free fatty acids in supplementation products by means of solid phase extraction and gas chromatography. Twelve products from the European and U.S. markets containing fish, krill, algal, or plant oil were analyzed. Total n-3 PUFA content ranged from 68 g/100 g fat (fish oil) to 42 g/100 g fat (algal oil) to 17 g/100 g fat (krill oil). On the basis of the n-3 PUFA containing lipid class, the supplements can be separated dominantly in ethyl ester, re-esterified triglyceride, triglyceride, and phospholipid containing products. Algae-based products contained natural triglycerides, krill oils a complex mixture of phospholipids, triglycerides, and free fatty acids, and fish oil products either ethyl esters, re-esterified triglycerides, or triglycerides. Even products of the same class and source showed distinct differences in their lipid pattern. A specification of the lipid composition of n-3 PUFA products would allow distinguishing the different (qualities of) supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kutzner
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika I Ostermann
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thade Konrad
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal , Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Dieter Riegel
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal , Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Hellhake
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal , Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal , Wuppertal, Germany
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Cañavate JP, Armada I, Hachero-Cruzado I. Interspecific variability in phosphorus-induced lipid remodelling among marine eukaryotic phytoplankton. New Phytol 2017; 213:700-713. [PMID: 27605045 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The response of marine microalgal lipids to phosphorus is of central importance in phytoplankton ecology but remains poorly understood. We determined how taxonomically diverse microalgal species remodelled their lipid class profile in response to phosphorus availability and whether these changes coincided with those already known to occur in land plants and in the limited number of phytoplankton species for which data are available. The complete lipid class profile and specific lipid ratios influenced by phosphorus availability were quantified in two green microalgae and seven Chromalveolates exposed to phosphorus repletion, deprivation and replenishment. Lipid class cell quota changes in the two green microalgae resembled the currently described pattern of betaine lipids substituting for phospholipids under phosphorus depletion, whereas only two of the studied Chromalveolates showed this pattern. Sulpholipids counterbalanced phosphatidylglycerol only in Picochlorum atomus. In all other species, both lipids decreased simultaneously under phosphorus deprivation, although sulpholipids declined more slowly. Phosphorus deprivation always induced a decrease in digalactosyl-diacylglycerol. However, the ratio of digalactosyl-diacylglycerol to total phospholipids increased in eight species and remained unchanged in Isochrysis galbana. Marine phytoplankton seems to have evolved a diversified mechanism for remodelling its lipid class profile under the influence of phosphorus, with cryptophytes and particularly haptophytes exhibiting previously unobserved lipid responses to phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Cañavate
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Andalusia Research and Training Institute for Fisheries and Agriculture, 11500-El Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Isabel Armada
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Andalusia Research and Training Institute for Fisheries and Agriculture, 11500-El Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ismael Hachero-Cruzado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Andalusia Research and Training Institute for Fisheries and Agriculture, 11500-El Puerto de Santa Maria, Cádiz, Spain
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Albalat A, Nadler LE, Foo N, Dick JR, Watts AJ, Philp H, Neil DM, Monroig O. Lipid Composition of Oil Extracted from Wasted Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) Heads and Comparison with Oil Extracted from Antarctic Krill (Euphasia superba). Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E219. [PMID: 27916863 DOI: 10.3390/md14120219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the UK, the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) supports its most important shellfish fishery. Nephrops are sold either whole, or as “tails-only” for the scampi trade. In the “tailing” process, the “head” (cephalothorax) is discarded as waste. A smaller crustacean species, the Antarctic krill Euphasia superba, represents an economically valuable industry, as its extractable oil is sold as a human dietary supplement. The aim of this study was to determine the amount and composition of the oil contained in discarded Nephrops heads and to compare its composition to the oil extracted from krill. Differences due to Geographical variation and seasonal patterns in the amount and composition of lipid were also noted. Results indicated that Nephrops head waste samples collected from more southern locations in Scotland (Clyde Sea area) contained higher levels of oil when compared to samples collected from northern locations in Iceland. Moreover, seasonal differences within the Clyde Sea area in Scotland were also observed, with oil extracted from Nephrops head waste peaking at around 11.5% during the summer months when larger and more mature females were caught by trawl. At this time of the year, the valuable fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accounted for around 23% of the total fatty acid content in oil extracted from Nephrops head waste. A seasonal effect on EPA content was found, with higher levels obtained in the summer, while no trend was found in DHA percentages. Finally, oil from Nephrops head waste contained a higher proportion of EPA and DHA than krill oil but these fatty acids were more abundantly linked to the neutral lipids rather to than polar lipids. The characterization of lipid that could be extracted from Nephrops head waste should be seen as a first step for the commercial use of a valuable resource currently wasted. This approach is extremely relevant given the current limited supply of EPA and DHA and changes in the Common Fisheries Policy.
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