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Luo D, Zhu XW, Zhou XP, Li D. Covalent Post-Synthetic Modification of Metal-Organic Cages: Concepts and Recent Progress. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400020. [PMID: 38293757 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are supramolecular coordination complexes that have internal cavities for hosting guest molecules and exhibiting various properties. However, the functions of MOCs are limited by the choice of the building blocks. Post-synthetic modification (PSM) is a technique that can introduce new functional groups and replace existing ones on the MOCs without changing their geometry. Among many PSM methods, covalent PSM is a promising approach to modify MOCs with tailored structures and functions. Covalent PSM can be applied to either the internal cavity or the external surface of the MOCs, depending on the functionality expected to be customized. However, there are still some challenges and limitations in the field of covalent PSM of MOCs, such as the balance between the stability of MOCs and the harshness of organic reactions involved in covalent PSMs. This concept article introduces the organic reaction types involved in covalent PSM of MOCs, their new applications after modification, and summarizes and provides an outlook of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
- Guangdong Rare Earth Photofunctional Materials Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou, 514015, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P.R. China
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Walker SE, Chant W, Thoonen S, Tuck KL, Turner DR. Stabilization of Lantern-Type Metal-Organic Cages (MOCs) by Protective Control of Ligand Exchange Rates. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400072. [PMID: 38366309 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembling systems in nature display remarkable complexity with assemblies of different sub-units to generate functional species. Synthetic analogues of such systems are a challenge, often requiring the ability to bias distributions that are under thermodynamic assembly control. Using lantern-type MOCs (metal-organic cages) as a prototypical self-assembling system, herein we explore the role that steric bulk plays in controlling the exchange rate of ligands in paddlewheel-based assemblies, and thus the stability of cages, in competitive self-assembling scenarios. The effective lifetime of the lantern-type MOCs varies over an order of magnitude depending on the steric bulk proximal to the metal nodes with lifetimes of the cages ranging from tens of minutes to several hours. The bulk of the coordinating solvents likewise reduces the rate of ligand exchange, and thus yields longer-lived species. Understanding this subtle effect has implications for controlling the stability of complex assemblies in competitive environments with implications for guest release and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Walker
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - William Chant
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Shannon Thoonen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - David R Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Li TT, Liu SN, Wu LH, Cai SL, Zheng SR. Strategies for the Construction of Functional Materials Utilizing Presynthesized Metal-Organic Cages (MOCs). Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200172. [PMID: 35922387 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) that assemble from metal ions or metal clusters and organic ligands have attracted the interest of the scientific community because of their various functional coordination cavities. Unlike metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with infinite frameworks, MOCs have discrete structures, making them soluble and stable in certain solvents and facilitating their application as starting reagents in the further construction of single components or composite materials. In recent years, increasing progress has been made in this field. In this review, we introduce these works from the perspective of design strategies, and focus on how presynthesized MOCs can be used to construct functional materials. Finally, we discuss the challenges and development prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Na Liu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Hua Wu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Song-Liang Cai
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Run Zheng
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China.,SCNU Qingyuan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, Guangdong, 511517, P. R. China
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Lv C, Qin S, Lei Y, Li X, Huang J, Liu J. Direct Z-Scheme Heterojunction Catalysts Constructed by Graphitic-C 3N 4 and Photosensitive Metal-Organic Cages for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12050890. [PMID: 35269378 PMCID: PMC8912648 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The demand for improving the activity, durability, and recyclability of metal-organic cages (MOCs) that work as photocatalytic molecular devices in a homogeneous system has promoted research to combine them with other solid materials. An M2L4 type photosensitive metal-organic cage MOC-Q2 with light-harvesting ligands and catalytic Pd2+ centers has been synthesized and further heterogenized with graphitic carbon nitride to prepare a robust direct Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for visible-light-driven hydrogen generation. The optimized g-C3N4/MOC-Q2 (0.7 wt%) sample exhibits a high H2 evolution activity of 6423 μmol g−1 h−1 in 5 h, and a total turnover number of 39,695 after 10 h, significantly superior to the bare MOC-Q2 used in the homogeneous solution and the comparison sample Pd/g-C3N4/L-4. The enhanced performances of g-C3N4/MOC-Q2 can be ascribed to its direct Z-scheme heterostructure, which effectively improves the charge separation and transfer efficiency. This work presents a rational approach of designing a binary photocatalytic system through combing micromolecular MOCs with heterogeneous semiconductors for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuying Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Su Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering and New Energy Materials, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China;
| | - Yang Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Junmin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (J.L.)
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Qin S, Lei Y, Huang JF, Xiao LM, Liu JM. A Robust Photocatalytic Hybrid Material Composed of Metal-Organic Cages and TiO 2 for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2055-2062. [PMID: 34109766 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The design of photochemical molecular devices (PMDs) for photocatalytic H2 production from water is a meaningful but challenging subject currently. Herein, a Pd2 L4 type metal-organic cage (denoted as MOC-Q2) is designed as a PMD, which consists of two catalytic centers (Pd2+ ) and four photosensitive ligands (L-2) with four pyridine anchoring groups. Subsequently, the MOC-Q2 is combined with TiO2 to form TiO2 -MOC-Q2 hybrid materials with different MOC-Q2 contents by a facile sol-gel method, which have micro/mesoporous structures and large surface areas. The optimized TiO2 -MOC-Q2 (6.5 wt%) exhibits high H2 production activity (7.9 mmol g-1 h-1 within 5 h) and excellent durability, giving a TON value of 23477 or 11739 (based on MOC-Q2 or Pd moles) after recycling for 7 rounds. By contrast, the pure MOC-Q2 only shows an ordinary photocatalytic H2 production rate (0.84 mmol g-1 h-1 within 5 h) in the homogeneous system. It can be deduced that TiO2 drives the photocatalysis and simultaneously acts as the structure promoter. This study presents a meaningful and distinctive attempt of a new approach for the design and development of MOC-based heterogeneous photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yang Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Feng Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Li-Min Xiao
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Min Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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Zhu J, Zhang D, Ronson TK, Wang W, Xu L, Yang H, Nitschke JR. A Cavity-Tailored Metal-Organic Cage Entraps Gases Selectively in Solution and the Amorphous Solid State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11789-11792. [PMID: 33768657 PMCID: PMC8251750 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the subcomponent self-assembly of a truxene-faced Zn4 L4 tetrahedron, which is capable of binding the smallest hydrocarbons in solution. By deliberately incorporating inward-facing ethyl groups on the truxene faces, the resulting partially-filled cage cavity was tailored to encapsulate methane, ethane, and ethene via van der Waals interactions at atmospheric pressure in acetonitrile, and also in the amorphous solid state. Interestingly, gas capture showed divergent selectivities in solution and the amorphous solid state. The selective binding may prove useful in designing new processes for the purification of methane and ethane as feedstocks for chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Long Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University3663 N. Zhongshan RoadShanghai200062P. R. China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University3663 N. Zhongshan RoadShanghai200062P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhou350002China
| | - Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University3663 N. Zhongshan RoadShanghai200062P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Hai‐Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University3663 N. Zhongshan RoadShanghai200062P. R. China
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