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Lin ZH, Li CP, Sun CK, Cho DY, Tsai FJ, Yip HT, Chang R, Hung YM. Increased Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Patients With Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024:izae053. [PMID: 38567440 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the known association between microorganisms and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the role of nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) in IBD is not adequately addressed. We aimed at elucidating the relationship between NTS infection and the risk of IBD. METHODS Based on the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan, this retrospective cohort study enrolled patients with NTS infection (exposure group; n = 4651) and those without NTS infection (comparator group; n = 4651) who were propensity score matched (1:1) by demographic data, medications, comorbidities, and index date. All patients were followed until IBD onset, individual mortality, or December 31, 2018. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to determine the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity analyses were used for cross-validation. RESULTS The NTS group demonstrated an increased risk of IBD compared with the non-NTS groups (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.12; 95% CI, 1.62-2.78) with a higher risk of developing ulcerative colitis in the former (aHR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.69-3.04). Nevertheless, the small sample size may contribute to lack of significant difference in Crohn's disease. Consistent findings were noted after excluding IBD diagnosed within 6 months of NTS infection (aHR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.71-3.03), excluding those with enteritis/colitis before index date (aHR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.28-2.68), excluding those using antibiotics for 1 month in the year before IBD onset (aHR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.34-2.45), inverse probability of treatment weighting (aHR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.31-2.04), and inclusion of individuals regardless of age (n = 10 431; aHR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.53-2.19). CONCLUSIONS Patients with NTS were associated with an increased risk of developing IBD, especially ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Han Lin
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pin Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Skills Training, Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutic and Research Center of Pancreatic Cancer, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yang Cho
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hei-Tung Yip
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Renin Chang
- Division of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taitung Branch, Taitung, Taiwan
- Master Program in Biomedicine, College of Science and Engineering, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
- College of Health and Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Chang R, Chen HY, Hung YM, Huang JY, Wei JCC. Time-dependent risk of atopic dermatitis following nontyphoidal Salmonella infection. Postgrad Med J 2024:qgae041. [PMID: 38565127 DOI: 10.1093/postmj/qgae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) remains unclear. Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection might trigger immune-mediated reactions. We aimed to examine NTS and the risk of subsequent AD. METHODS From 2002 to 2015, eligible patients (aged 0-100 years) with NTS were identified. NTS and non-NTS groups were matched at a 1:10 ratio on age and sex. We utilized conditional multivariable Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for AD development. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on age, sex, and severity of NTS infection. We utilized landmark analysis to explore the time-dependent hazard of AD following NTS. RESULTS In the NTS group (N = 6624), 403 developed AD. After full adjustment of demographics and comorbidities, the NTS group had a higher risk of AD than the reference group (aHR = 1.217, 95% CI = 1.096-1.352). Age-stratified analysis revealed that NTS group exhibited an elevated risk compared to the reference group, particularly among those aged 13-30 years (aHR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.017-1.559), individuals aged 31-50 years (aHR = 1.388, 95% CI = 1.112-1.733), those aged 51-70 years (aHR = 1.301, 95% CI = 1.008-1.679), and individuals aged 71 years and over (aHR = 1.791, 95% CI = 1.260-2.545). Severe NTS was associated with a higher risk of AD than the reference group (aHR = 2.411, 95% CI = 1.577-3.685). Landmark analysis showed generally consistent findings. CONCLUSIONS Minimizing exposure to NTS infection may represent a prospective strategy for averting the onset and progression of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renin Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 40201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 95050, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taitung Branch, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40432, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40721, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ma W, Cui X, Dong X, Li X, Liu K, Wang Y, Shi X, Chen L, Hao M. Characterization of nontyphoidal Salmonella strains from a tertiary hospital in China: serotype diversity, multidrug resistance, and genetic insights. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1327092. [PMID: 38264733 PMCID: PMC10803454 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1327092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a significant public health concern due to its ability to cause foodborne illnesses worldwide. This study aims to characterize the nontyphoidal Salmonella strains isolated from patients in China. Methods A total of 19 nontyphoidal Salmonella strains were characterized through serovar identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), biofilm formation assessment. Genetic relatedness was determined using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). WGS was employed to decipher the resistance mechanism and to contextualize the S. serovar Mbandaka strains among previously sequenced isolates in China. The biofilm associated mrkA gene was examined by PCR. Results The predominant serovar identified was S. Enteritidis, followed by S. Mbandaka, S. Thompson, S. Livingston, S. Alachua, and S. Infantis. PFGE analysis indicated a notable genetic similarity among the S. Mbandaka isolates. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that these strains were likely derived from a single source that had persisted in China for over five years. One multidrug resistance (MDR) S. Enteritidis isolate carried a highly transferable IncB/O/K/Z plasmid with bla CTX-M-15. One S. Thompson strain, harboring the mrkABCDF operon in an IncX1 plasmid, isolated from cutaneous lesions, demonstrated robust biofilm formation. However, no mrkABCDF loci were detected in other strains. Conclusion Our study emphasizes the importance of persisted surveillance and prompt response to Salmonella infections to protect public health. The dissemination of bla CTX-M-15-harboring IncB/O/K/Z plasmid and the spread of virulent mrkABCDF operon among Salmonella in China and other global regions warrant close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshan Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaodi Cui
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiutao Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xinpeng Li
- Department of Bacterial Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohong Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Mingju Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jinan, China
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dos Santos AMP, Panzenhagen P, Ferrari RG, de Jesus ACS, Portes AB, Ochioni AC, Rodrigues DDP, Conte-Junior CA. Genomic Characterization of Salmonella Isangi: A Global Perspective of a Rare Serovar. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1309. [PMID: 37627729 PMCID: PMC10451742 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Isangi is an infrequent serovar that has recently been reported in several countries due to nosocomial infections. A considerable number of reports indicate Salmonella Isangi multidrug resistance, especially to cephalosporins, which could potentially pose a risk to public health worldwide. Genomic analysis is an excellent tool for monitoring the emergence of microorganisms and related factors. In this context, the aim of this study was to carry out a genomic analysis of Salmonella Isangi isolated from poultry in Brazil, and to compare it with the available genomes from the Pathogen Detection database and Sequence Read Archive. A total of 142 genomes isolated from 11 different countries were investigated. A broad distribution of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes was identified in the Salmonella Isangi genomes examined (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-2, blaDHA-1, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-10, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-48, blaSCO-1, blaSHV-5, blaTEM-131, blaTEM-1B), primarily in South Africa. Resistome analysis revealed predicted resistance to aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, macrolide, tetracycline, trimethoprim, phenicol, chloramphenicol, and quaternary ammonium. Additionally, PMQR (plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance) genes qnr19, qnrB1, and qnrS1 were identified, along with point mutations in the genes gyrAD87N, gyrAS83F, and gyrBS464F, which confer resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. With regard to plasmids, we identified 17 different incompatibility groups, including IncC, Col(pHAD28), IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncM2, ColpVC, Col(Ye4449), Col156, IncR, IncI1(Alpha), IncFIB (pTU3), Col(B5512), IncQ1, IncL, IncN, IncFIB(pHCM2), and IncFIB (pN55391). Phylogenetic analysis revealed five clusters grouped by sequence type and antimicrobial gene distribution. The study highlights the need for monitoring rare serovars that may become emergent due to multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Mota Pereira dos Santos
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil; (A.M.P.d.S.); (R.G.F.); (A.C.S.d.J.); (A.B.P.); (A.C.O.); (C.A.C.-J.)
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PGHIGVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói 24230-340, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Panzenhagen
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil; (A.M.P.d.S.); (R.G.F.); (A.C.S.d.J.); (A.B.P.); (A.C.O.); (C.A.C.-J.)
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaela G. Ferrari
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil; (A.M.P.d.S.); (R.G.F.); (A.C.S.d.J.); (A.B.P.); (A.C.O.); (C.A.C.-J.)
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina S. de Jesus
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil; (A.M.P.d.S.); (R.G.F.); (A.C.S.d.J.); (A.B.P.); (A.C.O.); (C.A.C.-J.)
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Portes
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil; (A.M.P.d.S.); (R.G.F.); (A.C.S.d.J.); (A.B.P.); (A.C.O.); (C.A.C.-J.)
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PGHIGVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói 24230-340, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alan Clavelland Ochioni
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil; (A.M.P.d.S.); (R.G.F.); (A.C.S.d.J.); (A.B.P.); (A.C.O.); (C.A.C.-J.)
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil; (A.M.P.d.S.); (R.G.F.); (A.C.S.d.J.); (A.B.P.); (A.C.O.); (C.A.C.-J.)
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PGHIGVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói 24230-340, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
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Bellil Z, Mairi A, Kendi S, Touati A. Nontyphoid Salmonella in farm animals and food products in the Middle East and North Africa: a systematic review. Future Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 37309775 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to document the prevalence, serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of nontyphoidal Salmonella in animal food products from Middle East/North Africa (MENA) countries. Methods: Peer-reviewed articles published from 1 January 2011 to 7 March 2023 were included and the data were narratively synthesized and statistically analyzed to estimate and compare the overall prevalence. Results: The authors found a high prevalence of Salmonella in MENA countries (12.80%), with the highest prevalence in Lebanon (41.10%). Poultry had a higher prevalence of Salmonella (14.49%) than livestock (9.62%). Salmonella enteritidis was the most commonly identified serotype (21.99%), and sulfamethoxazole had the highest resistance rate (78.81%). Conclusion: The authors emphasize the importance of implementing control measures in MENA countries to limit the spread of the Salmonella pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bellil
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Algérie
| | - Assia Mairi
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Algérie
| | - Salima Kendi
- Unité de recherche LAMOS, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Algérie
| | - Abdelaziz Touati
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Algérie
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Bai L, Wang J, Sun H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Q, Liu Z. Quantitative microbiological risk assessment of nontyphoidal Salmonella in ground pork in households in Chengdu, China. Risk Anal 2023; 43:1097-1114. [PMID: 35853833 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne disease caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the most important food safety issues worldwide. The objectives of this study were to carry out microbial monitoring on the prevalence of NTS in commercial ground pork, investigate consumption patterns, and conduct a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) that considers cross-contamination to determine the risk caused by consuming ground pork and ready-to-eat food contaminated during food handling in the kitchen in Chengdu, China. The food pathway of ground pork was simplified and assumed to be several units according to the actual situation and our survey data, which were collected from our research or references and substituted into the QMRA model for simulation. The results showed that the prevalence of NTS in ground pork purchased in Chengdu was 69.64% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60.2-78.0), with a mean contamination level of -0.164 log CFU/g. After general cooking, NTS in ground pork could be eliminated (contamination level of zero). The estimated probability of causing salmonellosis per day was 9.43E-06 (95% CI: 8.82E-06-1.00E-05), while the estimated salmonellosis cases per million people per year were 3442 (95% CI: 3218-3666). According to the sensitivity analysis, the occurrence of cross-contamination was the most important factor affecting the probability of salmonellosis. To reduce the risk of salmonellosis caused by NTS through ground pork consumption, reasonable hygiene prevention and control measures should be adopted during food preparation to reduce cross-contamination. This study provides valuable information for household cooking and food safety management in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Honghu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, P. R. China
- Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yeru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yibaina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, P. R. China
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Yang T, Li W, Cui Q, Qin X, Li B, Li X, Jia H, Yang X, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang S, Shen J, Guo Y, Shen Z. Distribution and Transmission of Colistin Resistance Genes mcr-1 and mcr-3 among Nontyphoidal Salmonella Isolates in China from 2011 to 2020. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0383322. [PMID: 36519849 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03833-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes are present mainly in plasmids and can disseminate clonally or horizontally via either plasmids or insertion sequences in different genomic locations among the Enterobacteriaceae. A nationwide large-scale study on mcr prevalence and transmission in nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates is still lacking. Here, we identified 140 mcr-positive Salmonella isolates out of 7,106 isolates from 29 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020. We aligned short reads to putative plasmids from long-read hybrid assemblies and predicted the plasmid backbones of non-long-read sequencing isolates to elucidate mcr transmission patterns. The mcr-1 and mcr-3 genes are transmitted on similar high-risk clones (sequence type 34 [ST34]) but through plasmids of various replicon types. Furthermore, the ban on colistin use in food animals can lead to a decrease in the mcr-positive Salmonella prevalence among diarrheal patients, related mainly to IncHI2A_IncHI2 plasmids. We provide a framework for plasmid data incorporation into genomic surveillance systems, contributing to a better understanding of mcr spread and transmission. IMPORTANCE Nontyphoidal Salmonella is one of four major causative agents of diarrheal diseases globally, with most cases of salmonellosis being mild. Antimicrobial treatments are required for cases of life-threatening infections, and colistin is one of the last-line antibiotics for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections. However, the efficacy of colistin has been compromised by the emergence of various mcr genes. To elucidate the transmission of mcr genes in Salmonella isolates, our study analyzed 7,106 Salmonella strains from 29 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020. The results showed that mcr genes are transmitted on similar high-risk clones (ST34) but through plasmids of various replicon types. In addition, our data illustrated that the ban on the use of colistin in food animals led to a significant decrease in mcr-positive isolates. Our findings offer an essential step toward a more comprehensive understanding of the spread and transmission of mcr genes.
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Gallichan S, Perez-Sepulveda BM, Feasey NA, Hinton JCD, Thomas J, Smith AM. Multiplex PCR Assay for Clade Typing of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0318222. [PMID: 36409092 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03182-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the most commonly reported serovars of nontyphoidal Salmonella causing human disease and is responsible for both gastroenteritis and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease worldwide. Whole-genome sequence (WGS) comparison of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from across the world has identified three distinct clades, global epidemic, Central/East African, and West African, all of which have been implicated in epidemics: the global epidemic clade was linked to poultry-associated gastroenteritis, while the two African clades were related to iNTS disease. However, the distribution and epidemiology of these clades across Africa are poorly understood because identification of these clades currently requires whole-genome sequencing capacity. Here, we report a sensitive, time- and cost-effective real-time PCR assay capable of differentiating between the Salmonella Enteritidis clades to facilitate surveillance and to inform public health responses. The assay described here is limited to previously confirmed S. Enteritidis isolates. IMPORTANCE Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of invasive Salmonella Enteritidis bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa are responsible for a case fatality rate of approximately 15%. It is important to identify distinct clades of S. Enteritidis in diagnostic laboratories in the African setting to determine the different health outcomes associated with particular outbreaks. Here, we describe the development of a high-quality molecular classification assay for clade typing of S. Enteritidis that is ideal for use in public health laboratories in resource-limited settings.
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Aruta MG, De Simone D, Dale H, Chirwa E, Kadwala I, Mbewe M, Banda H, Gordon M, Pizza M, Berlanda Scorza F, Nyirenda T, Canals R, Rossi O, On Behalf Of The Vacc-iNTS Consortium Collaborators. Development and Characterization of a Luminescence-Based High-Throughput Serum Bactericidal Assay (L-SBA) to Assess Bactericidal Activity of Human Sera against Nontyphoidal Salmonella. Methods Protoc 2022; 5. [PMID: 36548142 DOI: 10.3390/mps5060100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis are leading causative agents of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, which represents one of the major causes of death and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, still partially underestimated. Large sero-epidemiological studies are necessary to unravel the burden of disease and guide the introduction of vaccines that are not yet available. Even if no correlate of protection has been determined so far for iNTS, the evaluation of complement-mediated functionality of antibodies generated towards natural infection or elicited upon vaccination may represent a big step towards this achievement. Here we present the setup and the intra-laboratory characterization in terms of repeatability, intermediate precision, linearity, and specificity of a high-throughput luminescence-based serum bactericidal assay (L-SBA). This method could be useful to perform sero-epidemiological studies across iNTS endemic countries and for evaluation of antibodies raised against iNTS vaccine candidates in upcoming clinical trials.
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Zhao W, Li X, Shi X, Li K, Shi B, Sun J, Zhao C, Wang J. Whole Genome Sequencing, Antibiotic Resistance, and Epidemiology Features of Nontyphoidal Salmonella Isolated From Diarrheic Children: Evidence From North China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:882647. [PMID: 35651495 PMCID: PMC9150820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.882647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) in children remains a growing burden on public health and often causes children to be hospitalized with diarrheic symptoms. In this work, 260 strains of human Salmonella isolated from Jilin, China were characterized by serotypes and antimicrobial resistance using whole genome sequencing (WGS). The most prevalent serotype was Salmonella enteritidis (47.3%), followed by S. I 4,[5],12:i:- (33.1%), and Salmonella Typhimurium (7.3%). Furthermore, the consistency between resistance phenotype and genotype was confirmed. Similarly, strains harbored blaTEM−1B and tetA genes were detected, which verified the level of resistant phenotype in β-lactams and tetracyclines. The presence of a single mutation in parC, gyrA, and qnrS1 genes corresponding to quinolones was also observed. In our work, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) were found to have a high resolution to molecular traceability, and the combination of both was conducive to practical application in an actual situation. Taking all of this into account, we suggested that the comprehensive surveillance of Salmonella infection in children should be carried out to monitor antimicrobial-resistant trends from various sources and to alert on outbreaks of foodborne diseases to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Jilin Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuening Shi
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kewei Li
- Jilin Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Ben Shi
- Jilin Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Jilin Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Chen R, Cheng RA, Wiedmann M, Orsi RH. Development of a Genomics-Based Approach To Identify Putative Hypervirulent Nontyphoidal Salmonella Isolates: Salmonella enterica Serovar Saintpaul as a Model. mSphere 2022;:e0073021. [PMID: 34986312 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00730-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While differences in human virulence have been reported across nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars and associated subtypes, a rational and scalable approach to identify Salmonella subtypes with differential ability to cause human diseases is not available. Here, we used NTS serovar Saintpaul (S. Saintpaul) as a model to determine if metadata and associated whole-genome sequence (WGS) data in the NCBI Pathogen Detection (PD) database can be used to identify (i) subtypes with differential likelihoods of causing human diseases and (ii) genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) potentially responsible for such differences. S. Saintpaul SNP clusters (n = 211) were assigned different epidemiology types (epi-types) based on statistically significant over- or underrepresentation of human clinical isolates, including human associated (HA; n = 29), non-human associated (NHA; n = 23), and other (n = 159). Comparative genomic analyses identified 384 and 619 genes overrepresented among isolates in 5 HA and 4 NHA SNP clusters most significantly associated with the respective isolation source. These genes included 5 HA-associated virulence genes previously reported to be present on Gifsy-1/Gifsy-2 prophages. Additionally, premature stop codons in 3 and 7 genes were overrepresented among the selected HA and NHA SNP clusters, respectively. Tissue culture experiments with strains representing 4 HA and 3 NHA SNP clusters did not reveal evidence for enhanced invasion or intracellular survival for HA strains. However, the presence of sodCI (encoding a superoxide dismutase), found in 4 HA and 1 NHA SNP clusters, was positively correlated with intracellular survival in macrophage-like cells. Post hoc analyses also suggested a possible difference in intracellular survival among S. Saintpaul lineages. IMPORTANCE Not all Salmonella isolates are equally likely to cause human disease, and Salmonella control strategies may unintentionally focus on serovars and subtypes with high prevalence in source populations but are rarely associated with human clinical illness. We describe a framework leveraging WGS data in the NCBI PD database to identify Salmonella subtypes over- and underrepresented among human clinical cases. While we identified genomic signatures associated with HA/NHA SNP clusters, tissue culture experiments failed to identify consistent phenotypic characteristics indicative of enhanced human virulence of HA strains. Our findings illustrate the challenges of defining hypo- and hypervirulent S. Saintpaul and potential limitations of phenotypic assays when evaluating human virulence, for which in vivo experiments are essential. Identification of sodCI, an HA-associated virulence gene associated with enhanced intracellular survival, however, illustrates the potential of the framework and is consistent with prior work identifying specific genomic features responsible for enhanced or reduced virulence of nontyphoidal Salmonella.
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Tu TY, Yeh CY, Hung YM, Chang R, Chen HH, Wei JCC. Association Between a History of Nontyphoidal Salmonella and the Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Population-Based, Case-Control Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725996. [PMID: 34887848 PMCID: PMC8650632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated the correlation between nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) risk. Methods This case-control study comprised 6,517 patients with newly diagnosed SLE between 2006 and 2013. Patients without SLE were randomly selected as the control group and were matched at a case-control ratio of 1:20 by age, sex, and index year. All study individuals were traced from the index date back to their NTS exposure, other relevant covariates, or to the beginning of year 2000. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk of SLE with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between the NTS and control groups. Results The mean age was 37.8 years in the case and control groups. Females accounted for 85.5%. The aOR of having NTS infection were significantly increased in SLE relative to controls (aOR, 9.20; 95% CI, 4.51-18.78) in 1:20 sex-age matching analysis and (aOR, 7.47; 95% CI=2.08-26.82) in propensity score matching analysis. Subgroup analysis indicated that the SLE risk was high among those who dwelled in rural areas; had rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, or Sjogren’s syndrome; and developed intensive and severe NTS infection during admission. Conclusions Exposure to NTS infection is associated with the development of subsequent SLE in Taiwanese individuals. Severe NTS infection and other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, or Sjogren’s syndrome also contributed to the risk of developing SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yu Yeh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- College of Health and Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Renin Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Science and Rong Hsing Research Centre for Translational Medicine, Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, and Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan, Medical University, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Fang SB, Lauderdale TY, Huang CH, Chang PR, Wang YH, Shigemura K, Lin YH, Chang WC, Wang KC, Huang TW, Chang YC. Genotypic Diversity of Ciprofloxacin Nonsusceptibility and Its Relationship with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations in Nontyphoidal Salmonella Clinical Isolates in Taiwan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1383. [PMID: 34827321 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the genetic diversity of ciprofloxacin (CIP) nonsusceptibility and the relationship between two major mechanisms and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CIP in nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS). Chromosomal mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were searched from ResFinder, ARG-ANNOT, and PubMed for designing the sequencing regions in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, and the 13 polymerase chain reactions for PMQR genes. We found that QRDR mutations were detected in gyrA (82.1%), parC (59.0%), and parE (20.5%) but not in gyrB among the 39 isolates. Five of the 13 PMQR genes were identified, including oqxA (28.2%), oqxB (28.2%), qnrS (18.0%), aac(6′)-Ib-cr (10.3%), and qnrB (5.1%), which correlated with the MICs of CIP within 0.25–2 μg/mL, and it was found that oxqAB contributed more than qnr genes to increase the MICs. All the isolates contained either QRDR mutations (53.8%), PMQR genes (15.4%), or both (30.8%). QRDR mutations (84.6%) were more commonly detected than PMQR genes (46.2%). QRDR mutation numbers were significantly associated with MICs (p < 0.001). Double mutations in gyrA and parC determined high CIP resistance (MICs ≥ 4 μg/mL). PMQR genes contributed to intermediate to low CIP resistance (MICs 0.25–2 μg/mL), thus providing insights into mechanisms underlying CIP resistance.
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Pires J, Huisman JS, Bonhoeffer S, Van Boeckel TP. Multidrug Resistance Dynamics in Salmonella in Food Animals in the United States: An Analysis of Genomes from Public Databases. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0049521. [PMID: 34704804 DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.00495-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of bacterial genomes deposited each year in public databases is growing exponentially. However, efforts to use these genomes to track trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have been limited thus far. We used 22,102 genomes from public databases to track AMR trends in nontyphoidal Salmonella in food animals in the United States. In 2018, genomes deposited in public databases carried genes conferring resistance, on average, to 2.08 antimicrobial classes in poultry, 1.74 in bovines, and 1.28 in swine. This represents a decline in AMR of over 70% compared to the levels in 2000 in bovines and swine, and an increase of 13% for poultry. Trends in resistance inferred from genomic data showed good agreement with U.S. phenotypic surveillance data (weighted mean absolute difference ± standard deviation, 5.86% ± 8.11%). In 2018, resistance to 3rd-generation cephalosporins in bovines, swine, and poultry decreased to 9.97% on average, whereas in quinolones and 4th-generation cephalosporins, resistance increased to 12.53% and 3.87%, respectively. This was concomitant with a decrease of blaCMY-2 but an increase in blaCTX-M-65 and gyrA D87Y (encoding a change of D to Y at position 87). Core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) phylogenies show that resistance to these antimicrobial classes was predominantly associated with Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis and, to a lesser extent, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant I 4,[5],12:i:−, whereas quinolone resistance was also associated with S. enterica serovar Dublin. Between 2000 and 2018, trends in serovar prevalence showed a composition shift where S. Typhimurium decreased while S. Infantis increased. Our findings illustrate the growing potential of using genomes in public databases to track AMR in regions where sequencing capacities are currently expanding. IMPORTANCE Next-generation sequencing has led to an exponential increase in the number of genomes deposited in public repositories. This growing volume of information presents opportunities to track the prevalence of genes conferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing threat to the health of humans and animals. Using 22,102 public genomes, we estimated that the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in the United States decreased in nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates recovered from bovines and swine between 2000 and 2018, whereas it increased in poultry. These trends are consistent with those detected by national surveillance systems that monitor resistance using phenotypic testing. However, using genomes, we identified that genes conferring resistance to critically important antimicrobials were associated with specific MDR serovars that could be the focus for future interventions. Our analysis illustrates the growing potential of public repositories to monitor AMR trends and shows that similar efforts could soon be carried out in other regions where genomic surveillance is increasing.
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Liu G, Qian H, Lv J, Tian B, Bao C, Yan H, Gu B. Emergence of mcr-1-Harboring Salmonella enterica Serovar Sinstorf Type ST155 Isolated From Patients With Diarrhea in Jiangsu, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:723697. [PMID: 34603249 PMCID: PMC8483771 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.723697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study analyzed the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and mechanisms of quinolone, cephalosporins, and colistin resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella from patients with diarrhea in Jiangsu, China. Methods: A total of 741 nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates were collected from hospitals in major cities of Jiangsu Province, China between 2016 and 2017. Their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics was evaluated by broth micro-dilution and sequencing analysis of resistance genes screened by a PCR method. For mcr-1 positive isolates, genetic relationship study was carried out by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multiloci sequence typing analysis. The transferability of these plasmids was measured with conjugation experiments and the genetic locations of mcr-1 were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of S1-digested genomic DNA and subsequent Southern blot hybridization. Results: Among 741 nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates, the most common serotypes identified were S. Typhimurium (n=257, 34.7%) and S. Enteritidis (n=127, 17.1%), and the isolates showed 21.7, 20.6, and 5.0% resistance to cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and colistin, respectively. Among the 335 nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella, 213 (63.6%) and 45 (13.4%) had at least one mutation in gyrA and parC. Among the plasmid-borne resistance, qnrS1 (85; 41.9%) and aac(6')-Ib-cr4 (75; 36.9%) were the most common quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, while bla CTX-M-14 (n=35) and bla CTX-M-55 (n=46) were found to be dominant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in nontyphoidal Salmonella. In addition, eight mcr-1-harboring strains were detected since 2016 and they were predominate in children under the age of 7years. Conjugation assays showed the donor Salmonella strain has functional and transferable colistin resistance and Southern blot hybridization revealed that mcr-1 was located in a high molecular weight plasmid. Conclusion: In nontyphoidal Salmonella, there is a rapidly increasing trend of colistin resistance and this is the first report of patients harboring mcr-1-positive Salmonella with a new ST type ST155 and new serotype S. Sinstorf. These findings demonstrate the necessity for cautious use and the continuous monitoring of colistin in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoye Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Qian
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingwen Lv
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Benshun Tian
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Gu
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Woh PY, Yeung MPS, Goggins WB, Lo N, Wong KT, Chow V, Chau KY, Fung K, Chen Z, Ip M. Genomic Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Young Children Hospitalized for Gastroenteritis. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0024821. [PMID: 34346743 PMCID: PMC8552638 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00248-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) gastroenteritis in children remains a significant burden on health care and constitutes a majority of all admissions for Salmonella infections in public hospitals in Hong Kong. In this prospective study, 41% of 241 children hospitalized with gastroenteritis from three public hospitals during 2019 were culture confirmed to have NTS infection. These Salmonella isolates were whole-genome sequenced and in silico predicted for their serovars/serotypes using the Salmonella In Silico Typing Resource (SISTR) and SeqSero1, and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes were determined. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three major clades belonging to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis sequence type 11 (ST11) (43%), multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium ST19 (12%) and its monophasic variant ST34 (25%), and mostly singletons of 15 other serovars. MDR S. Typhimurium and its variant were more common in infants <24 months of age and possessed genotypic resistance to five antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin (A), chloramphenicol (C), aminoglycosides (Am), sulfonamides (Su), and tetracyclines (T). Older children were more often infected with S. Enteritidis, which possessed distinct genotypic resistance to AAmSu and fluoroquinolones. In addition, 3% of the isolates possessed extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) CTX-M genes, while one isolate (1%) harboring the carbapenemase gene blaNDM-1 was identified. Our findings provide a more complete genomic epidemiological insight into NTS causing gastroenteritis and identify a wider spectrum of determinants of resistance to third-generation beta-lactams and carbapenems, which are often not readily recognized. With high rates of multidrug-resistant NTS from studies in the Asia-Pacific region, the rapid and reliable determination of serovars and resistance determinants using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is invaluable for enhancing public health interventions for infection prevention and control. IMPORTANCE Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) gastroenteritis is a foodborne disease with a large global burden. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among foodborne pathogens is an important public health concern, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella is prevalent in Southeast Asia and China. Using whole-genome sequencing, this study highlights the relationship of the MDR Salmonella serotypes and the diverse range of Salmonella genotypes that contaminate our food sources and contribute to disease in this locality. The findings update our understanding of Salmonella epidemiology and associated MDR determinants to enhance the tracking of foodborne pathogens for public health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yee Woh
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - May Pui Shan Yeung
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - William Bernard Goggins
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Norman Lo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kam Tak Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Viola Chow
- Department of Pathology, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Tai Po, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ka Yee Chau
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kitty Fung
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Sun L, Zhang H, Chen J, Chen L, Qi X, Zhang R. Epidemiology of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Caused by Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Zhejiang Province, China, 2010-2019. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:880-886. [PMID: 34357797 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella infection is a common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in Zhejiang Province, China. This study aimed to summarize the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of the outbreak of nontyphoidal Salmonella infection in Zhejiang Province. Data collected over a 10-year period (2010-2019) from the China National Foodborne Diseases Surveillance Network (NFDSN) were analyzed. A total of 78 outbreaks due to nontyphoidal Salmonella, causing 1450 illnesses and 353 hospitalizations with no deaths, were reported. The outbreak rate from May to October was about four times as high as that in other months. In addition, 33.3% (25/78) outbreaks occurred in household settings, and 41.8% (606/1450) cases were exposed at bakery product-processing factories (or shops). Moreover, food vehicles were identified in 75.6% (59/78) of Salmonella outbreaks. Of these, 30.5% (35/59) were caused by cooked meat products, followed by cold-processed cakes and sandwiches usually containing meat and/or eggs (28.81%, 17/59). Salmonella Enteritidis (56.9%, 33/78) and Salmonella Typhimurium (17.2%, 10/78) were the dominant strains. Outbreaks were most frequently attributed to cross-contamination (88.1%) and improper storage temperature (61.0%). Outbreaks caused by Salmonella are important targets for public health intervention efforts, and improving the safety and quality of cooked meat products, cold-processed cakes, and sandwiches should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hexiang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Prescriptions for 6.8% of cases suggests a need for greater antimicrobial stewardship. During 2013–2018, antimicrobial drugs were prescribed for 6.8% of cases of acute gastroenteritis encountered in general practice in Australia, including 35.7% of Salmonella infections and 54.1% of Campylobacter infections. During that time, prescriptions for acute gastroenteritis decreased by 2.0%. Managing infectious gastroenteritis in general practice will require greater antimicrobial stewardship.
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Chirambo AC, Nyirenda TS, Jambo N, Msefula C, Kamng'ona A, Molina S, Mandala WL, Heyderman RS, Iturizza-Gomara M, Henrion MYR, Gordon MA. Performance of molecular methods for the detection of Salmonella in human stool specimens. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:237. [PMID: 34017923 PMCID: PMC8108707 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16305.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The relationship between asymptomatic
Salmonella exposure within the gastrointestinal tract and
Salmonella bacteraemia is poorly understood, in part due to the low sensitivity of stool culture and the lack of validated molecular diagnostic tests for the detection of
Salmonella in the stool. The study aimed to determine a reliable molecular diagnostic test for
Salmonella in stool specimens. Methods: We optimised an in-house monoplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of
Salmonellattr and
InvA genes in stool by including a selenite broth pre-culture step for
Salmonella before DNA extraction and validated their specificity against other local common pathogens. Then we assessed their performance against a well-validated multiplex PCR targeting the same
ttr and
InvA genes and against stool culture using clinical stool specimens collected from a cohort of 50 asymptomatic healthy Malawian children that were sampled at 1-month intervals over 12 months. We employed a latent Markov model to estimate the specificities and sensitivities of PCR methods. Results:
Ttr and
InvA primers were both able to detect all the different
Salmonella serovars tested and had superior limits of detection when DNA was extracted after selenite pre-culture. T
tr sensitivity and specificity for monoplex-PCR were (99.53%, 95.46%) and for multiplex-PCR (90.30%, 99.30%) respectively.
InvA specificity and specificity for using monoplex-PCR was (95.06%, 90.31%) and multiplex-PCRs (89.41%, 98.00%) respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for standard stool culture were 62.88% and 99.99%, respectively. Culture showed the highest PPV (99.73%), and monoplex-
ttr had the highest NPV (99.67%). Conclusion: Test methods demonstrated high concordance, although stool culture and monoplexed
ttr primers had superior specificity and sensitivity, respectively. The use of selenite pre-enrichment step increased
Salmonella detection rate. Taken together, molecular detection methods used here could be used to reveal the true extent of both asymptomatic and symptomatic
Salmonella exposure events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeziwa Chunga Chirambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Programme, Blantyre, +265, Malawi.,Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Tonney S Nyirenda
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Programme, Blantyre, +265, Malawi.,Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ndaru Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Programme, Blantyre, +265, Malawi.,Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Chisomo Msefula
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Programme, Blantyre, +265, Malawi.,Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Arox Kamng'ona
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Programme, Blantyre, +265, Malawi.,Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Sandra Molina
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Wilson L Mandala
- Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, +265, Malawi
| | - Robert S Heyderman
- Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, WC1E 6EJ, UK
| | - Miren Iturizza-Gomara
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Marc Y R Henrion
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Programme, Blantyre, +265, Malawi.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Programme, Blantyre, +265, Malawi.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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20
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Kariuki S, Owusu-Dabo E. Research on Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease and Developments Towards Better Understanding of Epidemiology, Management, and Control Strategies. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:S127-S129. [PMID: 32725224 PMCID: PMC7388720 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 11th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses held in Hanoi, Vietnam, a number of papers were presented on the burden of disease, epidemiology, genomics, management, and control strategies for invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, which is increasingly becoming an important public health threat in low- and middle-income countries, but especially in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA). Although there were minor variations in characteristics of iNTS in different settings (urban vs rural, country to country), it was observed that iNTS has gained greater recognition as a major disease entity in children younger than 5 years. Renewed efforts towards greater understanding of the burden of illness, detection and diagnostic strategies, and management and control of the disease in communities in sSA through the introduction of vaccines will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Microbiology Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), School of Public Health, Kumasi, Ghana
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21
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Youssef RA, Abbas AM, El-Shehawi AM, Mabrouk MI, Aboshanab KM. Serotyping and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Enteric Nontyphoidal Salmonella Recovered from Febrile Neutropenic Patients and Poultry in Egypt. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050493. [PMID: 33925773 PMCID: PMC8147078 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 300 human fecal samples were collected from febrile neutropenic patients suffering from severe gastroenteritis, followed by identification and serological characterization of recovered isolates. Fifty nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars were recovered. A total of serologically identified 50 NTS serovars recovered from poultry of the same geographical area and during the same period as well as one standard strain S. Poona were supplied by the Bacterial Bank of Animal Health Research Institute of Egypt. Antibiogram analysis revealed that the human and poultry serovars exhibited similar antimicrobial resistance patterns against 28 different antimicrobial agents, particularly against ampicillin, cefotaxime, oxytetracycline, and erythromycin. Plasmids harboring blaCTX-m, blaSHV, blaTEM, and aac(6’)-Ib were detected in 11 (22%) and 8 (16%) of human and poultry serovars, respectively. Molecular detection of the most clinically relevant virulence genes and analysis of the associated virulence genotypes proved that the human (n = 11) and poultry serovars (n = 12) shared 11 genotypes. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR analysis revealed that human and poultry serovars were clustered together in 3 out of the 4 clusters with a similarity index ranged from 0.15 to 1. Since poultry are usually consumed by humans, the presence of resistant bacteria harboring transmissible genetic elements is of great health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem A. Youssef
- Department of Microbiology, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), P.O. Box 11553, Giza 11553, Egypt; (R.A.Y.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Ahmad M. Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., P.O. Box 11566, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mona I. Mabrouk
- Department of Microbiology, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), P.O. Box 11553, Giza 11553, Egypt; (R.A.Y.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., P.O. Box 11566, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-2-2842-9040
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22
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Koide K, San LL, Pachanon R, Park JH, Ouchi Y, Kongsoi S, Utrarachkij F, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Amino Acid Substitution Ser83Ile in GyrA of DNA Gyrases Confers High-Level Quinolone Resistance to Nontyphoidal Salmonella Without Loss of Supercoiling Activity. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1397-1404. [PMID: 33877914 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Quinolone-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella having serine replaced by isoleucine at the 83rd amino acid in GyrA (GyrA-Ser83Ile) has recently been found in Asian countries. In this study, we aimed to examine the direct effect of substitution Ser83Ile on DNA gyrase activity and/or resistance to quinolones. Materials and Methods: Using 50% of the maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of quinolones, recombinant wild type (WT) and seven mutant DNA gyrases having amino acid substitutions, including Ser83Ile, were screened for enzymatic activity that causes supercoils in relaxed plasmid DNA and resistance to quinolones. Results: Little differences in supercoiling activity were observed between WT and mutant DNA gyrases. By contrast, the IC50s of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin against GyrA-Ser83Ile/GyrB-WT were 11.6 and 73.3 μg/mL, respectively, which were the highest used against the DNA gyrases examined in this study. Conclusion: Ser83Ile in GyrA was shown to confer high-level quinolone resistance to DNA gyrases of nontyphoidal Salmonella, with no loss of supercoiling activity. Salmonella strain carrying GyrA with Ser83Ile may emerge under a high-concentration pressure of quinolones and easily spread even with no selection bias by quinolones. Hence, avoiding the overuse of quinolones is needed to prevent the spread of Salmonella with Ser83Ile in GyrA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Koide
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lai Lai San
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyidaw, Myanmar
| | - Ruttana Pachanon
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jong-Hoon Park
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ouchi
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Siriporn Kongsoi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Fuangfa Utrarachkij
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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23
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Wu LJ, Luo Y, Shi GL, Li ZY. Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics and Changes of Antibiotic Resistance in Children with Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections from 2009-2018 in Chongqing, China. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:1403-1413. [PMID: 33880045 PMCID: PMC8053510 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s301318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a leading bacterial cause for acute gastroenteritis in children. With the increasing use of antibiotics worldwide, antibiotic resistance has become a global problem. However, data on NTS infections and changes in antibiotic resistance among children remain limited in China. We aimed to characterize the prevalence, clinical feature, serotype and the changes of antibiotic resistance of NTS in children in Chongqing. Methods 501 hospitalized children with NTS infections (confirmed by positive NTS culture) in Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2009 to December 2018 were included. The clinical data and drug sensitivity test results were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Antibiotic resistance in NTS infections was compared between 2009–2013 and 2014–2018. Results A total of 501 isolates were detected. Most NTS infections occurred in children under three years old, which mainly occurred between July and October. The numbers of patients with diarrhea, fever, and vomiting were 472 (94.2%), 422 (84.2%) and 146 (29.1%), respectively. Serogroup B (67.5%) was the predominant serogroup isolates. And Salmonella Typhimurium was the most common serotype (79.2%). The study compared the drug resistance of NTS from 2009 to 2013 with that from 2014 to 2018. We found the drug resistance rates of NTS to cefazolin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and imipenem showed an upward trend. The drug resistance rates of NTS to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefepime and compound sulfamethoxazole decreased slightly, but still showed high drug resistance rates. And drug resistance rates of NTS to piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftazidime decreased significantly in the last ten years. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates, were detected among 69 cases (13.7%) of 501 children with NTS infections. Conclusion The overall antibiotic resistance rates remained at a high level in Chongqing. Continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance in NTS and control measures such as avoiding unnecessary antibiotic therapy in general NTS gastroenteritis are important. For severe or invasive infections caused by NTS infection in Southwest China, the use of ceftazidime is recommended until antibiotic sensitivity test results are available. And the choice of antibiotics should be based on the curative effect and the antibiotics sensitivity results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Wushan County People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Lu Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Suining Central Hospital, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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24
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Gaballa A, Cheng RA, Harrand AS, Cohn AR, Wiedmann M. The Majority of Typhoid Toxin-Positive Salmonella Serovars Encode ArtB, an Alternate Binding Subunit. mSphere 2021; 6:e01255-20. [PMID: 33408236 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.01255-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While previous reports had suggested that the typhoid toxin (TT) could potentially use ArtB as an alternate binding subunit, this was thought to play a minor role in the evolution and biology of the toxin. In this study, we establish that both TT genes and artB are widespread among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, suggesting that TT likely plays a broader role in Salmonella virulence that extends beyond its proposed role in typhoid fever. Salmonella enterica encodes a wide array of virulence factors. One novel virulence factor, an A2B5 toxin known as the typhoid toxin (TT), was recently identified among a variety of S. enterica serovars. While past studies have shown that some serovars encode both the TT (active subunits CdtB and PltA and binding subunit PltB) and a second binding subunit (ArtB), these serovars were thought to be the exception. Here, we show that genes encoding the TT are detected in more than 100 serovars representing distinct phylogenetic lineages of S. enterica subsp. enterica, although clade B and section Typhi are significantly more likely to encode TT genes than serovars from other clades. Furthermore, we show that 81% of these TT-positive serovars also encode artB, suggesting that the cooccurrence of both toxin binding subunits is considerably more common than previously thought. A combination of in silico modeling, bacterial two-hybrid system screening, and tandem affinity purification (TAP) of toxin subunits suggests that ArtB and PltB interact in vitro, at least under some growth conditions. While different growth conditions yielded slightly higher transcript abundances of artB and pltB, both genes had their highest relative transcript abundances when Salmonella was grown under low-Mg2+ conditions, suggesting that ArtB and PltB may compete for inclusion in the TT. Together, our results suggest that ArtB likely plays an important and previously underappreciated role in the biology of the TT produced by typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella. IMPORTANCE While previous reports had suggested that the typhoid toxin (TT) could potentially use ArtB as an alternate binding subunit, this was thought to play a minor role in the evolution and biology of the toxin. In this study, we establish that both TT genes and artB are widespread among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, suggesting that TT likely plays a broader role in Salmonella virulence that extends beyond its proposed role in typhoid fever. Furthermore, our data suggest the selective maintenance of both toxin binding subunits, which may compete for inclusion in the holotoxin. Last, our data support the importance of characterizing diverse nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars, as the presence of classically defined typhoidal virulence factors among NTS serovars continues to challenge the typhoid-nontyphoid Salmonella paradigm.
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25
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Duong VT, The HC, Nhu TDH, Tuyen HT, Campbell JI, Minh PV, Phuc HL, Chau TTH, Ngoc NM, Vi LL, Mather AE, Baker S. Genomic Serotyping, Clinical Manifestations, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Nontyphoidal Salmonella Gastroenteritis in Hospitalized Children in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e01465-20. [PMID: 32907994 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01465-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are among the most common etiological agents of diarrheal diseases worldwide and have become the most commonly detected bacterial pathogen in children hospitalized with diarrhea in Vietnam. Aiming to better understand the epidemiology, serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and clinical manifestation of NTS gastroenteritis in Vietnam, we conducted a clinical genomics investigation of NTS isolated from diarrheal children admitted to one of three tertiary hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City. Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are among the most common etiological agents of diarrheal diseases worldwide and have become the most commonly detected bacterial pathogen in children hospitalized with diarrhea in Vietnam. Aiming to better understand the epidemiology, serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and clinical manifestation of NTS gastroenteritis in Vietnam, we conducted a clinical genomics investigation of NTS isolated from diarrheal children admitted to one of three tertiary hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City. Between May 2014 and April 2016, 3,166 children hospitalized with dysentery were recruited into the study; 478 (∼15%) children were found to be infected with NTS by stool culture. Molecular serotyping of the 450 generated genomes identified a diverse collection of serogroups (B, C1, C2 to C3, D1, E1, G, I, K, N, O, and Q); however, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was the most predominant serovar, accounting for 41.8% (188/450) of NTS isolates. We observed a high prevalence of AMR to first-line treatments recommended by WHO, and more than half (53.8%; 242/450) of NTS isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR; resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes). AMR gene detection positively correlated with phenotypic AMR testing, and resistance to empirical antimicrobials was associated with a significantly longer hospitalization (0.91 days; P = 0.04). Our work shows that genome sequencing is a powerful epidemiological tool to characterize the serovar diversity and AMR profiles in NTS. We propose a revaluation of empirical antimicrobials for dysenteric diarrhea and endorse the use of whole-genome sequencing for sustained surveillance of NTS internationally.
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26
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Syed KA, Saluja T, Cho H, Hsiao A, Shaikh H, Wartel TA, Mogasale V, Lynch J, Kim JH, Excler JL, Sahastrabuddhe S. Review on the Recent Advances on Typhoid Vaccine Development and Challenges Ahead. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:S141-S150. [PMID: 32725225 PMCID: PMC7388714 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi), the agent of typhoid fever, continues to be a challenge in many low- and middle-income countries. The major transmission route of S. typhi is fecal-oral, through contaminated food and water; thus, the ultimate measures for typhoid fever prevention and control include the provision of safe water, improved sanitation, and hygiene. Considering the increasing evidence of the global burden of typhoid, particularly among young children, and the long-term horizon for sustained, effective water and sanitation improvements in low-income settings, a growing consensus is to emphasize preventive vaccination. This review provides an overview of the licensed typhoid vaccines and vaccine candidates under development, and the challenges ahead for introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Ali Syed
- MSD-Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Saluja
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyoun Cho
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Amber Hsiao
- Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - T Anh Wartel
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Julia Lynch
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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27
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Still WL, Tapia MD, Tennant SM, Sylla M, Touré A, Badji H, Keita AM, Sow SO, Levine MM, Kotloff KL. Surveillance for Invasive Salmonella Disease in Bamako, Mali, From 2002 to 2018. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:S130-S140. [PMID: 32725229 PMCID: PMC7388721 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica bloodstream infections are an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, including in Mali. We report 17 years of surveillance for nontyphoidal and typhoidal S. enterica infections among inpatients and outpatients at l'Hôpital Gabriel Touré, the main source of pediatric tertiary care in Bamako, Mali. METHODS Between June 2002 and December 2018, a blood culture was collected from 54 748 children aged ≤15 years with fever and/or suspected invasive bacterial infection who provided consent (38 152 inpatients, 16 596 outpatients). Bacterial pathogens were identified using standard microbiological techniques and serovars of S. enterica were determined by PCR and/or agglutination with antisera. RESULTS Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) was identified in 671 enrolled inpatients (1.8% of all enrolled inpatients, 13.8% of enrolled inpatients with a positive culture). S. Enteritidis, the most common NTS serovar, accounted for 38.5% of all NTS isolates (n = 258), followed by S. Typhimurium (31.7%, n = 213). The median (SD) age of children with a culture positive for NTS was 1.8 (3) years. Overall case fatality was 20.9%. An additional 138 inpatients (0.4%) had a positive culture for typhoidal Salmonella. NTS was identified in 11 outpatients (0.07%), while typhoidal Salmonella was found in 49 outpatients (0.3%). The annual incidence of invasive NTS disease decreased over the study period, but case fatality remained high. CONCLUSIONS Although incidence decreased, NTS remained a major cause of invasive bacterial infection and mortality among hospitalized children in Bamako, while typhoidal Salmonella was uncommon. Because 87% of NTS belonged to only 4 serovars, a multivalent vaccine may be an effective strategy to reduce the burden and mortality of invasive NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Still
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland Graduate School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Milagritos D Tapia
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mamadou Sylla
- Centre Pour le Développement des Vaccins–Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aliou Touré
- Centre Pour le Développement des Vaccins–Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Henry Badji
- Centre Pour le Développement des Vaccins–Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Samba O Sow
- Centre Pour le Développement des Vaccins–Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Myron M Levine
- Centre Pour le Développement des Vaccins–Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Correspondence: K. L. Kotloff, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Room 480, Baltimore, MD 21201–1509 ()
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28
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Sebastian S, Dhawan B, Malhotra R, Gautam D, Kapil A. Salmonella typhimurium infection in total knee arthroplasty: A case report with review of literature. J Lab Physicians 2020; 9:217-219. [PMID: 28706395 PMCID: PMC5496303 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2727.208254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a rare cause of prosthetic joint infection (PJI). The recognized predisposing risk factors for Salmonella septic arthritis include diabetes mellitus, renal failure, human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic corticosteroid use. We describe a case of PJI of the knee in a 74-year-old lady who was on antitubercular treatment. The patient presented with discharging sinus and raised inflammatory markers. She was successfully treated by the removal of prosthesis and debridement followed by ciprofloxacin therapy for 6 weeks. This case report highlights the potential virulence of Salmonella in immunocompromised patient with a joint prosthesis. Continuous monitoring and close collaboration of microbiologists and orthopedicians helped obtain the resolution of infection in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeesh Sebastian
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Benu Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Malhotra
- Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Gautam
- Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arti Kapil
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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29
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Kariuki S, Mbae C, Onsare R, Kavai SM, Wairimu C, Ngetich R, Ali M, Clemens J, Dougan G. Multidrug-resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Hotspots as Targets for Vaccine Use in Management of Infections in Endemic Settings. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:S10-S15. [PMID: 30767004 PMCID: PMC6376148 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella infections cause a disproportionately high number of deaths in Africa, especially among poor urban populations. The increasing level of multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections is a major cause of concern in these settings where alternative effective treatment is unavailable. Other options for management of these infections must be sought. The knowledge of hotspots in endemic settings can help to prioritize management and control measures in Kenya and the region. Methods Using blood cultures, we investigated children presenting with fever of unknown origin for Salmonella infections. We performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing to further characterize Salmonella isolates. Using Global Positioning System technologies, we mapped Salmonella isolates to households of patients in the study site and determined risk factors associated with high concentration of cases in particular sites. Results A total of 281 Salmonella species (149 from blood and 132 from fecal samples) from febrile children <5 years of age were studied. These consisted of 85 Salmonella Typhimurium, 58 Salmonella Enteritidis, 32 other nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serotypes, and 126 Salmonella Typhi. The prevalence of MDR invasive NTS (iNTS) was 77.2%, with 15% resistant to ceftriaxone, a drug that is last-line treatment for iNTS and other severe gram-negative infections in Kenya. Invasive NTS and S. Typhi together mapped around common water vending points and close to sewer convergence points in the highly populated village. Conclusions These hotspots could be targeted for management and control strategies, including a combined introduction of typhoid and iNTS vaccines, aimed at reducing transmission in these endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | - Cecilia Mbae
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | - Robert Onsare
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | - Susan M Kavai
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | - Celestine Wairimu
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | - Ronald Ngetich
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Mollo B, Hobson CA, Le Hello S, Azria E, Le Monnier A, Pilmis B, Mizrahi A. Intrauterine infection caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella: a literature review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:4000-4004. [PMID: 31851562 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1702950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Although nontyphoidal Salmonella infections have a prevalence of 0.2-1.8%. It is mostly described in veterinary medicine; it could be responsible for severe intra-amniotic infections in humans. The objective of this review is to describe the clinical and microbiological aspects of intrauterine infection (IUI) caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella.Methods: We reported a case analysis and subsequently conducted a systematic literature review of IUI caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella between 1966 and 2018.Results: In literature nine cases have been reported, and were confirmed by the identification of a nontyphoidal Salmonella in the biological samples. Our review reveals severe clinical presentations in pregnant women. Indeed, sepsis, spontaneous abortions, and fatal outcomes for fetuses were described in 90, 60, and 80% of the cases, respectively. The major clinical symptoms were in majority acute, with high fever, abdominal pain, metrorrhagia, and premature membranes ruptures. Nulliparity is a risk factor and the prognosis depends on the pregnancy stage. All mothers received antibiotics and their outcomes were favorable.Conclusions: Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections can be responsible for severe pregnancy complications. Considering the severe neonatal prognosis, in case of a history of diarrhea and/or sepsis, a search for this pathogen should be considered, and a preventive strategy could be discussed during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Mollo
- Equipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Saint Joseph, Paris, France
| | - Claire Amaris Hobson
- Equipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Saint Joseph, Paris, France
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Centre National de Référence des E. coli, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elie Azria
- Maternité Notre Dame de Bon Secours, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, DHU Risques et Grossesse, Paris, France.,UMR1153 EPidémiologie Obstétricale, Périnatale et Pédiatrique (EPOPé), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Alban Le Monnier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Saint Joseph, Paris, France.,EA4043 Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Pilmis
- Equipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Saint Joseph, Paris, France
| | - Assaf Mizrahi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Saint Joseph, Paris, France.,EA4043 Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France
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Lal A, Davaro R, Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Abraham GM. Detection of coexisting toxigenic Clostridium difficile and nontyphoidal Salmonella in a healthcare worker with diarrhea: A therapeutic dilemma. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:2724-2727. [PMID: 31548964 PMCID: PMC6753814 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_227_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and nontyphoidal Salmonella infection (NSI) have similar clinical manifestations and are seldom seen simultaneously. The decision-making in terms of antibiotic therapy becomes difficult when both the pathogens are isolated from the same patient. Case Presentation: We describe a case of Clostridium difficile (CD) enterocolitis in a healthcare provider who concomitantly tested positive for nontyphoidal Salmonella. Discussion: To the best of our knowledge after extensive literature review (English), this is only the fourth report highlighting this association. Conclusion: Although Salmonella is not a risk factor for CDI, it can cause intestinal inflammation and alteration in the intestinal flora. When two pathogens are isolated from the same patient, it is tempting to treat both with antibiotics as highlighted. When it involves healthcare workers, there is no difference in guidelines and should not be prescribed antibiotics with intent of reducing secondary transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Lal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Raul Davaro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Worcester Medical Center, Reliant Medical Group, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kamal Kant Sahu
- Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - George M Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, USA
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Monte DF, Lincopan N, Cerdeira L, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Landgraf M. Early Dissemination of qnrE1 in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Livestock in South America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e00571-19. [PMID: 31235627 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00571-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
A 19-year-old previously healthy man presented with convulsions, fever, headache, diarrhea, and vomiting. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed cerebral hemorrhaging in the right parietal lobe and thrombotic occlusion of the right great cerebral vein. Blood cultures were positive for nontyphoidal Salmonella. The patient was successfully treated with antibiotics and anticoagulants. Nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia can cause cerebral venous thrombosis and physicians therefore need to consider nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia as a potential cause of cerebral venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Taneda
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Matsue Hospital, Japan
| | - Tadashi Adachi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Watanabe
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Japan
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Cheng RA, Eade CR, Wiedmann M. Embracing Diversity: Differences in Virulence Mechanisms, Disease Severity, and Host Adaptations Contribute to the Success of Nontyphoidal Salmonella as a Foodborne Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1368. [PMID: 31316476 PMCID: PMC6611429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all Salmonella enterica serovars cause the same disease. S. enterica represents an incredibly diverse species comprising >2,600 unique serovars. While some S. enterica serovars are host-restricted, others infect a wide range of hosts. The diseases that nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars cause vary considerably, with some serovars being significantly more likely to cause invasive disease in humans than others. Furthermore, while genomic analyses have advanced our understanding of the genetic diversity of these serovars, they have not been able to fully account for the observed clinical differences. One overarching challenge is that much of what is known about Salmonella's general biology and virulence strategies is concluded from studies examining a select few serovars, especially serovar Typhimurium. As targeted control strategies have been implemented to control select serovars, an increasing number of foodborne outbreaks involving serovars that are less frequently associated with human clinical illness are being detected. Harnessing what is known about the diversity of NTS serovars represents an important factor in achieving the ultimate goal of reducing salmonellosis-associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the differences and similarities among NTS serovars, highlighting the virulence mechanisms, genetic differences, and sources that characterize S. enterica diversity and contribute to its success as a foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Colleen R. Eade
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Katiyo S, Muller-Pebody B, Minaji M, Powell D, Johnson AP, De Pinna E, Day M, Harris R, Godbole G. Epidemiology and Outcomes of Nontyphoidal Salmonella Bacteremias from England, 2004 to 2015. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:e01189-18. [PMID: 30381422 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01189-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) bacteremia causes hospitalization and high morbidity and mortality. We linked Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit (GBRU) data to the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data set to study the trends and outcomes of NTS bacteremias in England between 2004 and 2015. All confirmed NTS isolates from blood from England submitted to GBRU between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2015 were deterministically linked to HES records. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR), proportions, and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to describe differences in age, sex, antibiotic resistance patterns, and serotypes over time. Males, neonates, and adults above 65 years were more likely to have NTS bacteremia (AOR, 1.54 [95% CI, 1.46 to 1.67]; 2.57 [95% CI, 1.43 to 4.60]; and 3.56 [95% CI, 3.25 to 3.90], respectively). Proportions of bacteremia increased from 1.41% in 2004 to 2.67% in 2015. Thirty-four percent of all blood isolates were resistant to a first-line antibiotic, and 1,397 (56%) blood isolates were linked to an HES record. Of the patients with NTS bacteremia, 969 (69%) had a cardiovascular condition and 155 (12%) patients died, out of which 120 (77%) patients were age 65 years and above. NTS bacteremia mainly affects older people with comorbidities placing them at increased risk of prolonged hospital stay and death. Resistance of invasive NTS to first-line antimicrobial agents appeared to be stable in England, but the emergence of resistance to last-resort antibiotics, such as colistin, requires careful monitoring.
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Eguale T, Asrat D, Alemayehu H, Nana I, Gebreyes WA, Gunn JS, Engidawork E. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of temporally related nontyphoidal Salmonella strains isolated from humans and food animals in central Ethiopia. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:766-776. [PMID: 29984468 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the common causes of food-borne bacterial illnesses. The primary sources of human nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection are food animals. This study characterized temporally and spatially related Salmonella isolated during April 2013 to March 2014 from faeces of diarrhoeic human patients in Addis Ababa (n = 68) and food animals (n = 84) in Addis Ababa and surrounding districts (dairy cattle, n = 30; slaughtered cattle, n = 20; poultry, n = 26; swine n = 8). Isolates were serotyped, page typed and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The dominant Salmonella serovars isolated from food animals were S. Saintpaul (38.1%), S. Typhimurium (17.9%) and S. Kentucky (9.5%), whereas in humans, S. Typhimurium (39.7%), S. Virchow (30.9%) and S. Kottbus (10.3%) were frequently isolated. Resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin and cephalothin was higher in animal isolates than human isolates, and mean number of antimicrobials to which isolates were resistant was significantly higher in isolates from cattle and poultry compared to those from humans (p < 0.05). All S. Kentucky isolated from animals and humans were multidrug resistant (MDR) with shared resistance phenotype (AmpCfCipTeSuSNa). Although this study involved small sample size and was not able to show clear epidemiological linkage among isolates from various sources, genotyping by PFGE analysis demonstrated circulation of closely related genotypes of S. Virchow, S. Typhimurium and S. Kentucky among humans and food animals. Detection of related Salmonella isolates from humans and animals, the high MDR status of isolates from animals and close proximity of farms and human residential areas in the absence of appropriate biosecurity present major public health problem. Integrated surveillance of Salmonella serovars in humans and animals and implementation of appropriate hazard analysis and pathogen control strategies along critical points of the food chain from farm to table is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ismael Nana
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Duong VT, Tuyen HT, Van Minh P, Campbell JI, Phuc HL, Nhu TDH, Tu LTP, Chau TTH, Nhi LTQ, Hung NT, Ngoc NM, Huong NTT, Vi LL, Thompson CN, Thwaites GE, de Alwis R, Baker S. No Clinical Benefit of Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy for Pediatric Diarrhea in a High-Usage, High-Resistance Setting. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66:504-511. [PMID: 29029149 PMCID: PMC5850041 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric diarrheal disease presents a major public health burden in low- to middle-income countries. The clinical benefits of empirical antimicrobial treatment for diarrhea are unclear in settings that lack reliable diagnostics and have high antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Methods We conducted a prospective multicenter cross-sectional study of pediatric patients hospitalized with diarrhea containing blood and/or mucus in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Clinical parameters, including disease outcome and treatment, were measured. Shigella, nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), and Campylobacter were isolated from fecal samples, and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined. Statistical analyses, comprising log-rank tests and accelerated failure time models, were performed to assess the effect of antimicrobials on disease outcome. Results Among 3166 recruited participants (median age 10 months; interquartile range, 6.5-16.7 months), one-third (1096 of 3166) had bloody diarrhea, and 25% (793 of 3166) were culture positive for Shigella, NTS, or Campylobacter. More than 85% of patients (2697 of 3166) were treated with antimicrobials; fluoroquinolones were the most commonly administered antimicrobials. AMR was highly prevalent among the isolated bacteria, including resistance against fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. Antimicrobial treatment and multidrug resistance status of the infecting pathogens were found to have no significant effect on outcome. Antimicrobial treatment was significantly associated with an increase in the duration of hospitalization with particular groups of diarrheal diseases. Conclusions In a setting with high antimicrobial usage and high AMR, our results imply a lack of clinical benefit for treating diarrhea with antimicrobials; adequately powered randomized controlled trials are required to assess the role of antimicrobials for diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thuy Duong
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
- Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thanh Tuyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
| | - Pham Van Minh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
| | - James I Campbell
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
| | | | - Tran Do Hoang Nhu
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
| | - Le Thi Phuong Tu
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tran Thi Hong Chau
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
| | - Le Thi Quynh Nhi
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
| | | | | | | | - Lu Lan Vi
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Corinne N Thompson
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University
| | - Ruklanthi de Alwis
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Carden SE, Walker GT, Honeycutt J, Lugo K, Pham T, Jacobson A, Bouley D, Idoyaga J, Tsolis RM, Monack D. Pseudogenization of the Secreted Effector Gene sseI Confers Rapid Systemic Dissemination of S. Typhimurium ST313 within Migratory Dendritic Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:182-94. [PMID: 28182950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome degradation correlates with host adaptation and systemic disease in Salmonella. Most lineages of the S. enterica subspecies Typhimurium cause gastroenteritis in humans; however, the recently emerged ST313 lineage II pathovar commonly causes systemic bacteremia in sub-Saharan Africa. ST313 lineage II displays genome degradation compared to gastroenteritis-associated lineages; yet, the mechanisms and causal genetic differences mediating these infection phenotypes are largely unknown. We find that the ST313 isolate D23580 hyperdisseminates from the gut to systemic sites, such as the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), via CD11b+ migratory dendritic cells (DCs). This hyperdissemination was facilitated by the loss of sseI, which encodes an effector that inhibits DC migration in gastroenteritis-associated isolates. Expressing functional SseI in D23580 reduced the number of infected migratory DCs and bacteria in the MLN. Our study reveals a mechanism linking pseudogenization of effectors with the evolution of niche adaptation in a bacterial pathogen.
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Carroll LM, Wiedmann M, den Bakker H, Siler J, Warchocki S, Kent D, Lyalina S, Davis M, Sischo W, Besser T, Warnick LD, Pereira RV. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolates from Dairy Cattle and Humans in New York and Washington States Reveals Source and Geographic Associations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00140-17. [PMID: 28389536 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00140-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica can be spread from cattle to humans through direct contact with animals shedding Salmonella as well as through the food chain, making MDR Salmonella a serious threat to human health. The objective of this study was to use whole-genome sequencing to compare antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Newport, and Dublin isolated from dairy cattle and humans in Washington State and New York State at the genotypic and phenotypic levels. A total of 90 isolates were selected for the study (37 S Typhimurium, 32 S Newport, and 21 S Dublin isolates). All isolates were tested for phenotypic antibiotic resistance to 12 drugs using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion. AMR genes were detected in the assembled genome of each isolate using nucleotide BLAST and ARG-ANNOT. Genotypic prediction of phenotypic resistance resulted in a mean sensitivity of 97.2 and specificity of 85.2. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistance was observed only in human isolates (P < 0.05), while resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones was observed only in 6 S Typhimurium isolates from humans in Washington State. S Newport isolates showed a high degree of AMR profile similarity, regardless of source. S Dublin isolates from New York State differed from those from Washington State based on the presence/absence of plasmid replicons, as well as phenotypic AMR susceptibility/nonsusceptibility (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that distinct factors may contribute to the emergence and dispersal of AMR S. enterica in humans and farm animals in different regions.IMPORTANCE The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals has been hypothesized to select for AMR Salmonella enterica and associated AMR determinants, which can be transferred to humans through different routes. Previous studies have sought to assess the degree to which AMR livestock- and human-associated Salmonella strains overlap, as well as the spatial distribution of Salmonella's associated AMR determinants, but have often been limited by the degree of resolution at which isolates can be compared. Here, a comparative genomics study of livestock- and human-associated Salmonella strains from different regions of the United States shows that while many AMR genes and phenotypes were confined to human isolates, overlaps between the resistomes of bovine and human-associated Salmonella isolates were observed on numerous occasions, particularly for S Newport. We have also shown that whole-genome sequencing can be used to reliably predict phenotypic resistance across Salmonella isolated from bovine sources.
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Angelo KM, Reynolds J, Karp BE, Hoekstra RM, Scheel CM, Friedman C. Antimicrobial Resistance Among Nontyphoidal Salmonella Isolated From Blood in the United States, 2003-2013. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1565-1570. [PMID: 27609807 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella causes an estimated 100 000 antimicrobial-resistant infections annually in the United States. Salmonella antimicrobial resistance may result in bacteremia and poor outcomes. We describe antimicrobial resistance among nontyphoidal Salmonella blood isolates, using data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. METHODS Human nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates from 2003 to 2013 were classified as fully susceptible, resistant to ≥1 antimicrobial agent, or resistant to a first-line agent. Logistic regression was used to compare resistance patterns, serotypes, and patient characteristics for Salmonella isolated from blood versus stool and to determine resistance trends over time. RESULTS Approximately 20% of blood isolates had antimicrobial resistance to a first-line treatment agent. Bacteremia was associated with male sex, age ≥65 years, and specific serotypes. Blood isolates were more likely to be resistant to ≥1 agent for serotypes Enteritidis, Javiana, Panama, and Typhimurium. Blood isolates were most commonly resistant to tetracycline (19%), and more likely resistant to a first-line agent (odds ratio, 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.56-2.11) than stool isolates. Ceftriaxone resistance increased in blood isolates from 2003 to 2013 (odd ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.22). CONCLUSIONS Resistance to first-line treatment agents in patients with Salmonella bacteremia is a concern for public health and for informing clinical decisions. Judicious antimicrobial use is crucial to limit resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Angelo
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jared Reynolds
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Beth E Karp
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert Michael Hoekstra
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina M Scheel
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cindy Friedman
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Verani JR, Toroitich S, Auko J, Kiplang'at S, Cosmas L, Audi A, Mogeni OD, Aol G, Oketch D, Odiembo H, Katieno J, Wamola N, Onyango CO, Juma BW, Fields BS, Bigogo G, Montgomery JM. Burden of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease in a Rural and Urban Site in Kenya, 2009-2014. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61 Suppl 4:S302-9. [PMID: 26449945 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive infections with nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) lead to bacteremia in children and adults and are an important cause of illness in Africa; however, few data on the burden of NTS bacteremia are available. We sought to determine the burden of invasive NTS disease in a rural and urban setting in Kenya. METHODS We conducted the study in a population-based surveillance platform in a rural setting in western Kenya (Lwak), and an informal urban settlement in Nairobi (Kibera) from 2009 to 2014. We obtained blood culture specimens from participants presenting with acute lower respiratory tract illness or acute febrile illness to a designated outpatient facility in each site, or any hospital admission for a potentially infectious cause (rural site only). Incidence was calculated using a defined catchment population and adjusting for specimen collection and healthcare-seeking practices. RESULTS A total of 12 683 and 9524 blood cultures were analyzed from Lwak and Kibera, respectively. Of these, 428 (3.4%) and 533 (5.6%) grew a pathogen; among those, 208 (48.6%) and 70 (13.1%) were positive for NTS in Lwak and Kibera, respectively. Overall, the adjusted incidence of invasive NTS disease was higher in Lwak (839.4 per 100,000 person-years of observation [PYO]) than in Kibera (202.5 per 100,000 PYO). The highest adjusted incidences were observed in children <5 years of age (Lwak 3914.3 per 100,000 PYO and Kibera 997.9 per 100,000 PYO). The highest adjusted annual incidence was 1927.3 per 100,000 PYO (in 2010) in Lwak and 220.5 per 100,000 PYO (in 2011) in Kibera; the lowest incidences were 303.3 and 62.5 per 100,000 PYO, respectively (in 2012). In both sites, invasive NTS disease incidence generally declined over the study period. CONCLUSIONS We observed an extremely high burden of invasive NTS disease in a rural area of Kenya and a lesser, but still substantial, burden in an urban slum. Although the incidences in both sites declined during the study period, invasive NTS infections remain an important cause of morbidity in these settings, particularly among children <5 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leonard Cosmas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Allan Audi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | | | - George Aol
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barry S Fields
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In Kenya, invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease causes severe bacteremic illness among adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and especially among children <5 years of age coinfected with HIV or malaria, or who are compromised by sickle cell disease or severe malnutrition. The incidence of iNTS disease in children ranges from 166 to 568 cases per 100,000 persons per year. METHODS We review the epidemiology of iNTS disease and genomics of strains causing invasive illness in Kenya. We analyzed a total of 192 NTS isolates (114 Typhimurium, 78 Enteritidis) from blood and stools from pediatric admissions in 2005-2013. Testing for antimicrobial susceptibility to commonly used drugs and whole-genome sequencing were performed to assess prevalence and genetic relatedness of multidrug-resistant iNTS strains, respectively. RESULTS A majority (88/114 [77%]) of Salmonella Typhimurium and 30% (24/79) of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates tested were found to be multidrug resistant, whereas a dominant Salmonella Typhimurium pathotype, ST313, was primarily associated with invasive disease and febrile illness. Analysis of the ST313 isolates has identified genome degradation, compared with the ST19 genotype that typically causes diarrhea in humans, especially in industrialized countries, adapting a more host-restricted lifestyle typical of Salmonella Typhi infections. CONCLUSIONS From 2012, we have observed an emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant strains also showing reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. As most cases present with nonspecific febrile illness with no laboratory-confirmed etiology, empiric treatment of iNTS disease is a major challenge in Kenya. Multidrug resistance, including to ceftriaxone, will pose further difficulty in management of iNTS disease in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | - Robert S Onsare
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
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Kalonji LM, Post A, Phoba MF, Falay D, Ngbonda D, Muyembe JJ, Bertrand S, Ceyssens PJ, Mattheus W, Verhaegen J, Barbé B, Kuijpers L, Van Geet C, Lunguya O, Jacobs J. Invasive Salmonella Infections at Multiple Surveillance Sites in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2011-2014. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61 Suppl 4:S346-53. [PMID: 26449951 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study reports the microbiological landscape of Salmonella Typhi and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). METHODS Blood cultures obtained from hospital-admitted patients suspected of bloodstream infection (BSI) in 4 of 11 provinces in DRC (Kinshasa, Bas-Congo, Equateur, and Orientale) were processed. Sampling had started in 2007; the results for the period 2011-2014 are reported. RESULTS Salmonella Typhi and iNTS were cultured from 194 (1.4%) and 840 (5.9%), respectively, of 14,110 BSI episodes and ranked first among BSI pathogens in adults (65/300 [21.7%]) and children (783/1901 [41.2%]), respectively. A total of 948 of 1034 (91.7%) isolates were available for analysis (164 Salmonella Typhi and 784 iNTS). Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis represented 386 (49.2%) and 391 (49.9%), respectively, of iNTS isolates, fluctuating over time and geography and increasing during the rainy season. Adults accounted for <5% of iNTS BSI episodes. Children <5 years accounted for 20.3% of Salmonella Typhi BSI episodes. Among Salmonella Typhi, rates of multidrug resistance and decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility (DCS) were 37.8% and 37.2%, respectively, and 18.3% displayed combined multidrug resistance and DCS; rates of azithromycin and ceftriaxone resistance were 0.6% and absent, respectively. Among NTS isolates, ≥80% (79.7% of Salmonella Enteritidis and 90.2% of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates) showed multidrug resistance, and <2.5% showed DCS. Combined extended-spectrum β-lactamase production (blaTEM-1 gene) and azithromycin resistance was noted in 12.7% of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, appearing in Bas-Congo from 2013 onward. CONCLUSIONS Salmonella Typhi and NTS are major causes of BSI in DRC; their antimicrobial resistance is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Mbuyi Kalonji
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Annelies Post
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marie-France Phoba
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dadi Falay
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dauly Ngbonda
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sophie Bertrand
- Belgian National Centre for Salmonella, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels
| | - Pieter-Jan Ceyssens
- Belgian National Centre for Salmonella, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- Belgian National Centre for Salmonella, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels
| | | | - Barbara Barbé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Kuijpers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Geet
- Department of Pediatrics Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium Department of Microbiology and Immunology
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Mather AE, Vaughan TG, French NP. Molecular Approaches to Understanding Transmission and Source Attribution in Nontyphoidal Salmonella and Their Application in Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61 Suppl 4:S259-65. [PMID: 26449940 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a frequent cause of diarrhea around the world, yet in many African countries it is more commonly associated with invasive bacterial disease. Various source attribution models have been developed that utilize microbial subtyping data to assign cases of human NTS infection to different animal populations and foods of animal origin. Advances in molecular microbial subtyping approaches, in particular whole-genome sequencing, provide higher resolution data with which to investigate these sources. In this review, we provide updates on the source attribution models developed for Salmonella, and examine the application of whole-genome sequencing data combined with evolutionary modeling to investigate the putative sources and transmission pathways of NTS, with a focus on the epidemiology of NTS in Africa. This is essential information to decide where, what, and how control strategies might be applied most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Mather
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy G Vaughan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution
| | - Nigel P French
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Oneko M, Kariuki S, Muturi-Kioi V, Otieno K, Otieno VO, Williamson JM, Folster J, Parsons MB, Slutsker L, Mahon BE, Hamel MJ. Emergence of Community-Acquired, Multidrug-Resistant Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease in Rural Western Kenya, 2009-2013. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61 Suppl 4:S310-6. [PMID: 26449946 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), mainly serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis, cause invasive infections with high mortality in children in sub-Saharan Africa. Multidrug resistance is common, and resistance to third-generation cephalosporins has emerged. METHODS We reviewed clinical features, outcomes, and antimicrobial resistance patterns in invasive NTS infections among children aged 6 weeks to 5 years participating in malaria vaccine studies in an area of high malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in Siaya, western Kenya. Blood culture was performed in hospitalized children and pediatric outpatients with prolonged fever. RESULTS From July 2009 to December 2013, 1696 children aged 6 weeks to 17 months were enrolled into vaccine trials and followed for up to 53 months. We obtained 1692 blood cultures from 847 children. Of 134 bacterial pathogens isolated, 102 (76.1%) were Salmonella serogroup B or D. Invasive NTS disease occurred in 94 (5.5%) children, with an incidence of 1870, 4134, and 6510 episodes per 100 000 person-years overall, in infants, and in HIV-infected children, respectively. Malaria infection within the past 2 weeks occurred in 18.8% (3/16) of invasive NTS episodes in HIV-infected and 66.2% (53/80) in HIV-uninfected children. Case fatality rate was 3.1%. Salmonella group B resistant to ceftriaxone emerged in 2009 and 2010 (6.2% [2/32 isolates]), rising to 56.5% (13/23 isolates) in 2012 and 2013. CONCLUSIONS Incidence of invasive NTS disease was high in this area of high malaria and HIV transmission, especially in HIV-infected children. Rapidly emerging resistance against ceftriaxone requires urgent reevaluation of antibiotic recommendations and primary prevention of exposure to Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Oneko
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu
| | - Simon Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu
| | | | - Kephas Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu
| | - Vincent O Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu
| | | | - Jason Folster
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Barbara E Mahon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary J Hamel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Tapia MD, Tennant SM, Bornstein K, Onwuchekwa U, Tamboura B, Maiga A, Sylla MB, Sissoko S, Kourouma N, Toure A, Malle D, Livio S, Sow SO, Levine MM. Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections Among Children in Mali, 2002-2014: Microbiological and Epidemiologic Features Guide Vaccine Development. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61 Suppl 4:S332-8. [PMID: 26449949 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2002, following establishment of a clinical microbiology laboratory in the government hospital that admits children with severe illnesses in Bamako, Mali, surveillance to identify pathogens causing invasive bacterial infections (septicemia, bacteremia, meningitis, etc) was initiated. METHODS Parents/guardians of children aged <16 years admitted to l'Hôpital Gabriel Touré with high fever or clinical syndromes compatible with focal invasive bacterial disease were asked for consent to culture their child's blood/body fluid. Standard bacteriologic techniques speciated isolates; Salmonella serovars were determined. RESULTS From July 2002 through June 2014, 687 nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates were obtained from 667 children; 667 yielded a single serovar and 20 grew 2 Salmonella serovars, 1 being NTS. Four serovars accounted for 87% of the 687 NTS isolates, including Salmonella Enteritidis (n = 244 [35.5%]), Salmonella Typhimurium (n = 221 [32.2%]), I:4,[5],12:i:- (n = 42 [6.1%]), and Salmonella Dublin (n = 89 [13.0%]). Of 553 patients with invasive NTS from whom 1 of the 4 predominant serovars was isolated in pure culture, 448 (81.0%) were aged <5 years and case fatality was 20.3%; Salmonella Enteritidis case fatality (27.8%) was higher than for other serovars (P = .0009). NTS disease showed a seasonal peak following the rainy season and into the cool, dry season. Since 2010, Salmonella Enteritidis cases have risen and Salmonella Typhimurium fallen. CONCLUSIONS NTS has become the predominant invasive pathogen as Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal vaccine use in Mali has diminished invasive disease due to those pathogens. The age distribution and limited serovars involved make control of NTS disease by vaccines epidemiologically feasible, if products under development prove safe and efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristin Bornstein
- Center for Vaccine Development Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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Lin HW, Hsu HS, Huang YT, Yang CJ, Hsu MS, Liao CH. Time to positivity in blood cultures of adults with nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2016; 49:417-23. [PMID: 25311404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is an important bacterial etiology of diarrheal disease, and it causes invasive diseases in immunocompromised hosts. For bacteremia from some species, blood culture with a rapid time to positivity (TTP) is associated with greater mortality. This study investigated TTP of NTS bacteremia and its relationship to clinical parameters and prognosis. METHODS Adult patients with NTS bacteremia who were admitted to a tertiary care facility in northern Taiwan from January 2010 to December 2012 were enrolled. Demographics, clinical and microbiological characteristics, and treatment response were reviewed. The TTP for each patient was retrieved from the automated machine. RESULTS Sixty-six adult patients (mean age, 66.1 years; range, 27-96 years) with NTS bacteremia were identified by the following serogroup distributions: serogroup B (23.4%), serogroup C1 (1.6%), serogroup C2 (6.3%), and serogroup D (68.8%). The in-hospital mortality, 14-day mortality, and 30-day mortality were 15.2%, 7.6%, and 12.1%, respectively. The TTP ranged 6.5-41.7 hours (median: 11.5 hours). Patients with rapid TTP (less than 10 hours), compared to patients without rapid TTP, were more likely to have liver cirrhosis (31.6% vs. 6.4%, p = 0.013), endovascular lesions (21.1% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.05), higher bacteremia score, intensive care unit admission (57.9% vs. 25.5%, p = 0.021), and septic shock (63.2% vs. 12.8%, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the in-hospital mortality and 14-day mortality between patients with TTP <10 hours and patients with TTP ≥10 hours. CONCLUSION The TTP of blood cultures, interpreted with a cut-off point of <10 hours, in patients with NTS bacteremia may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information.
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Ortiz D, Siegal EM, Kramer C, Khandheria BK, Brauer E. Nontyphoidal cardiac salmonellosis: two case reports and a review of the literature. Tex Heart Inst J 2014; 41:401-6. [PMID: 25120393 DOI: 10.14503/thij-13-3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella, especially Salmonella enterica, is a rare cause of endocarditis and pericarditis that carries a high mortality rate. Proposed predisposing conditions include immunodeficiency states, congenital heart defects, and cardiac valve diseases. We present 2 cases of cardiovascular salmonellosis. The first case is that of a 73-year-old woman with mechanical mitral and bioprosthetic aortic valves who died from sequelae of nontyphoidal Salmonella mitral valve vegetation, aortic valve abscess, and sepsis. The second case is that of a 62-year-old man with a recent systemic lupus erythematosus exacerbation treated with oral steroids, who presented with obstructive features of tamponade and sepsis secondary to a large S. enteritidis purulent pericardial cyst. He recovered after emergent pericardial drainage and antibiotic therapy. Identifying patients at risk of cardiovascular salmonellosis is important for early diagnosis and treatment to minimize sequelae and death. We reviewed the literature to identify the predisposing risk factors of nontyphoidal Salmonella cardiac infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ortiz
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215
| | - Eric M Siegal
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215
| | - Christopher Kramer
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215
| | - Bijoy K Khandheria
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215
| | - Ernesto Brauer
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215
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Elhadi N, Aljindan R, Aljeldah M. Prevalence of nontyphoidal Salmonella serogroups and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in a university teaching hospital in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Infect Drug Resist 2013; 6:199-205. [PMID: 24285925 PMCID: PMC3840818 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s51184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) species are important food-borne pathogens that cause gastroenteritis and bacteremia, and are responsible for a huge global burden of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalent serogroups and antibiotic resistance of NTS in our region. METHODS We reviewed the serogroup distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of NTS strains obtained from 158 stool specimens of patients with acute diarrheal infection attending the outpatient and inpatient department at a university hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia in the period from September, 2008 to April, 2011. A retrospective analysis of the 158 patients with NTS infection was conducted to determine the most prevalent NTS serogroups causing acute gastroenteritis and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. RESULTS At this teaching hospital, a total of 17,436 fecal samples were analyzed during the 2008-2011 study period. Of these specimens, 158 tested positive for NTS, giving an overall prevalence of 9.06 per 1,000. Of 158 NTS cases, serogroup D1 (25.3%) was the most prevalent, followed by serogroup B (19.6%), and serogroup C1 (18.9). One third of all NTS serogroup strains tested were resistant to tetracycline. The NTS strains showed resistance to ampicillin (31.3%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (29.9%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (20.9%), and cefotaxime (14.93%). CONCLUSION The findings of this study support the concern that use of antibiotics in animal feeds may contribute to acquisition of resistance in food-borne bacteria, such as Salmonella. Our study also concludes that the prevalence of NTS in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is very low compared with other studies worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreldin Elhadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Aljindan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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