1
|
Karadeniz F, Kim SK. Phospho-Chitooligosaccharides below 1 kDa Inhibit HIV-1 Entry In Vitro. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3729-3740. [PMID: 38666962 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite present antiviral agents that can effectively work against HIV-1 replication, side effects and drug resistance have pushed researchers toward novel approaches. In this context, there is a continued focus on discovering new and more effective antiviral compounds, particularly those that have a natural origin. Polysaccharides are known for their numerous bioactivities, including inhibiting HIV-1 infection and replication. In the present study, phosphorylated chitosan oligosaccharides (PCOSs) were evaluated for their anti-HIV-1 potential in vitro. Treatment with PCOSs effectively protected cells from HIV-1-induced lytic effects and suppressed the production of HIV-1 p24 protein. In addition, results show that PCOSs lost their protective effect upon post-infection treatment. According to the results of ELISA, PCOSs notably disrupted the binding of HIV-1 gp120 protein to T cell surface receptor CD4, which is required for HIV-1 entry. Overall, the results point out that PCOSs might prevent HIV-1 infection at the entry stage, possibly via blocking the viral entry through disruption of virus-cell fusion. Nevertheless, the current results only present the potential of PCOSs, and further studies to elucidate its action mechanism in detail are needed to employ phosphorylation of COSs as a method to develop novel antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Karadeniz
- Marine Biotechnology Center for Pharmaceuticals and Foods, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, ERICA Campus, 55 Hanyangdae-ro, Ansan 11558, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kammari K, Devaraya K, Swain S, Kondapi AK. The topoisomerase II β -kinase associated with HIV-1 is a potential target for pyridine-bischalcones' anti-HIV-1 activity. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115623. [PMID: 37473689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (TopoII) is a critical component of HIV-1 integration, proviral DNA synthesis, and reverse transcription. During HIV-1 infection, the TopoIIβkinase (TopoIIβKHIV-1) phosphorylates TopoIIβ. Our earlier research demonstrated that the pyridine scaffold has potent anti-HIV-1 activity by specifically inhibiting TopoIIβKHIV-1 activity. 3D QSAR results showed the presence of molecular features for interaction with TopoIIβKHIV-1 requiring chemically induced proximity for potential interaction. In this study, the chalcone and methyl groups were added to the pyridine scaffold's core to achieve the desired proximity length between the pyridine scaffold and charged centers, which resulted in an inhibitory activity against TopoIIβKHIV-1 and viral replication. According to the findings, the TopoIIβKHIV-1activity was inhibited by the inclusion of the pyridine scaffold with the chalcone group, leading to better anti-HIV-1 activity. The water-soluble methylated pyridinium chalcones' showed significant TopoIIβKHIV-1 antagonism, anti-HIV-1 activity (from IC50 > 500 nM to ID50 25 nM), and reduced cytotoxicity (CC50 = 2 mM). These activities could be associated with the charge on the pyridine and extended proximity. Therefore, it is clear that within the scope of this work, altering the proximity length and charge centers of pyridine molecules are critical for the design and development of effective anti-HIV-1 leads, specifically targeting TopoIIβKHIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurumurthy Kammari
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Kiran Devaraya
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Sarita Swain
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Anand K Kondapi
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Holm JEJ, Soares SG, Symmons MF, Huddin AS, Moncrieffe MC, Gay NJ. Anterograde trafficking of Toll-like receptors requires the cargo sorting adaptors TMED-2 and 7. Traffic 2023; 24:508-521. [PMID: 37491993 PMCID: PMC10946956 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in immunity by recognising conserved structural features of pathogens and initiating the innate immune response. TLR signalling is subject to complex regulation that remains poorly understood. Here we show that two small type I transmembrane receptors, TMED2 and 7, that function as cargo sorting adaptors in the early secretory pathway are required for transport of TLRs from the ER to Golgi. Protein interaction studies reveal that TMED7 interacts with TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 but not with TLR3 and TLR9. On the other hand, TMED2 interacts with TLR2, TLR4 and TLR3. Dominant negative forms of TMED7 suppress the export of cell surface TLRs from the ER to the Golgi. By contrast TMED2 is required for the ER-export of both plasma membrane and endosomal TLRs. Together, these findings suggest that association of TMED2 and TMED7 with TLRs facilitates anterograde transport from the ER to the Golgi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas J. Gay
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuznetsova AI, Munchak IM, Lebedev AV, Tumanov AS, Kim KV, Antonova AA, Ozhmegova EN, Pronin AY, Drobyshevskaya EV, Kazennova EV, Bobkova MR. [Genetic diversity of capsid protein ( p24) in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) variants circulating in the Russian Federation]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:66-78. [PMID: 36961237 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protein p24 plays an important role in the life cycle of the virus, and also is a target for diagnostic tests and for new antiretroviral drugs and therapeutic vaccines. The most studied variant of HIV-1 in the world is subtype B. In Russia, the most common variant is A6, the spread of recombinant forms (CRF63_02A6, CRF03_A6B) is observed as well as circulation of G and CRF02_AG variants. However, a detailed study of the p24 protein in these variants has not yet been conducted. The aim was to study the features of the p24 protein in HIV-1 variants circulating in Russia and estimate the frequency of occurrence of pre-existing mutations associated with resistance to lenacapavir, the first antiretroviral drug in the class of capsid inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The objects of the study were the nucleotide sequences obtained from the Los Alamos international database and clinical samples from HIV infected patients. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The features of HIV-1 variants circulating in Russia have been determined. V86A, H87Q, I91F are characteristic substitutions in A6 genome. It is shown that the presence of preexisting mutations associated with resistance to lenacapavir is unlikely. CONCLUSION Features of the p24 protein in HIV-1 variants circulating in Russia allow them to be distinguished from others variants and among themselves. The prognosis for the use of lenacapavir in Russia is generally favorable. The results obtained could be taken into account in developing and using antiretroviral drugs and therapeutic vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I Kuznetsova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI "National Reseach Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya"
| | - I M Munchak
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI "National Reseach Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya"
| | - A V Lebedev
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI "National Reseach Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya"
| | - A S Tumanov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI "National Reseach Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya"
| | - K V Kim
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI "National Reseach Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya"
| | - A A Antonova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI "National Reseach Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya"
| | - E N Ozhmegova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI "National Reseach Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya"
| | - A Y Pronin
- Moscow Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases
| | - E V Drobyshevskaya
- Moscow Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases
| | - E V Kazennova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI "National Reseach Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya"
| | - M R Bobkova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of FSBI "National Reseach Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya"
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Karadeniz F. In Vitro Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Chitosan Oligomers N-Conjugated with Asparagine and Glutamine. BioTech (Basel) 2023; 12. [PMID: 36810445 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligomers (COS) are polysaccharides obtained by the hydrolyzation of chitosan. They are water-soluble, biodegradable, and have a wide range of beneficial properties for human health. Studies have shown that COS and its derivatives possess antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. The goal of the current study was to investigate the anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) potential of amino acid-conjugated COS compared to COS itself. The HIV-1 inhibitory effects of asparagine-conjugated (COS-N) and glutamine-conjugated (COS-Q) COS were evaluated by their ability to protect C8166 CD4+ human T cell lines from HIV-1 infection and infection-mediated death. The results show that the presence of COS-N and COS-Q was able to prevent cells from HIV-1-induced lysis. Additionally, p24 viral protein production was observed to be suppressed in COS conjugate-treated cells compared to COS-treated and untreated groups. However, the protective effect of COS conjugates diminished by delayed treatment indicated an early stage inhibitory effect. COS-N and COS-Q did not show any inhibitory effect on the activities of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease enzyme. The results suggest that COS-N and COS-Q possess an HIV-1 entry inhibition activity compared to COS and further studies to develop different peptide and amino acid conjugates containing N and Q amino acids might yield more effective compounds to battle HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu Y, Weideman AM, Abad-Fernandez M, Mollan KR, Kallon S, Samir S, Warren JA, Clutton G, Roan NR, Adimora AA, Archin N, Kuruc J, Gay C, Hudgens MG, Goonetilleke N. Corrigendum: Reliable estimation of CD8 T cell inhibition of in vitro HIV-1 replication. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1104661. [PMID: 36685544 PMCID: PMC9846844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666991.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Xu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ann Marie Weideman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Maria Abad-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Katie R. Mollan
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sallay Kallon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shahryar Samir
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Joanna A. Warren
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adaora A. Adimora
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nancie Archin
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - JoAnn Kuruc
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cynthia Gay
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Penzhorn IH, Schneider JW, Sher-Locketz C. The Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus in Plasma Cell Neoplasms is Higher in HIV-Positive Individuals. Int J Surg Pathol 2022:10668969221113490. [PMID: 35912479 DOI: 10.1177/10668969221113490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is causally associated with many hematolymphoid malignancies. This laboratory-based study aimed to establish the prevalence of EBV in plasma cell neoplasms in a large South African cohort and to determine whether there is any correlation between EBV-positivity and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in patients with plasma cell neoplasms, including plasma cell myeloma and plasmacytoma (solitary plasmacytoma of bone and extraosseous plasmacytoma). METHODS This single-institution retrospective study included all patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of plasma cell neoplasm between 2003 and 2020. EBV-expression in the plasma cell neoplasms was assessed by EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization (ISH) and correlated with HIV status. HIV status was determined by retrieving prior serologic results. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from HIV-unknown patients underwent HIV-1 p24 antibody testing. RESULTS Sixteen of 89 plasma cell neoplasms (18%) were EBV-positive. There was a significant correlation between EBV and HIV infection in plasma cell neoplasms, with 6/10 tumors from HIV positive patients showing EBV-positivity in tumor cells. The EBV-positive cohort was significantly younger than the EBV-negative group. CONCLUSION EBV-positivity in plasma cell neoplasms in this study is higher than previously reported. The significant occurrence of EBV in plasma cell neoplasms from HIV-positive patients suggests a co-carcinogenic relationship between the two viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid H Penzhorn
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, 98826University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johann W Schneider
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, 98826University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Candice Sher-Locketz
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, 98826University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Anatomical Pathology, 484973PathCare, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alvarez G, van Pul L, Robert X, Artía Z, van Nuenen AC, Long M, Sierra N, Porcal W, Kootstra NA, Guillon C. Identification of 2-(4-N,N-Dimethylaminophenyl)-5-methyl-1-phenethyl-1H-benzimidazole targeting HIV-1 CA capsid protein and inhibiting HIV-1 replication in cellulo. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:43. [PMID: 35765101 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid (CA) subunit of the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein is involved in several steps of the viral cycle, from the assembly of new viral particles to the protection of the viral genome until it enters into the nucleus of newly infected cells. As such, it represents an interesting therapeutic target to tackle HIV infection. In this study, we screened hundreds of compounds with a low cost of synthesis for their ability to interfere with Gag assembly in vitro. Representatives of the most promising families of compounds were then tested for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 replication in cellulo. From these molecules, a hit compound from the benzimidazole family with high metabolic stability and low toxicity, 2-(4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-5-methyl-1-phenethyl-1H-benzimidazole (696), appeared to block HIV-1 replication with an IC50 of 3 µM. Quantitative PCR experiments demonstrated that 696 does not block HIV-1 infection before the end of reverse transcription, and molecular docking confirmed that 696 is likely to bind at the interface between two monomers of CA and interfere with capsid oligomerization. Altogether, 696 represents a promising lead molecule for the development of a new series of HIV-1 inhibitors.
Collapse
|
9
|
Troyano-Hernáez P, Reinosa R, Holguín Á. HIV Capsid Protein Genetic Diversity Across HIV-1 Variants and Impact on New Capsid-Inhibitor Lenacapavir. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854974. [PMID: 35495642 PMCID: PMC9039614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV p24 capsid protein has an essential, structural, and functional role in the viral replication cycle, being an interesting target for vaccine design, diagnostic tests, and new antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). The HIV-1 variability poses a challenge for the accuracy and efficiency of diagnostic and treatment tools. This study analyzes p24 diversity among HIV-1 variants and within its secondary structure in HIV-1 M, O, P, and N groups. All available HIV-1 p24 nucleotide sequences were downloaded from the Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database, selecting 23,671 sequences belonging to groups O, N, P, and M (9 subtypes, 7 sub-sub types, and 109 circulating recombinant forms or CRFs). Using a bioinformatics tool developed in our laboratory (EpiMolBio program), we analyzed the amino acid conservation compared to the HXB2 subtype B reference sequence and the V-markers, or amino acid changes that were specific for each variant with at least 10 available sequences. We inferred the p24 consensus sequence for HIV-1 and for each group to analyze the overall conservation in p24 main structural regions, reporting the percentage of substitutions per variant affecting the capsid assembly and molecule-binding, including those associated with resistance to the new capsid-inhibitor lenacapavir, and the key residues involved in lenacapavir-p24 interaction, according to the bibliography. Although the overall structure of p24 was highly conserved, the conservation in the secondary structure varied between HIV-1 variants and the type of secondary structure. All HIV-1 variants presented >80% amino acid conservation vs. HXB2 reference sequence, except for group M sub-subtype F1 (69.27%). Mutants affecting the capsid assembly or lenacapavir capsid-binding were found in <1% of the p24 consensus sequence. Our study reports the HIV-1 variants carrying 14 unique single V-markers in 9/38 group M variants and the level of p24 conservation in each secondary structure region among the 4 HIV-1 groups and group M variants, revealing no natural resistance to lenacapavir in any HIV-1 variant. We present a thorough analysis of p24 variability among all HIV-1 variants circulating to date. Since p24 genetic variability can impact the viral replication cycle and the efficacy of new p24-based diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccine strategies, conservation studies must consider all HIV-1 variants circulating worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Troyano-Hernáez
- HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Red en Investigación Translacional en Infecciones Pediátricas (RITIP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Reinosa
- HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Red en Investigación Translacional en Infecciones Pediátricas (RITIP), Madrid, Spain
| | - África Holguín
- HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Red en Investigación Translacional en Infecciones Pediátricas (RITIP), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu Y, Weideman AM, Abad-Fernandez M, Mollan KR, Kallon S, Samir S, Warren JA, Clutton G, Roan N, Adimora AA, Archin N, Kuruc J, Gay C, Hudgens MG, Goonetilleke N. CD8 T Cell Virus Inhibition Assay Protocol. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4354. [PMID: 35434196 PMCID: PMC8983397 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 viral inhibition assay (VIA) measures CD8+ T cell-mediated inhibition of HIV replication in CD4+ T cells and is increasingly used for clinical testing of HIV vaccines and immunotherapies. Different VIAs that differ in length of CD8:CD4 T cell culture periods (6-13 days), purity of CD4 cultures [isolated CD4+ T cells or CD8+ depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)], HIV strains (laboratory strains, isolates, reporter viruses) and read-outs of virus inhibition (p24 ELISA, intracellular measurement of p24, luciferase reporter expression, and viral gag RNA) have been reported. Here, we describe multiple modifications to a 7-day VIA protocol, the most impactful being the introduction of independent replicate cultures for both HIV infected-CD4 (HIV-CD4) and HIV-CD4:CD8 T cell cultures. Virus inhibition was quantified using a ratio of weighted averages of p24+ cells in replicate cultures and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. We identify methodological and analysis changes that could be incorporated into other protocols to improve assay reproducibility. We found that in people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), CD8 T cell virus inhibition was largely stable over time, supporting the use of this assay and/or analysis methods to examine therapeutic interventions. Graphic abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Xu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ann Marie Weideman
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
,Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Maria Abad-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katie R. Mollan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
,School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallay Kallon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shahryar Samir
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joanna A. Warren
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nadia Roan
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
,Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adaora A. Adimora
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
,School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancie Archin
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - JoAnn Kuruc
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cindy Gay
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
,Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
,School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
,
*For correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lamrayah M, Phelip C, Coiffier C, Lacroix C, Willemin T, Trimaille T, Verrier B. A Polylactide-Based Micellar Adjuvant Improves the Intensity and Quality of Immune Response. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010107. [PMID: 35057003 PMCID: PMC8778782 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micelles from amphiphilic polylactide-block-poly(N-acryloxysuccinimide-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PLA-b-P(NAS-co-NVP)) block copolymers of 105 nm in size were characterized and evaluated in a vaccine context. The micelles were non-toxic in vitro (both in dendritic cells and HeLa cells). In vitro fluorescence experiments combined with in vivo fluorescence tomography imaging, through micelle loading with the DiR near infrared probe, suggested an efficient uptake of the micelles by the immune cells. The antigenic protein p24 of the HIV-1 was successfully coupled on the micelles using the reactive N-succinimidyl ester groups on the micelle corona, as shown by SDS-PAGE analyses. The antigenicity of the coupled antigen was preserved and even improved, as assessed by the immuno-enzymatic (ELISA) test. Then, the performances of the micelles in immunization were investigated and compared to different p24-coated PLA nanoparticles, as well as Alum and MF59 gold standards, following a standardized HIV-1 immunization protocol in mice. The humoral response intensity (IgG titers) was substantially similar between the PLA micelles and all other adjuvants over an extended time range (one year). More interestingly, this immune response induced by PLA micelles was qualitatively higher than the gold standards and PLA nanoparticles analogs, expressed through an increasing avidity index over time (>60% at day 365). Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of such small-sized micellar systems for vaccine delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Lamrayah
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (T.T.)
| | - Capucine Phelip
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Céline Coiffier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Céline Lacroix
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Thibaut Willemin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Thomas Trimaille
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR 5223, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (T.T.)
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao J, Huang H, Lee S, Ragupathy V, Biswas S, Mbondji-wonje C, Wang X, Jiang A, Hewlett I. Identification, Genetic Characterization and Validation of Highly Diverse HIV-1 Viruses for Reference Panel Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071417. [PMID: 34372623 PMCID: PMC8310377 DOI: 10.3390/v13071417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued diversification of HIV poses potentially significant challenges to HIV diagnostics and therapeutics. The dynamic evolution of emerging variants is highlighted in countries such as Cameroon in West Central Africa, where all known subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) have been shown to be prevalent. We obtained several hundred HIV-positive plasma and viruses from this region for characterization and identification of highly divergent HIV strains. A total of 163 viral strains were cultured to high titers and high volumes using donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Initially, 101 viruses representing 59 strains were well characterized and categorized. Results showed that the viral load (VL) range was 0.36–398.9 × 107 copies/mL, p24 values was 0.2–1134 ng/mL. Phylogenetic analysis of thirty-six near full-length HIV-1 genomic sequences demonstrated that most recombinants were highly diverse CRF02 containing unique recombinant forms (URFs). There were seven viral isolates identified as pure subtype/sub-subtypes (F2, A1, G, and D), six as CRFs (CRF06, CRF18, and CRF22), and ten as URFs. These extensively characterized reagents reflect the current dynamic and complex HIV epidemic in Cameroon and provide valuable insights into the potential phylogenetic evolutionary trend of global HIV molecular epidemiology in the future. These materials may be useful for development of HIV validation and reference panels to evaluate the performance of serologic antigen and nucleic acid assays for their ability to detect and quantitate highly divergent HIV strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqin Zhao
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (I.H.); Tel.: +1-240-402-6746 (J.Z.); +1-240-402-9587 (I.H.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Indira Hewlett
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (I.H.); Tel.: +1-240-402-6746 (J.Z.); +1-240-402-9587 (I.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu Y, Weideman AM, Abad-Fernandez M, Mollan KR, Kallon S, Samir S, Warren JA, Clutton G, Roan NR, Adimora AA, Archin N, Kuruc J, Gay C, Hudgens MG, Goonetilleke N. Reliable Estimation of CD8 T Cell Inhibition of In Vitro HIV-1 Replication. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666991. [PMID: 34276657 PMCID: PMC8278574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 viral inhibition assay (VIA) measures CD8 T cell-mediated inhibition of HIV replication in CD4 T cells and is increasingly used for clinical testing of HIV vaccines and immunotherapies. The VIA has multiple sources of variability arising from in vitro HIV infection and co-culture of two T cell populations. Here, we describe multiple modifications to a 7-day VIA protocol, the most impactful being the introduction of independent replicate cultures for both HIV infected-CD4 (HIV-CD4) and HIV-CD4:CD8 T cell cultures. Virus inhibition was quantified using a ratio of weighted averages of p24+ cells in replicate cultures and the corresponding 95% confidence interval. An Excel template is provided to facilitate calculations. Virus inhibition was higher in people living with HIV suppressed on antiretroviral therapy (n=14, mean: 40.0%, median: 43.8%, range: 8.2 to 73.3%; p < 0.0001, two-tailed, exact Mann-Whitney test) compared to HIV-seronegative donors (n = 21, mean: -13.7%, median: -14.4%, range: -49.9 to 20.9%) and was stable over time (n = 6, mean %COV 9.4%, range 0.9 to 17.3%). Cross-sectional data were used to define 8% inhibition as the threshold to confidently detect specific CD8 T cell activity and determine the minimum number of culture replicates and p24+ cells needed to have 90% statistical power to detect this threshold. Last, we note that, in HIV seronegative donors, the addition of CD8 T cells to HIV infected CD4 T cells consistently increased HIV replication, though the level of increase varied markedly between donors. This co-culture effect may contribute to the weak correlations observed between CD8 T cell VIA and other measures of HIV-specific CD8 T cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Xu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ann Marie Weideman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Maria Abad-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Katie R. Mollan
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sallay Kallon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shahryar Samir
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Joanna A. Warren
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adaora A. Adimora
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nancie Archin
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - JoAnn Kuruc
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cynthia Gay
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Nilu Goonetilleke,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kodidela S, Sinha N, Kumar A, Kumar S. Anti-HIV Activity of Cucurbitacin-D against Cigarette Smoke Condensate-Induced HIV Replication in the U1 Macrophages. Viruses 2021; 13:1004. [PMID: 34072078 DOI: 10.3390/v13061004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemodietary agents are emerging as promising adjuvant therapies in treating various disease conditions. However, there are no adjuvant therapies available to minimize the neurotoxicity of currently existing antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). In this study, we investigated the anti-HIV effect of a chemodietary agent, Cucurbitacin-D (Cur-D), in HIV-infected macrophages using an in-vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model. Since tobacco smoking is prevalent in the HIV population, and it exacerbates HIV replication, we also tested the effect of Cur-D against cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-induced HIV replication. Our results showed that Cur-D treatment reduces the viral load in a dose-dependent (0-1 μM) manner without causing significant toxicity at <1 μM concentration. Further, a daily dose of Cur-D (0.1 μM) not only reduced p24 in control conditions, but also reduced CSC (10 μg/mL)-induced p24 in U1 cells. Similarly, Cur-D (single dose of 0.4 μM) significantly reduced the CSC (single dose of 40 μg/mL)-induced HIV replication across the BBB model. In addition, treatment with Cur-D reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Therefore, Cur-D, as an adjuvant therapy, may be used not only to suppress HIV in the brain, but also to reduce the CNS toxicity of currently existing ARVs.
Collapse
|
15
|
Papasavvas E, Azzoni L, Ross BN, Fair M, Yuan Z, Gyampoh K, Mackiewicz A, Sciorillo AC, Pagliuzza A, Lada SM, Wu G, Goh SL, Bahnck-Teets C, Holder DJ, Zuck PD, Damra M, Lynn KM, Tebas P, Mounzer K, Kostman JR, Abdel-Mohsen M, Richman D, Chomont N, Howell BJ, Montaner LJ. Intact Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Reservoir Estimated by the Intact Proviral DNA Assay Correlates With Levels of Total and Integrated DNA in the Blood During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:495-498. [PMID: 33527127 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir is imperative to develop an effective cure. HIV was measured in antiretroviral therapy-suppressed individuals using the intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA), along with assays for total or integrated HIV DNA, and inducible HIV RNA or p24. Intact provirus correlated with total and integrated HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Livio Azzoni
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian N Ross
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew Fair
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven M Lada
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and the University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul D Zuck
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Kenneth M Lynn
- Presbyterian Hospital, University of Pennsylvania hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Immune Disorders Treatment Center, Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV-1 Trials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jay R Kostman
- John Bell Health Center, Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV-1 Trials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Douglas Richman
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and the University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kokusho R, Katsuma S. Loss of p24 from the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus genome results in the formation of cuboidal occlusion bodies. Virology 2021; 559:173-181. [PMID: 33930820 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Some insect viruses produce the occlusion body (OB), a large crystalline particle comprising a viral protein that occludes virions to protect them from harsh environments. The shapes and sizes of OBs are diverse depending on baculovirus species, but the detailed molecular mechanism determining them has yet to be totally clarified yet. Here we generated Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) mutants of the p24 gene that encodes a viral capsid protein and found that p24-mutated BmNPVs produced cuboidal OBs with a slightly larger size than typical truncated octahedral OBs produced by wild-type BmNPVs. Meanwhile, p24 disruption has no significant impact on progeny virus production and viral pathogenicity. In addition, we experimentally demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution found in the P24 protein of the BmNPV Cubic isolate caused cuboidal OB production. These results suggest that p24 has a crucial role in generating the typical shape of OBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Kokusho
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Susumu Katsuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu G, Cheney C, Huang Q, Hazuda DJ, Howell BJ, Zuck P. Improved Detection of HIV Gag p24 Protein Using a Combined Immunoprecipitation and Digital ELISA Method. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636703. [PMID: 33796087 PMCID: PMC8007784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater than 90% of HIV-1 proviruses are thought to be defective and incapable of viral replication. While replication competent proviruses are of primary concern with respect to disease progression or transmission, studies have shown that even defective proviruses are not silent and can produce viral proteins, which may contribute to inflammation and immune responses. Viral protein expression also has implications for immune-based HIV-1 clearance strategies, which rely on antigen recognition. Thus, sensitive assays aimed at quantifying both replication-competent proviruses and defective, yet translationally competent proviruses are needed to understand the contribution of viral protein to HIV-1 pathogenesis and determine the effectiveness of HIV-1 cure interventions. Previously, we reported a modified HIV-1 gag p24 digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with single molecule array (Simoa) detection of cell-associated viral protein. Here we report a novel p24 protein enrichment method coupled with the digital immunoassay to further extend the sensitivity and specificity of viral protein detection. Immunocapture of HIV gag p24 followed by elution in a Simoa-compatible format resulted in higher protein recovery and lower background from various biological matrices and sample volumes. Quantification of as little as 1 fg of p24 protein from cell lysates from cells isolated from peripheral blood or tissues from ART-suppressed HIV participants, as well as simian-human immunodeficiency virus-infected non-human primates (NHPs), with high recovery and reproducibility is demonstrated here. The application of these enhanced methods to patient-derived samples has potential to further the study of the persistent HIV state and examine in vitro response to therapies, as well as ex vivo study of translationally competent cells from a variety of donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Zuck
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Westman M, Yang D, Green J, Norris J, Malik R, Parr YA, McDonald M, Hosie MJ, VandeWoude S, Miller C. Antibody Responses in Cats Following Primary and Annual Vaccination against Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) with an Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccine (Fel-O-Vax ® FIV). Viruses 2021; 13:v13030470. [PMID: 33809232 PMCID: PMC7998844 DOI: 10.3390/v13030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the antibody response induced by primary vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® FIV (three doses, 2–4 weeks apart) is well described, the antibody response induced by annual vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® FIV (single dose every 12 months after primary vaccination) and how it compares to the primary antibody response has not been studied. Residual blood samples from a primary FIV vaccination study (n = 11), and blood samples from cats given an annual FIV vaccination (n = 10), were utilized. Samples from all 21 cats were tested with a commercially available PCR assay (FIV RealPCRTM), an anti-p24 microsphere immunoassay (MIA), an anti-FIV transmembrane (TM; gp40) peptide ELISA, and a range of commercially available point-of-care (PoC) FIV antibody kits. PCR testing confirmed all 21 cats to be FIV-uninfected for the duration of this study. Results from MIA and ELISA testing showed that both vaccination regimes induced significant antibody responses against p24 and gp40, and both anti-p24 and anti-gp40 antibodies were variably present 12 months after FIV vaccination. The magnitude of the antibody response against both p24 and gp40 was significantly higher in the primary FIV vaccination group than in the annual FIV vaccination group. The differences in prime versus recall post-vaccinal antibody levels correlated with FIV PoC kit performance. Two FIV PoC kits that detect antibodies against gp40, namely Witness® and Anigen Rapid®, showed 100% specificity in cats recently administered an annual FIV vaccination, demonstrating that they can be used to accurately distinguish vaccination and infection in annually vaccinated cats. A third FIV PoC kit, SNAP® Combo, had 0% specificity in annually FIV-vaccinated cats, and should not be used in any cat with a possible history of FIV vaccination. This study outlines the antibody response to inactivated Fel-O-Vax® FIV whole-virus vaccine, and demonstrates how best to diagnose FIV infection in jurisdictions where FIV vaccination is practiced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.Y.); (J.G.); (J.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis Yang
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.Y.); (J.G.); (J.N.)
| | - Jennifer Green
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.Y.); (J.G.); (J.N.)
| | - Jacqueline Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.Y.); (J.G.); (J.N.)
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Yasmin A. Parr
- MRC, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (Y.A.P.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Mike McDonald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (Y.A.P.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- 1619 Campus Delivery, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Craig Miller
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Budiarti R, Khairunisa SQ, Nasronudin, Kuntaman, Guritno. Hyperbaric hyperoxia exposure in suppressing human immunodeficiency virus replication: An experimental in vitro in peripheral mononuclear blood cells culture. Infect Dis Rep 2020; 12:8743. [PMID: 32874469 PMCID: PMC7447945 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2020.8743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune has an important role in response HIV infection, which is attack the infected cells to activate signaling molecule. Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO) worked as complementary treatment for HIV infection. The production of ROS and RNS molecules during hyperbaric exposure can affect gene expression which contributes to cellular adaptative response. This study was conducted to explore the mechanisms of cellular adaptive response to HIV infection during hyperbaric exposure. This study was carried on in vitro using healthy volunteers’ PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) cultures infected with HIV-1. The study was conducted as a posttest only group design. The experimental unit was PBMC from venous blood of healthy volunteers which were cultured in vitro and infected by co-culturing with HIV- 1 in MT4 cell line. The experimental unit consist of treatment and control group. Each group examined the expression of transcription factor NFκB, Interferon α, reverse transcriptase inhibitors (p21), and the amount of HIV-1 p24 antigen. There were increasingly significant differences in the expression of the trancription factor of NFκB, p21, andHIV-1 p24 antigen,as well as mRNA transcription of interferon α2 between treatment and controlgroup. By decreasing p24 antigen showed that HBO exposure was able to suppress HIV-1 replication. The exposure to hyperbaric oxygen at the pressure of 2.4 ATAand 98% oxygen wasable to produce ROS and RNS molecules, which play a role in cellular adaptive responses through increasing the expression of nfĸb, p21 and mRNA of interferon α2 plays a role in inhibition mechanism of HIV-1 replication in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Retno Budiarti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hang Tuah University
| | | | | | - Kuntaman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
| | - Guritno
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Regulated transport through the secretory pathway is essential for embryonic development and homeostasis. Disruptions in this process impact cell fate, differentiation and survival, often resulting in abnormalities in morphogenesis and in disease. Several congenital malformations are caused by mutations in genes coding for proteins that regulate cargo protein transport in the secretory pathway. The severity of mutant phenotypes and the unclear aetiology of transport protein-associated pathologies have motivated research on the regulation and mechanisms through which these proteins contribute to morphogenesis. This review focuses on the role of the p24/transmembrane emp24 domain (TMED) family of cargo receptors in development and disease.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang X, Luo C, Xu Y, Zhang C, Bao M, Dou J, Wang Q, Cheng Y. Expression of the p24 silencing suppressor of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 from Potato virus X or Barley stripe mosaic virus vector elicits hypersensitive responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 142:34-42. [PMID: 31255907 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The 24-kDa protein (p24) encoded by Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) is an RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS), but its effect on active viral infection is unclear. Using a Potato virus X (PVX)-based expression system, we demonstrated that p24 elicits lethal systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana, sharing typical characteristics of the hypersensitive response (HR), and that NbRAR1 (a cytoplasmic Zn2+-binding protein) is involved in the PVX-p24-mediated systemic necrosis. Moreover, expression of p24 from Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) vector triggered local necrosis in infiltrated patches of N. benthamiana, likely inhibiting viral systemic spread. By deletion analysis, we demonstrated that amino acids (aa) 1 to 180, which are located in the region (aa 1-188) previously shown to be necessary for p24's RSS activity, is sufficient for p24 to elicit systemic necrosis in the context of PVX infection. Using substitution mutants, we revealed that silencing-suppression-defective mutants R2A and W54A induce only a mild necrotic response; two mutants without self-interaction ability previously shown to lose or retain weak suppression function also displayed decreased pathogenicity: W149A without RSS activity elicited a mild necrotic response, whereas V162H/L169H/L170H which retains weak RSS activity was able to induce systemic necrosis, but with a 1- to 2-day delay. Taken together, p24 plays an important role in GLRaV-2 pathogenesis, triggering HR-like necrosis in N. benthamiana plants when expressed from PVX or BSMV vector; both the silencing suppression and self-interaction are crucial for p24's pathogenicity activity, and the region of p24 for determining systemic necrosis is mapped to aa 1-180.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyou Wang
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanfei Xu
- DeLaval Tianjin Company, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Chenwei Zhang
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mian Bao
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junjie Dou
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuqin Cheng
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liao Z, Jaular LM, Soueidi E, Jouve M, Muth DC, Schøyen TH, Seale T, Haughey NJ, Ostrowski M, Théry C, Witwer KW. Acetylcholinesterase is not a generic marker of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1628592. [PMID: 31303981 PMCID: PMC6609367 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1628592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is found in abundance in reticulocytes and neurons and was developed as a marker of reticulocyte EVs in the 1970s. Easily, quickly, and cheaply assayed, AChE activity has more recently been proposed as a generic marker for small extracellular vesicles (sEV) or exosomes, and as a negative marker of HIV-1 virions. To evaluate these proposed uses of AChE activity, we examined data from different EV and virus isolation methods using T-lymphocytic (H9, PM1 and Jurkat) and promonocytic (U937) cell lines grown in culture conditions that differed by serum content. When EVs were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation, no correlation between AChE activity and particle count was observed. AChE activity was detected in non-conditioned medium when serum was added, and most of this activity resided in soluble fractions and could not be pelleted by centrifugation. The serum-derived pelletable AChE protein was not completely eliminated from culture medium by overnight ultracentrifugation; however, a serum "extra-depletion" protocol, in which a portion of the supernatant was left undisturbed during harvesting, achieved near-complete depletion. In conditioned medium also, only small percentages of AChE activity could be pelleted together with particles. Furthermore, no consistent enrichment of AChE activity in sEV fractions was observed. Little if any AChE activity is produced by the cells we examined, and this activity was mainly present in non-vesicular structures, as shown by electron microscopy. Size-exclusion chromatography and iodixanol gradient separation showed that AChE activity overlaps only minimally with EV-enriched fractions. AChE activity likely betrays exposure to blood products and not EV abundance, echoing the MISEV 2014 and 2018 guidelines and other publications. Additional experiments may be merited to validate these results for other cell types and biological fluids other than blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohao Liao
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Estelle Soueidi
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mabel Jouve
- Institut Curie, Génétique et biologie du développement, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, Paris, France
| | - Dillon C. Muth
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tine H. Schøyen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tessa Seale
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matias Ostrowski
- Instituto INBIRS, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Henrick BM, Yao XD, Zahoor MA, Abimiku A, Osawe S, Rosenthal KL. TLR10 Senses HIV-1 Proteins and Significantly Enhances HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:482. [PMID: 30930906 PMCID: PMC6430187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate immunity and provide a first line of host defense against invading pathogens. Of the identified human TLRs, TLR10 remains an orphan receptor whose ligands and functions are poorly understood. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the level of TLR10 expression in breast milk (BM) and explore its potential function in the context of HIV-1 infection. We evaluated HIV-1-infected (Nigerian: n = 40) and uninfected (Nigerian: n = 27; Canadian: n = 15) BM samples for TLR expression (i.e., TLR10, TLR2, and TLR1) and report here that HIV-1-infected BM from Nigerian women showed significantly higher levels of TLR10, TLR1, and TLR2 expression. Moreover, the level of TLR10 expression in HIV-1-infected BM was upregulated by over 100-fold compared to that from uninfected control women. In vitro studies using TZMbl cells demonstrated that TLR10 overexpression contributes to higher HIV-1 infection and proviral DNA integration. Conversely, TLR10 inhibition significantly decreased HIV-1 infection. Notably, HIV-1 gp41 was recognized as a TLR10 ligand, leading to the induction of IL-8 and NF-κBα activation. The identification of a TLR10 ligand and its involvement in HIV-1 infection enhances our current understanding of HIV-1 replication and may assist in the development of improved future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Henrick
- Evolve Biosystems, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Xiao-Dan Yao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Atif Zahoor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sophia Osawe
- Institue of Human Virology-Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Kenneth L Rosenthal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li M, Zhang J, Feng M, Wang X, Luo C, Wang Q, Cheng Y. Characterization of silencing suppressor p24 of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:355-368. [PMID: 27997767 PMCID: PMC6638178 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) p24 has been reported to be an RNA silencing suppressor (RSS). However, the mechanisms underlying p24's suppression of RNA silencing are unknown. Using Agrobacterium infiltration-mediated RNA silencing assays, we showed that GLRaV-2 p24 is a strong RSS triggered by positive-sense green fluorescent protein (GFP) RNA, and that silencing suppression by p24 effectively blocks the accumulation of small interfering RNAs. Deletion analyses showed that the region of amino acids 1-188, which contains all predicted α-helices and β-strands, is required for the RSS activity of p24. Hydrophobic residues I35/F38/V85/V89/W149 and V162/L169/L170, previously shown to be critical for p24 self-interaction, are also crucial for silencing suppression, and western blotting results suggested that a lack of self-interaction ability results in decreased p24 accumulation in plants. The mutants showed greatly weakened or a lack of RSS activity. Substitution with two basic residues at positions 2 or 86, putatively involved in RNA binding, totally abolished the RSS activity of p24, suggesting that p24 uses an RNA-binding strategy to suppress RNA silencing. Our results also showed that W54 in the WG/GW-like motif (W54/G55) is crucial for the RSS activity of p24, whereas p24 does not physically interact with AGO1 of Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, p24 did not promote AGO1 degradation, but significantly up-regulated AGO1 mRNA expression, and this effect was correlated with the RSS activity of p24, indicating that p24 may interfere with microRNA-directed processes. The presented results contribute to our understanding of viral suppression of RNA silencing and the molecular mechanisms underlying GLRaV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Li
- Department of Pomology/Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, a Key Laboratory of Beijing MunicipalityChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Pomology/Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, a Key Laboratory of Beijing MunicipalityChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Pomology/Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, a Key Laboratory of Beijing MunicipalityChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xianyou Wang
- Department of Pomology/Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, a Key Laboratory of Beijing MunicipalityChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Pomology/Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, a Key Laboratory of Beijing MunicipalityChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yuqin Cheng
- Department of Pomology/Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, a Key Laboratory of Beijing MunicipalityChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gray ER, Brookes JC, Caillat C, Turbé V, Webb BLJ, Granger LA, Miller BS, McCoy LE, El Khattabi M, Verrips CT, Weiss RA, Duffy DM, Weissenhorn W, McKendry RA. Unravelling the Molecular Basis of High Affinity Nanobodies against HIV p24: In Vitro Functional, Structural, and in Silico Insights. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:479-491. [PMID: 28591513 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Preventing the spread of infectious diseases remains an urgent priority worldwide, and this is driving the development of advanced nanotechnology to diagnose infections at the point of care. Herein, we report the creation of a library of novel nanobody capture ligands to detect p24, one of the earliest markers of HIV infection. We demonstrate that these nanobodies, one tenth the size of conventional antibodies, exhibit high sensitivity and broad specificity to global HIV-1 subtypes. Biophysical characterization indicates strong 690 pM binding constants and fast kinetic on-rates, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude better than monoclonal antibody comparators. A crystal structure of the lead nanobody and p24 was obtained and used alongside molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the molecular basis of these enhanced performance characteristics. They indicate that binding occurs at C-terminal helices 10 and 11 of p24, a negatively charged region of p24 complemented by the positive surface of the nanobody binding interface involving CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 loops. Our findings have broad implications on the design of novel antibodies and a wide range of advanced biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R. Gray
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer C. Brookes
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Caillat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Valérian Turbé
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin L. J. Webb
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A. Granger
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin S. Miller
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - C. Theo Verrips
- QVQ Holding B.V., Yalelaan 1, 3584CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robin A. Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy M. Duffy
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Rachel A. McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kruzel EK, Zimmett GP 3rd, Bangs JD. Life Stage-Specific Cargo Receptors Facilitate Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Surface Coat Protein Transport in Trypanosoma brucei. mSphere 2017; 2:e00282-17. [PMID: 28713858 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00282-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical virulence factor of bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei is the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit of VSG is GPI dependent and relies on a discrete subset of COPII machinery (TbSec23.2/TbSec24.1). In other systems, p24 transmembrane adaptor proteins selectively recruit GPI-anchored cargo into nascent COPII vesicles. Trypanosomes have eight putative p24s (TbERP1 to TbERP8) that are constitutively expressed at the mRNA level. However, only four TbERP proteins (TbERP1, -2, -3, and -8) are detectable in bloodstream-form parasites. All four colocalize to ER exit sites, are required for efficient GPI-dependent ER exit, and are interdependent for steady-state stability. These results suggest shared function as an oligomeric ER GPI-cargo receptor. This cohort also mediates rapid forward trafficking of the soluble lysosomal hydrolase TbCatL. Procyclic insect-stage trypanosomes have a distinct surface protein, procyclin, bearing a different GPI anchor structure. A separate cohort of TbERP proteins (TbERP1, -2, -4, and -8) are expressed in procyclic parasites and also function in GPI-dependent ER exit. Collectively, these results suggest developmentally regulated TbERP cohorts, likely in obligate assemblies, that may recognize stage-specific GPI anchors to facilitate GPI-cargo trafficking throughout the parasite life cycle. IMPORTANCE African trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that cause African sleeping sickness. Critical to the success of the parasite is the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), which covers the parasite cell surface and which is essential for evasion of the host immune system. VSG is membrane bound by a glycolipid (GPI) anchor that is attached in the earliest compartment of the secretory pathway, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have previously shown that the anchor acts as a positive forward trafficking signal for ER exit, implying a cognate receptor mechanism for GPI recognition and loading in coated cargo vesicles leaving the ER. Here, we characterize a family of small transmembrane proteins that act at adaptors for this process. This work adds to our understanding of general GPI function in eukaryotic cells and specifically in the synthesis and transport of the critical virulence factor of pathogenic African trypanosomes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Passaes CPB, Bruel T, Decalf J, David A, Angin M, Monceaux V, Muller-Trutwin M, Noel N, Bourdic K, Lambotte O, Albert ML, Duffy D, Schwartz O, Sáez-Cirión A. Ultrasensitive HIV-1 p24 Assay Detects Single Infected Cells and Differences in Reservoir Induction by Latency Reversal Agents. J Virol 2017; 91:e02296-16. [PMID: 28077644 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02296-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of HIV reservoirs in infected individuals under combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) represents a major obstacle toward cure. Viral reservoirs are assessed by quantification of HIV nucleic acids, a method which does not discriminate between infectious and defective viruses, or by viral outgrowth assays, which require large numbers of cells and long-term cultures. Here, we used an ultrasensitive p24 digital assay, which we report to be 1,000-fold more sensitive than classical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in the quantification of HIV-1 Gag p24 production in samples from HIV-infected individuals. Results from ultrasensitive p24 assays were compared to those from conventional viral RNA reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)-based assays and from outgrowth assay readout by flow cytometry. Using serial dilutions and flow-based single-cell sorting, we show that viral proteins produced by a single infected cell can be detected by the ultrasensitive p24 assay. This unique sensitivity allowed the early (as soon as day 1 in 43% of cases) and more efficient detection and quantification of p24 in phytohemagglutinin-L (PHA)-stimulated CD4+ T cells from individuals under effective cART. When seven different classes of latency reversal agents (LRA) in resting CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals were tested, the ultrasensitive p24 assay revealed differences in the extent of HIV reactivation. Of note, HIV RNA production was infrequently accompanied by p24 protein production (19%). Among the drugs tested, prostratin showed a superior capacity in inducing viral protein production. In summary, the ultrasensitive p24 assay allows the detection and quantification of p24 produced by single infected CD4+ T cells and provides a unique tool to assess early reactivation of infectious virus from reservoirs in HIV-infected individuals.IMPORTANCE The persistence of HIV reservoirs in infected individuals under effective antiretroviral treatment represents a major obstacle toward cure. Different methods to estimate HIV reservoirs exist, but there is currently no optimal assay to measure HIV reservoirs in HIV eradication interventions. In the present study, we report an ultrasensitive digital ELISA platform for quantification of the HIV-1 protein p24. This method was employed to assess the early reactivation of infectious virus from reservoirs in HIV-1-infected individuals. We found that viral proteins produced by a single infected cell can be detected by an ultrasensitive p24 assay. This unprecedented resolution showed major advantages in comparison to other techniques currently used to assess viral replication in reactivation studies. In addition, such a highly sensitive assay allows discrimination of drug-induced reactivation of productive HIV based on protein expression. The present study heralds new opportunities to evaluate the HIV reservoir and the efficacy of drugs used to target it.
Collapse
|
28
|
Benmarzouk-Hidalgo OJ, Torres-Cornejo A, Gutierrez-Valencia A, Viciana P, López-Cortés LF. HIV-1 p24 and CD4 + T cell count during boosted protease-inhibitor monotherapy in HIV-infected patients. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 35:174-178. [PMID: 26976380 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma HIV p24 is considered a significant predictor of CD4+ T cell decline and progression to AIDS in HIV-infected patients. We evaluated the p24 levels in patients on triple therapy and after switching to ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor monotherapy (mtPI/rtv), as well as the relationships with virological and immunological evolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma samples from patients participating in two studies of simplification to mtPI/rtv were analysed for presence of p24, using a boosted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for mature p24. Only patients with available samples at baseline (on triple therapy) and during a follow-up of at least 12 months after switching to mtPI/rtv were included. RESULTS A total of 233 samples from 51 patients were analysed. After switching to mtPI/rtv and a median follow-up of 24 months, 14 patients maintained continuous undetectable viraemia, and 37 patients experienced a total of 49 transient viraemic episodes. Unexpectedly, the evolutionary p24 patterns were uniform for most patients, both before and after switching to mtPI/rtv, independently of the virological behaviour, fitting into one of three categories: persistent undetectable p24 levels, positive p24, matching only with the viraemic episodes, and persistent detectable p24 levels. The last group showed lower CD4+ T cell counts and percentages, as well as lower CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios after 12 and 24 months of follow up. CONCLUSION Treatment simplification to mtPI/rtv does not influence the behaviour of p24 in plasma. Patients with continuous positive p24, despite undetectable viraemia, showed worse immunological evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Jesus Benmarzouk-Hidalgo
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Almudena Torres-Cornejo
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alicia Gutierrez-Valencia
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pompeyo Viciana
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Fernando López-Cortés
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Merbah M, Onkar S, Grivel JC, Vanpouille C, Biancotto A, Bonar L, Sanders-Buell E, Kijak G, Michael N, Robb M, Kim JH, Tovanabutra S, Chenine AL. Standardization of a cytometric p24-capture bead-assay for the detection of main HIV-1 subtypes. J Virol Methods 2016; 230:45-52. [PMID: 26808359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing method to assess HIV-1 replication and infectivity is to measure the production of p24 Gag protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Since fluorescent bead-based technologies offer a broader dynamic range and higher sensitivity, this study describes a p24 capture Luminex assay capable of detecting HIV-1 subtypes A-D, circulating recombinant forms (CRF) CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG, which together are responsible for over 90% of HIV-1 infections worldwide. The success of the assay lies in the identification and selection of a cross-reactive capture antibody (clone 183-H12-5C). Fifty-six isolates that belonged to six HIV-1 subtypes and CRFs were successfully detected with p-values below 0.021; limits of detection ranging from 3.7 to 3 × 104 pg/ml. The intra- and inter-assay variation gave coefficient of variations below 6 and 14%, respectively. The 183-bead Luminex assay also displayed higher sensitivity of 91% and 98% compared to commercial p24 ELISA and a previously described Luminex assay. The p24 concentrations measured by the 183-bead Luminex assay showed a significant correlation (R=0.92, p<0.0001) with the data obtained from quantitative real time PCR. This newly developed p24 assay leverages the advantages of the Luminex platform, which include smaller sample volume and simultaneous detection of up to 500 analytes in a single sample, and delivers a valuable tool for the field.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kapoor R, Arora S, Ponia SS, Kumar B, Maddika S, Banerjea AC. The miRNA miR-34a enhances HIV-1 replication by targeting PNUTS/PPP1R10, which negatively regulates HIV-1 transcriptional complex formation. Biochem J 2015; 470:293-302. [PMID: 26188041 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20150700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 relies heavily on the host cellular machinery for its replication. During infection, HIV-1 is known to modulate the host-cell miRNA profile. One of the miRNAs, miR-34a, is up-regulated by HIV-1 in T-cells as suggested by miRNA microarray studies. However, the functional consequences and the mechanism behind this phenomenon were not explored. The present study shows that HIV-1 enhances miR-34a in a time-dependent manner in T-cells. Our overexpression and knockdown-based experimental results suggest that miR-34a promotes HIV-1 replication in T-cells. Hence, there is a positive feedback loop between miR-34a and HIV-1 replication. We show that the mechanism of action of miR-34a in HIV-1 replication involves a cellular protein, the phosphatase 1 nuclear-targeting subunit (PNUTS). PNUTS expression levels decrease with the progression of HIV-1 infection in T-cells. Also, the overexpression of PNUTS potently inhibits HIV-1 replication in a dose-dependent manner. We report for the first time that PNUTS negatively regulates HIV-1 transcription by inhibiting the assembly of core components of the transcription elongation factor P-TEFb, i.e. cyclin T1 and CDK9. Thus, HIV-1 increases miR-34a expression in cells to overcome the inhibitory effect of PNUTS on HIV-1 transcription. So, the present study provides new mechanistic details with regard to our understanding of a complex interplay between miR-34a and the HIV-1 transcription machinery involving PNUTS.
Collapse
|
31
|
Li X, Wu Y, Shen C, Belenkaya TY, Ray L, Lin X. Drosophila p24 and Sec22 regulate Wingless trafficking in the early secretory pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:483-9. [PMID: 26002470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is crucial for development and disease. The regulation of Wnt protein trafficking is one of the pivotal issues in the Wnt research field. Here we performed a genetic screen in Drosophila melanogaster for genes involved in Wingless/Wnt secretion, and identified the p24 protein family members Baiser, CHOp24, Eclair and a v-SNARE protein Sec22, which are involved in the early secretory pathway of Wingless/Wnt. We provided genetic evidence demonstrating that loss of p24 proteins or Sec22 impedes Wingless (Wg) secretion in Drosophila wing imaginal discs. We found that Baiser cannot replace other p24 proteins (CHOp24 or Eclair) in escorting Wg, and only Baiser and CHOp24 interact with Wg. Moreover, we showed that the v-SNARE protein Sec22 and Wg are packaged together with p24 proteins. Taken together, our data provide important insights into the early secretory pathway of Wg/Wnt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chenghao Shen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Tatyana Y Belenkaya
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lorraine Ray
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stangl M, Schneider D. Functional competition within a membrane: Lipid recognition vs. transmembrane helix oligomerization. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1848:1886-96. [PMID: 25791349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding of specific lipids to large, polytopic membrane proteins is well described, and it is clear that such lipids are crucial for protein stability and activity. In contrast, binding of defined lipid species to individual transmembrane helices and regulation of transmembrane helix monomer-oligomer equilibria by binding of distinct lipids is a concept, which has emerged only lately. Lipids bind to single-span membrane proteins, both in the juxta-membrane region as well as in the hydrophobic membrane core. While some interactions counteract transmembrane helix oligomerization, in other cases lipid binding appears to enhance oligomerization. As reversible oligomerization is involved in activation of many membrane proteins, binding of defined lipids to single-span transmembrane proteins might be a mechanism to regulate and/or fine-tune the protein activity. But how could lipid binding trigger the activity of a protein? How can binding of a single lipid molecule to a transmembrane helix affect the structure of a transmembrane helix oligomer, and consequently its signaling state? These questions are discussed in the present article based on recent results obtained with simple, single-span transmembrane proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stangl
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kemayo Koumkoua P, Aisenbrey C, Salnikov E, Rifi O, Bechinger B. On the design of supramolecular assemblies made of peptides and lipid bilayers. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:526-36. [PMID: 24909405 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptides confer interesting properties to materials, supramolecular assemblies and to lipid membranes and are used in analytical devices or within delivery vehicles. Their relative ease of production combined with a high degree of versatility make them attractive candidates to design new such products. Here, we review and demonstrate how CD- and solid-state NMR spectroscopic approaches can be used to follow the reconstitution of peptides into membranes and to describe some of their fundamental characteristics. Whereas CD spectroscopy is used to monitor secondary structure in different solvent systems and thereby aggregation properties of the highly hydrophobic domain of p24, a protein involved in vesicle trafficking, solid-state NMR spectroscopy was used to deduce structural information and the membrane topology of a variety of peptide sequences found in nature or designed. (15)N chemical shift solid-state NMR spectroscopy indicates that the hydrophobic domain of p24 as well as a designed sequence of 19 hydrophobic amino acid residues adopt transmembrane alignments in phosphatidylcholine membranes. In contrast, the amphipathic antimicrobial peptide magainin 2 and the designed sequence LK15 align parallel to the bilayer surface. Additional angular information is obtained from deuterium solid-state NMR spectra of peptide sites labelled with (2)H3-alanine, whereas (31)P and (2)H solid-state NMR spectra of the lipids furnish valuable information on the macroscopic order and phase properties of the lipid matrix. Using these approaches, peptides and reconstitution protocols can be elaborated in a rational manner, and the analysis of a great number of peptide sequences is reviewed. Finally, a number of polypeptides with membrane topologies that are sensitive to a variety of environmental conditions such as pH, lipid composition and peptide-to-lipid ratio will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kemayo Koumkoua
- Université de Strasbourg / CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie, 1, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Braga CJM, Rodrigues JF, Medina-Armenteros Y, Farinha-Arcieri LE, Ventura AM, Boscardin SB, Sbrogio-Almeida ME, Ferreira LCS. Parenteral Adjuvant Effects of an Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Natural Heat-Labile Toxin Variant. Front Immunol 2014; 4:487. [PMID: 24432018 PMCID: PMC3882871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Native type I heat-labile toxins (LTs) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains exert strong adjuvant effects on both antibody and T cell responses to soluble and particulate antigens following co-administration via mucosal routes. However, inherent enterotoxicity and neurotoxicity (following intra-nasal delivery) had reduced the interest in the use of these toxins as mucosal adjuvants. LTs can also behave as powerful and safe adjuvants following delivery via parenteral routes, particularly for activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. In the present study, we evaluated the adjuvant effects of a new natural LT polymorphic form (LT2), after delivery via intradermal (i.d.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes, with regard to both antibody and T cell responses. A recombinant HIV-1 p24 protein was employed as a model antigen for determination of antigen-specific immune responses while the reference LT (LT1), produced by the ETEC H10407 strain, and a non-toxigenic LT form (LTK63) were employed as previously characterized LT types. LT-treated mice submitted to a four dose-base immunization regimen elicited similar p24-specific serum IgG responses and CD4+ T cell activation. Nonetheless, mice immunized with LT1 or LT2 induced higher numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and in vivo cytotoxic responses compared to mice immunized with the non-toxic LT derivative. These effects were correlated with stronger activation of local dendritic cell populations. In addition, mice immunized with LT1 and LT2, but not with LTK63, via s.c. or i.d. routes developed local inflammatory reactions. Altogether, the present results confirmed that the two most prevalent natural polymorphic LT variants (LT1 or LT2) display similar and strong adjuvant effects for subunit vaccines administered via i.d. or s.c. routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina J M Braga
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil ; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Juliana F Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Yordanka Medina-Armenteros
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Luís E Farinha-Arcieri
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Armando M Ventura
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Silvia B Boscardin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Luís C S Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang F, Liang Y, Wang M, Yang H, Liu K, Zhao Q, Fang X. Functional diversity of the p24γ homologue Erp reveals physiological differences between two filamentous fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 61:15-22. [PMID: 24035805 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The protein hyper-secreting filamentous fungi impact their surrounding environments by secreting cellulases and digesting plant cell wall via microbe-plant interspecies interaction. This process is of paramount importance in biofuel production from the renewable lignocellulosic biomass, because cellulase production is the key factor in cost determination. Despite the importance of protein secretion, p24 protein, a key factor in eukaryotic protein maturation and secretion, was never investigated in filamentous fungi. The erp genes encoding p24γ homologues were identified in Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium decumbens. The roles of Erp and their participated cellular pathways were investigated via disruption of erp, revealing significant differences: sporulation was hampered in T. reesei Δerp but not in P. decumbens Δerp; in both species Erp maintains membrane integrity; Erp is likely involved in hyphae polarity maintenance in T. reesei. Protein- and transcription-level investigations of Erp participation in cellulase production revealed distinct regulatory mechanisms. In T. reesei, cellulase encoding genes were repressed under secretion stress. In contrast, activation of the same genes under the same stress was identified in P. decumbens. These observations revealed a novel cellulase gene regulation mechanism, clearly suggested the different physiological roles of Erp, and further demonstrated the different physiology of T. reesei and P. decumbens, despite above 75% sequence identity between the proteins and the close evolutionary relationship between the two species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Baurakiades E, Martins APC, Victor Moreschi N, Souza CDA, Abujamra K, Saito AO, Mecatti MC, Santos MG, Pimentel CR, Silva LLG, Cruz CR, de Noronha L. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis of infectious agents, T-cell subpopulations and inflammatory adhesion molecules in placentas from HIV-seropositive pregnant women. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6:101. [PMID: 22024147 PMCID: PMC3214179 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-6-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare histomorphometric changes and the results of immunohistochemical tests for VCAM, ICAM-1, CD4 and CD8 in normal placentas from HIV-seropositive pregnant women. METHODS Samples of normal placentas were divided into 2 groups: healthy HIV-seronegative pregnant women (control group = C = 60) and HIV-seropositive women (experimental group = E = 57). Conventional histological sections were submitted to morphometric analysis and evaluated in terms of the immunohistochemical expression of ICAM-1, VCAM, CD4 and CD8. RESULTS The villi in group E were smaller than those in group C. The median for the CD8+ T cell count was higher in group E than in group C (p = 0.03). Immunohistochemical expression of ICAM-1 was observed in 57% of the cases in group E, compared with 21% of those in group C (p = 0.001). There was no difference in VCAM expression or CD4+ cell counts between groups and no correlation between the data for antiretroviral therapy and morphometric or immunohistochemical data. CONCLUSIONS The morphometric data showed that placentas of HIV-seropositive pregnant women tend to have smaller villi than those of seronegative women. In addition, immunohistochemical testing for infectious agents helped to identify cases that were positive for microorganisms (6/112) that routine pathological examination had failed to detect. The anti-p24 antibody had a limited ability to detect HIV viral protein in this study (2/57). Correlation of immunohistochemical expression of CD8+ T cells and ICAM-1 with the presence of HIV in the placenta revealed that those expressions can act as biomarkers of inflammatory changes. There was no correlation between the data for antiretroviral therapy and morphometric or immunohistochemical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Baurakiades
- Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, (Imaculada Conceição), Curitiba, (80215-901), Brazil
| | - Ana PC Martins
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology of Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, (Imaculada Conceição), Curitiba, (80215-901), Brazil
| | - N Victor Moreschi
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology of Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, (Imaculada Conceição), Curitiba, (80215-901), Brazil
| | - Camila DA Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology of Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, (Imaculada Conceição), Curitiba, (80215-901), Brazil
| | - Karla Abujamra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology of Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, (Imaculada Conceição), Curitiba, (80215-901), Brazil
| | - Augusto O Saito
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology of Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, (Imaculada Conceição), Curitiba, (80215-901), Brazil
| | - Maíra C Mecatti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology of Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, (Imaculada Conceição), Curitiba, (80215-901), Brazil
| | - Mônica G Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology of Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, (Imaculada Conceição), Curitiba, (80215-901), Brazil
| | - Camilla R Pimentel
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology of Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, (Imaculada Conceição), Curitiba, (80215-901), Brazil
| | - Larissa LG Silva
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, (General Carneiro), Curitiba, (80060-900), Brazil
| | - Cristina R Cruz
- Pediatric Department, Institute: Universidade Federal do Paraná, (General Carneiro), Curitiba, (80060-900), Brazil
| | - Lucia de Noronha
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology of Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, (Imaculada Conceição), Curitiba, (80215-901), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans sel-9 gene elevate the activity of lin-12 and glp-1, which encode members of the LIN-12/NOTCH family of receptors. Sequence analysis indicates SEL-9 is one of several C. elegans p24 proteins. Allele-specific genetic interactions suggest that reducing sel-9 activity increases the activity of mutations altering the extracellular domains of LIN-12 or GLP-1. Reducing sel-9 activity restores the trafficking to the plasma membrane of a mutant GLP-1 protein that would otherwise accumulate within the cell. Our results suggest a role for SEL-9 and other p24 proteins in the negative regulation of transport of LIN-12 and GLP-1 to the cell surface, and favor a role for p24 proteins in a quality control mechanism for endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hashida S, Hashinaka K, Ishikawa S, Ishikawa E. More reliable diagnosis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by detection of antibody IgGs to pol and gag proteins of HIV-1 and p24 antigen of HIV-1 in urine, saliva, and/or serum with highly sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay (immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay): a review. J Clin Lab Anal 1998; 11:267-86. [PMID: 9292394 PMCID: PMC6760712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassays (immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassays) were developed for antibody IgGs to HIV-1 using recombinant reverse transcriptase (rRT), p17 (rp17), and p24 (rp24) as antigens. Antibody IgGs were reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-recombinant antigens and recombinant antigen-beta-D-galactosidase conjugates, and the immune complexes formed, comprising the three components, were trapped onto polystyrene beads coated with (anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl group) IgG. After washing, the immune complexes were eluted from the polystyrene beads with excess of epsilon N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine and were transferred to clean polystyrene beads coated with (antihuman IgG gamma-chain) IgG. beta-D-Galactosidase activity bound to the last polystyrene beads was assayed by fluorometry. By transfer of the immune complexes from one solid phase to another, the nonspecific binding of the beta-D-galactosidase conjugates was minimized and the sensitivity was markedly improved. The immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassays using rRT, rp17, and rp24 as antigens were 300-1,000-fold, 1,000-3,000-fold, and 30-100-fold, respectively, more sensitive than Western blotting for the corresponding antigens and 10-300-fold more sensitive than a conventional ELISA and a gelatin particle agglutination test. For urine (100 microliters), whole saliva (1 microliter), and serum (1 microliter) samples, the sensitivity and specificity of the immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay using rRT as antigen were both 100%. However, for urine samples in which the specific activities of antibody IgG to RT, p17, and p24 were much lower than those in serum samples probably due to degradation by the kidney, a longer assay of bound beta-D-galactosidase activity or/and a concentration process for urine was required. The use of more than 1 microliter of whole saliva was recommended for reliable diagnosis of the infections, whereas 1 microliter of serum was sufficient for the purpose. The positivity with rRT as antigen could be confirmed by demonstration of antibody IgGs to p17 and p24 in most of the urine, whole saliva, and serum samples. In HIV-1 seroconversion serum panels, antibody IgG to p17 was detected as early as or even earlier than antibodies to HIV-1 by a conventional ELISA or/and a gelation particle agglutination test, whereas antibody IgGs to RT and p24 were detected as early as or later than antibody IgG to p17. Thus the uses of rRT and rp17 as antigens were advantageous over that of the other antigens for randomly collected serum samples probably long after the infection and serum samples at early stages of the infection, respectively. On the basis of these results and other reports, the immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay was developed for simultaneous detection of p24 antigen and antibody IgGs to RT and p17 in a single assay tube, and the window period (8 weeks, although widely variable), during which diagnosis of HIV-1 infection is not possible due to the absence of detectable antibodies to HIV-1, was shortened by 2 weeks. As a result, the simultaneous detection made possible not only as early diagnosis as that by detection of p24 antigen, but also as reliable diagnosis as that by detection of antibodies to HIV-1. Finally, the immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay has been recently improved so as to be performed within shorter periods of time (2-3 hr) with higher sensitivity, and testing many samples has become easy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hashida
- Department of Biochemistry, Miyazaki Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|