1
|
Chaparala A, Tashkandi H, Chumanevich AA, Witalison EE, Windust A, Cui T, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Hofseth LJ. Molecules from American Ginseng Suppress Colitis through Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1850. [PMID: 32575883 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects millions of people worldwide and increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development. We have previously shown that American ginseng (AG) can treat colitis and prevent colon cancer in mice. We further fractionated AG and identified the most potent fraction, hexane fraction (HAG), and the most potent compound in this fraction, panaxynol (PA). Because (1) oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of colitis and associated CRC and (2) nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the master regulator of antioxidant responses, we examined the role of Nrf2 as a mechanism by which AG suppresses colitis. Through a series of in vitro and in vivo Nrf2 knockout mouse experiments, we found that AG and its components activate the Nrf2 pathway and decrease the oxidative stress in macrophages (mΦ) and colon epithelial cells in vitro. Consistent with these in vitro results, the Nrf2 pathway is activated by AG and its components in vivo, and Nrf2-/- mice are resistant to the suppressive effects of AG, HAG and PA on colitis. Results from this study establish Nrf2 as a mediator of AG and its components in the treatment of colitis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chaparala A, Poudyal D, Tashkandi H, Witalison EE, Chumanevich AA, Hofseth JL, Nguyen I, Hardy O, Pittman DL, Wyatt MD, Windust A, Murphy EA, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Hofseth LJ. Panaxynol, a bioactive component of American ginseng, targets macrophages and suppresses colitis in mice. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2026-2036. [PMID: 32547701 PMCID: PMC7275787 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis has a significant impact on the quality of life for the patients, and can substantially increase the risk of colon cancer in patients suffering long-term. Conventional treatments provide only modest relief paired with a high risk of side effects, while complementary and alternative medicines can offer safe and effective options. Over the past decade, we have shown that both American ginseng and its hexane fraction (HAG) have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can suppress mouse colitis and prevent colitis-associated colon cancer. With the goal of isolating a single active compound, we further fractionated HAG, and found the most abundant molecule in this fraction was the polyacetylene, panaxynol (PA). After isolating and characterizing PA, we tested the efficacy of PA in the treatment and prevention of colitis in mice and studied the mechanism of action. We demonstrate here that PA effectively treats colitis in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium mouse model by targeting macrophages for DNA damage and apoptosis. This study provides additional mechanistic evidence that American ginseng can be used for conventional treatment of colitis and other diseases associated with macrophage dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Chaparala
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Deepak Poudyal
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hossam Tashkandi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Erin E Witalison
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Alexander A Chumanevich
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jenna L Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ivy Nguyen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Olivia Hardy
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Douglas L Pittman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael D Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Anthony Windust
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun X, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Cai E, Zhu H, Liu S. Panaxynol from Saposhnikovia diviaricata exhibits a hepatoprotective effect against lipopolysaccharide + D-Gal N induced acute liver injury by inhibiting Nf-κB/IκB-α and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. Biotech Histochem 2020; 95:575-583. [PMID: 32295432 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1742932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of action of panaxynol (PAL) extract from the root of Saposhnikovia diviaricata (Turcz.) Schischk for treating acute liver injury caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-Gal N) in mice. A mouse model of acute liver failure induced by LPS/D-Gal N was established. Mice were divided randomly into three equal groups: control group, LPS/D-Gal N group and PAL group. After seven days of continuous PAL administration, all animals except controls were injected with 50 μg/kg LPS and 800 mg/kg D-Gal N; blood and liver samples were collected after 8 h. Compared to the LPS/D-Gal N group, the levels of catalase, glutathione and superoxide dismutase were increased in the liver of the PAL group. The inflammatory response index indicated that PAL attenuated LPS/D Gal N-induced liver pathological injury and decreased levels of hepatic malondialdehyde, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukins 1β and 6. PAL also inhibited LPS/D-Gal N induced nuclear factor-kappa B (Nf-κB), inhibitor kappa B-α (IκB-α) activation, and up-regulated Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. PAL can prevent LPS/D-Gal N induced acute liver injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 to stimulate antioxidant defense and inhibit the IkB-α/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xialin Sun
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, China
| | - Tingwen Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, China
| | - Enbo Cai
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, China
| | - Shuangli Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee D, Lee J, Vu-Huynh KL, Van Le TH, Tuoi Do TH, Hwang GS, Park JH, Kang KS, Nguyen MD, Yamabe N. Protective Effect of Panaxynol Isolated from Panax vietnamensis against Cisplatin-Induced Renal Damage: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E890. [PMID: 31861234 PMCID: PMC6995609 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyacetylenic compounds isolated from Panax species are comprised of non-polar C17 compounds, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antifungal activities. Panaxynol represents the major component of the essential oils of ginseng. We investigated whether panaxynol isolated from Panax vietnamensis (Vietnamese ginseng, VG) could prevent cisplatin-induced renal damage induced in vitro and in vivo. Cisplatin-induced apoptotic cell death was observed by staining with annexin V conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488, and western blotting evaluated the molecular mechanism. Panaxynol at concentrations above 0.25 μM prevented cisplatin-induced LLC-PK1 porcine renal proximal tubular cell death. LLC-PK1 cells treated with cisplatin demonstrated an increase in apoptotic cell death, whereas pretreatment with 2 and 4 μM panaxynol decreased this effect. Cisplatin demonstrated a marked increase in the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), P38, and cleaved caspase-3. However, pretreatment with 2 and 4 μM panaxynol reversed the upregulated phosphorylation of JNK, P38, and the expression of cleaved caspase-3. We confirmed that the protective effect of panaxynol isolated from P. vietnamensis in LLC-PK1 cells was at least partially mediated by reducing the cisplatin-induced apoptotic damage. In the animal study, panaxynol treatment ameliorated body weight loss and blood renal function markers and downregulated the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (J.L.); (G.S.H.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Jaemin Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (J.L.); (G.S.H.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Kim Long Vu-Huynh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (T.H.V.L.); (T.H.T.D.)
| | - Thi Hong Tuoi Do
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (T.H.V.L.); (T.H.T.D.)
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (J.L.); (G.S.H.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea;
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (J.L.); (G.S.H.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (T.H.V.L.); (T.H.T.D.)
| | - Noriko Yamabe
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (J.L.); (G.S.H.); (K.S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Knispel N, Ostrozhenkova E, Schramek N, Huber C, Peña-Rodríguez LM, Bonfill M, Palazón J, Wischmann G, Cusidó RM, Eisenreich W. Biosynthesis of panaxynol and panaxydol in Panax ginseng. Molecules 2013; 18:7686-98. [PMID: 23884121 PMCID: PMC6270202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural formation of the bioactive C17-polyacetylenes (-)-(R)-panaxynol and panaxydol was analyzed by 13C-labeling experiments. For this purpose, plants of Panax ginseng were supplied with 13CO2 under field conditions or, alternatively, sterile root cultures of P. ginseng were supplemented with [U-13C6]glucose. The polyynes were isolated from the labeled roots or hairy root cultures, respectively, and analyzed by quantitative NMR spectroscopy. The same mixtures of eight doubly 13C-labeled isotopologues and one single labeled isotopologue were observed in the C17-polyacetylenes obtained from the two experiments. The polyketide-type labeling pattern is in line with the biosynthetic origin of the compounds via decarboxylation of fatty acids, probably of crepenynic acid. The 13C-study now provides experimental evidence for the biosynthesis of panaxynol and related polyacetylenes in P. ginseng under in planta conditions as well as in root cultures. The data also show that 13CO2 experiments under field conditions are useful to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of metabolites, including those from roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nihat Knispel
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Elena Ostrozhenkova
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Nicholas Schramek
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Luis M. Peña-Rodríguez
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Palazón
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rosa M. Cusidó
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|