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Vanderheijden N, Stevaert A, Xie J, Ren X, Barbezange C, Noppen S, Desombere I, Verhasselt B, Geldhof P, Vereecke N, Stroobants V, Oh D, Vanhee M, Naesens LMJ, Nauwynck HJ. Functional Analysis of Human and Feline Coronavirus Cross-Reactive Antibodies Directed Against the SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Peptide. Front Immunol 2022; 12:790415. [PMID: 35069571 PMCID: PMC8766817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To face the continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, broadly protective therapeutic antibodies are highly needed. We here focused on the fusion peptide (FP) region of the viral spike antigen since it is highly conserved among alpha- and betacoronaviruses. First, we found that coronavirus cross-reactive antibodies are commonly formed during infection, being omnipresent in sera from COVID-19 patients, in ~50% of pre-pandemic human sera (rich in antibodies against endemic human coronaviruses), and even in feline coronavirus-infected cats. Pepscan analyses demonstrated that a confined N-terminal region of the FP is strongly immunogenic across diverse coronaviruses. Peptide-purified human antibodies targeting this conserved FP epitope exhibited broad binding of alpha- and betacoronaviruses, besides weak and transient SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity. Being frequently elicited by coronavirus infection, these FP-binding antibodies might potentially exhibit Fc-mediated effector functions and influence the kinetics or severity of coronavirus infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vanderheijden
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies Stevaert
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Xiaolei Ren
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cyril Barbezange
- National Influenza Centre and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Veerle Stroobants
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dayoung Oh
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Merijn Vanhee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Lieve M. J. Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Michiels R, Roels S, Vereecke N, Mathijs E, Mostin L, De Regge N. Species-Specific Humoral Immune Responses in Sheep and Goats upon Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infections Inversely Correlate with Protection against Virus Replication and Pathological Lesions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9824. [PMID: 34575988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maedi-Visna-like genotype A strains and Caprine arthritis encephaltis-like genotype B strains are small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) which, for incompletely understood reasons, appear to be more virulent in sheep and goats, respectively. A 9-month in vivo infection experiment using Belgian genotype A and B SRLV strains showed that almost all homologous (genotype A in sheep; genotype B in goats) and heterologous (genotype A in goats; genotype B in sheep) intratracheal inoculations resulted in productive infection. No differences in viremia and time to seroconversion were observed between homologous and heterologous infections. Higher viral loads and more severe lesions in the mammary gland and lung were however detected at 9 months post homologous compared to heterologous infection which coincided with strongly increased IFN-γ mRNA expression levels upon homologous infection. Pepscan analysis revealed a strong antibody response against immune-dominant regions of the capsid and surface proteins upon homologous infection, which was absent after heterologous infection. These results inversely correlated with protection against virus replication in target organs and observed histopathological lesions, and thus require an in-depth evaluation of a potential role of antibody dependent enhancement in SRLV infection. Finally, no horizontal intra- and cross-species SRLV transmission to contact animals was detected.
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Strokappe NM, Hock M, Rutten L, Mccoy LE, Back JW, Caillat C, Haffke M, Weiss RA, Weissenhorn W, Verrips T. Super Potent Bispecific Llama VHH Antibodies Neutralize HIV via a Combination of gp41 and gp120 Epitopes. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8020038. [PMID: 31544844 PMCID: PMC6640723 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad and potent neutralizing llama single domain antibodies (VHH) against HIV-1 targeting the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) have previously been isolated upon llama immunization. Here we describe the epitopes of three additional VHH groups selected from phage libraries. The 2E7 group binds to a new linear epitope in the first heptad repeat of gp41 that is only exposed in the fusion-intermediate conformation. The 1B5 group competes with co-receptor binding and the 1F10 group interacts with the crown of the gp120 V3 loop, occluded in native Env. We present biophysical and structural details on the 2E7 interaction with gp41. In order to further increase breadth and potency, we constructed bi-specific VHH. The combination of CD4bs VHH (J3/3E3) with 2E7 group VHH enhanced strain-specific neutralization with potencies up to 1400-fold higher than the mixture of the individual VHHs. Thus, these new bivalent VHH are potent new tools to develop therapeutic approaches or microbicide intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika M Strokappe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- QVQ Holding bv, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Miriam Hock
- Institute de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
- Immunocore Ltd., 101 Park Drive, Milto, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK.
| | - Lucy Rutten
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- QVQ Holding bv, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura E Mccoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Jaap W Back
- Pepscan B.V., Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Christophe Caillat
- Institute de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Matthias Haffke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France.
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institute de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Theo Verrips
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- QVQ Holding bv, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Bi Y, Jin Z, Wang Y, Mou S, Wang W, Wei Q, Huo N, Liu S, Wang X, Yang Z, Chen H, Xiao S. Identification of Two Distinct Linear B Cell Epitopes of the Matrix Protein of the Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Strain LaSota. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:221-229. [PMID: 31094659 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an abundant protein that can induce a robust humoral immune response. However, its antigenic epitopes remain unknown. In this study, we used a pepscan approach to map linear B cell immunodominant epitopes (IDEs) of M protein with NDV-specific chicken antisera. The six epitopes with the highest reactivity by peptide scanning were obtained as IDE candidates. Among them, aa71-85 and aa349-363 were identified by immunological assays with NDV-specific or IDE-specific antisera. The minimal antigenic epitopes of the two IDEs were further characterized as 77MIDDKP82 and 354HTLAKYNPFK363. Moreover, an amino acid sequence alignment and immunoblot analysis revealed the conservation of the two IDEs in the M protein of strains of different genotypes. These two IDEs of M protein could be genetically eliminated as negative markers in recombinant NDV for serologically differential diagnosis in the development of marker vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkun Bi
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhongyuan Jin
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sujing Mou
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiaolin Wei
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Na Huo
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- 2 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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García-Valtanen P, Ortega-Villaizán MDM, Martínez-López A, Medina-Gali R, Pérez L, Mackenzie S, Figueras A, Coll JM, Estepa A. Autophagy-inducing peptides from mammalian VSV and fish VHSV rhabdoviral G glycoproteins (G) as models for the development of new therapeutic molecules. Autophagy 2014; 10:1666-80. [PMID: 25046110 PMCID: PMC4206542 DOI: 10.4161/auto.29557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It has not been elucidated whether or not autophagy is induced by rhabdoviral G glycoproteins (G) in vertebrate organisms for which rhabdovirus infection is lethal. Our work provides the first evidence that both mammalian (vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV) and fish (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, VHSV, and spring viremia carp virus, SVCV) rhabdoviral Gs induce an autophagic antiviral program in vertebrate cell lines. The transcriptomic profiles obtained from zebrafish genetically immunized with either Gsvcv or Gvhsv suggest that autophagy is induced shortly after immunization and therefore, it may be an important component of the strong antiviral immune responses elicited by these viral proteins. Pepscan mapping of autophagy-inducing linear determinants of Gvhsv and Gvsv showed that peptides located in their fusion domains induce autophagy. Altogether these results suggest that strategies aimed at modulating autophagy could be used for the prevention and treatment of rhabdoviral infections such as rabies, which causes thousands of human deaths every year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luis Pérez
- IBMC; Miguel Hernández University; Elche, Spain
| | - Simon Mackenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture; University of Stirling; Stirling, UK
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Abstract
The pepscan procedure was used to identify betanodavirus B-cell epitopes recognized by neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and serum samples obtained from sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, naturally infected with betanodavirus. Pepscan was performed with a panel of thirty-four 12-mer synthetic peptides that mimicked the entire betanodavirus capsid protein. Sea bass serum samples reacted strongly with three regions of the capsid protein comprising amino acid residues 1-32, 91-162 and 181-212. The latter region was also recognized by neutralizing MAbs and coincided with a region of high antigenic propensity identified by an antigen prediction algorithm. These data suggest that a region of the betanodavirus capsid protein spanning amino acid residues 181-212 may represent a neutralization domain that could potentially be used to inform the development of nodavirus vaccines and immunodiagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Costa
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
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Abstract
A phage displayed dodecapeptide library and synthetic octapeptides spanning the complete sequence of alpha- and gamma-type gliadin and overlapping in six amino acids (pepscan) were screened for binding to human gliadin antibodies (AGA). Phage display experiments led to four sequences recognized with significantly higher frequency by sera with raised IgA-AGA titres than by control sera. All these peptides contained the core sequence PEQ. Pepscan experiments revealed binding of AGA to five prominent regions: (i) QXQPFP (binding to IgG and IgA, X representing P, Q, and L); (ii) IPEQ (IgG) and WQIPEQ (IgA); (iii) FFQP (IgG) and QGXFQP (IgA, X representing F and S); (iv) PQQLPQ (IgG and IgA), all in alpha-type gliadin; and (v) QPQQPF (IgG and IgA) in gamma-type gliadin. In two of the sequences (QPQQPF and QQQPFP), substitution of Q by E resulting in QPEQPF and QEQPFP, respectively, increased significantly binding of AGA from sera of patients with biopsy-proven or suspected coeliac disease (CoD), all positive for endomysium antibodies (EmA). In contrast, binding of sera with high AGA titre from EmA-negative patients (CoD and dermatitis herpetiformis excluded) was not enhanced by this substitution. Thus, AGA directed against these modified epitopes can be regarded as specific for CoD. This is the first study demonstrating that deamidation of gliadin improves reactivity of AGA of CoD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Osman
- Deparment of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Leipzig, and Institute of Organic Chemistry of the University, Tübingen, Germany
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