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Sugiura K, Terano T, Adachi H, Hagiwara J, Matsuda K, Nishida K, Hanson P, Kondo S, Gotoh H. Histological Observation of Helmet Development in the Treehopper Poppea capricornis (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae). Zoolog Sci 2024; 41:167-176. [PMID: 38587911 DOI: 10.2108/zs230039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The treehoppers (Hemiptera, Membracidae) are known for possessing a large three-dimensional structure called a helmet. Although some ecological functions of the helmet have already been elucidated, the developmental mechanisms underlying the complex and diverse morphology of the helmet are still largely unknown. The process of helmet formation was first described in Antianthe expansa, which possesses a simple roof-shaped helmet. However, the developmental process in species with more complex helmet morphologies remains largely unexplored. Hence, in this study, we used Poppea capricornis, which possesses a more complex helmet structure than A. expansa, to investigate the helmet development using paraffin sections, micro-CT, and scanning electronic microscopy. Our focus was on the overall helmet developmental process common to both species and formation of structures unique to Poppea and its comparison to Antianthe. As a result, we discovered that miniature structures were also formed in Poppea, similar to Antianthe, during the helmet formation. Common structures that were shared between the two species were discernible at this stage. Additionally, we observed that suprahumeral horns and posterior horns, two morphological traits specific to the Poppea helmet that are apparently similar anatomically, are formed through two distinctly different developmental mechanisms. The suprahumeral horns appeared to be formed by utilizing the nymphal suprahumeral bud as a mold, while we could not detect any nymphal structures potentially used for a mold in the posterior horns formation. Our findings suggest that the helmet formation mechanisms of Antianthe and Poppea employ a common mechanism but form species-specific structures by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Sugiura
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Suruga Ward, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tensho Terano
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Suruga Ward, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Adachi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jin Hagiwara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Suruga Ward, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Nishida
- Associate Researcher Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica & Estación Biológica Monteverde, Apdo 22-5655, Monteverde, CostaRica
| | - Paul Hanson
- Escuela de Biología & Centro de Investigacion en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Shigeru Kondo
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Suruga Ward, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan,
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 432-8011, Japan
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Rajonhson DM, Raksakoon C, Payakkapol A, Dujardin S, Dujardin JP, Potiwat R. Comparison of Two Different Morphological Methods to Study the Pronotum of Cimicidae: Bed Bugs, Bat Bugs, and Swallow Bugs. Insects 2022; 13:insects13121155. [PMID: 36555065 PMCID: PMC9785296 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An infestation of a Cimicidae (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) member, especially the bed bug, can cause economic loss and impact health. A cost-effective and user-friendly method for identifying the infesting species will help with the early detection and control of infestations. A linear morphometric method is often used, but it requires the examination of many characters and a highly preserved specimen. We conducted a comparative morphometric study of the effectiveness of Cimicidae classification using a single organ, the pronotum, through outline-based and linear morphometric methods. Bat (Stricticimex parvus), human (Cimex hemipterus), and bird (Paracimex sp.) ectoparasites were subject of the study. With both methods, the properties of size and shape were compared and used separately to classify the specimens. Classification analyses of the two methods provided similar results, but more informative variables of size and shape were obtained with the outline-based approach. Size, as analyzed with the outline-based method, could detect sexual dimorphism, and produced better reclassification. The shape variables obtained from the linear measurements were strongly influenced by size variation, much more than the ones obtained from coordinates describing the pronotum contours. Our data suggest that the outline-based approach provides better characterization variables, thus we recommend them for a wider use in other Cimicidae family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora M. Rajonhson
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chadchalerm Raksakoon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Anon Payakkapol
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sébastien Dujardin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dujardin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Rutcharin Potiwat
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (R.P.)
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Colomba M, Lo Verde G, Liberto F, Gregorini A, Sparacio I. Molecular and biometric data on Carabus (Macrothorax) morbillosus Fabricius, 1792 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Mid Mediterranean areas. Zookeys 2022; 1127:119-134. [PMID: 36760356 PMCID: PMC9836721 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1127.84920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out using molecular and biometric data of Carabus (Macrothorax) morbillosus from mid-Mediterranean areas to determine additional information on basal relationships among its representative subspecies. To this aim, two different kinds of approach were employed, including a morphometric analysis of four morphological parameters (i.e., elytra length, elytra width, pronotum length, pronotum width) of 128 specimens, and a Bayesian genetic analysis of 44 cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) partial sequences (i.e., 38 examined for the first time and six retrieved from GenBank database). Representative populations of C. (M.) morbillosus were sampled in four countries, namely Italy, Malta, Spain, and Tunisia. The present findings support the validity of four C. (M.) morbillosus subspecies, specifically C. (M.) m. alternans, C. (M.) m. bruttianus, C. (M.) m. constantinus, and C. (M.) m. macilentus, and redefine these subspecies' distributions. Notably, within the C. (M.) m. constantinus clade, two (i.e., Sardinia/Tuscany and Lampedusa) out of the three subgroups appear as homogeneous geographical groupings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariastella Colomba
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Maggetti 22, 61029 Urbino (PU), ItalyUniversity of Urbino Carlo BoUrbinoItaly
| | - Gabriella Lo Verde
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze edificio 5, 90128 Palermo, ItalyUniversità degli Studi di PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Fabio Liberto
- Via del Giubileo Magno 93, 90015 Cefalù (PA), ItalyUnaffiliatedCefalùItaly
| | - Armando Gregorini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Maggetti 22, 61029 Urbino (PU), ItalyUniversity of Urbino Carlo BoUrbinoItaly
| | - Ignazio Sparacio
- Via Principe di Paternò 3, 90144 Palermo, ItalyUnaffiliatedPalermoItaly
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Kudla AM, Miranda X, Nijhout HF. The roles of growth regulation and appendage patterning genes in the morphogenesis of treehopper pronota. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212682. [PMID: 35673859 PMCID: PMC9174728 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treehoppers of the insect family Membracidae have evolved enlarged and elaborate pronotal structures, which is hypothesized to involve co-opted expression of genes that are shared with the wings. Here, we investigate the similarity between the pronotum and wings in relation to growth. Our study reveals that the ontogenetic allometry of the pronotum is similar to that of wings in Membracidae, but not the outgroup. Using transcriptomics, we identify genes related to translation and protein synthesis, which are mutually upregulated. These genes are implicated in the eIF2, eIF4/p70S6K and mTOR pathways, and have known roles in regulating cell growth and proliferation. We find that species-specific differential growth patterning of the pronotum begins as early as the third instar, which suggests that expression of appendage patterning genes occurs long before the metamorphic molt. We propose that a network related to growth and size determination is the more likely mechanism shared with wings. However, regulators upstream of the shared genes in pronotum and wings need to be elucidated to substantiate whether co-option has occurred. Finally, we believe it will be helpful to distinguish the mechanisms leading to pronotal size from those regulating pronotal shape as we make sense of this spectacular evolutionary innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Kudla
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ximena Miranda
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Tong YJ, Yang HD, Jenkins Shaw J, Yang XK, Bai M. The Relationship between Genus/Species Richness and Morphological Diversity among Subfamilies of Jewel Beetles. Insects 2021; 12:24. [PMID: 33401400 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Morphological diversity and species richness provide insights into biodiversity and have been studied extensively in recent years. Most researchers have found a positive correlation between these factors in many groups at the local community scale; however, this documented relationship has not always been consistent because of diverse niches and the status of an organism in a given ecosystem. Here we propose a new paradigm for the analysis of higher taxa biodiversity based on a cosmopolitan dataset to further investigate this contradiction. The morphological diversity of 1106 buprestid species from around the world was quantified based on the contours of the pronotum and elytron in dorsal view using a geometric morphometric approach. We found a positive correlation between morphological diversity and genus richness while no significance was found in the species-level test. Furthermore, the correlation between morphological diversity and genus richness is higher than it is in the species-level test. Our results demonstrate the superiority of higher taxa in biodiversity, and that the geometric morphometric approach could quite accurately reveal diversity patterns of the family Buprestidae. These conclusions complement the crucial aspect in several disciplines, including biodiversity, phylogeny and evolutionary strategy. Abstract A positive correlation between the species richness and morphological diversity of some organisms has been found in almost all studies at the local community scale. However, this documented relationship has not always been consistent because of diverse niches and the status of an organism in an ecosystem. Global taxon sampling, new morphological approaches, and consideration of more taxonomic categories other than species level are possible methods to further investigate this contradiction. In this study, we proposed a new paradigm for higher taxa biodiversity analysis based on a cosmopolitan dataset. A total of 1106 species from around the world representing all subfamilies and 33% genera of Buprestidae (jewel beetles) were selected to test the correlation between morphological diversity (MD) and genus/species richness (GR/SR) among subfamilies. The MD was quantified by the contours of the pronotum and elytron in dorsal view based on a geometric morphometric approach. The positive correlation between MD and GR was found in all test combinations, but was irrelevant in the species-level test. Interestingly, the correlation between MD and GR was higher than MD and SR in both pronotum and elytron measurements. Additionally, the MD of the pronotum is obviously higher than the MD of the elytron. Our results demonstrate that the geometric morphometric approach could quite accurately reveal diversity patterns of the family Buprestidae. Future studies on different groups, using more characters, more analyses and detailed biological interpretations, are required to fully understand the relationship between MD and SR.
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Zhang M, Ruan Y, Wan X, Tong Y, Yang X, Ming Bai. Geometric morphometric analysis of the pronotum and elytron in stag beetles: insight into its diversity and evolution. Zookeys 2019; 833:21-40. [PMID: 31015774 PMCID: PMC6443621 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.833.26164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stag beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Lucanidae) have received extensive attention from researchers in behavioral ecology and evolutionary biology. There have been no previous quantitative analyses, particularly using a geometric morphometric approach based on a large sample of data, to shed light on the morphological diversity and evolution of Lucanidae. Thoracic adaptation and ecological differentiation are intimately related, and the pronotum bears important muscles and supports the locomotion of prothoracic legs. The elytron is an autapomorphy of the Coleoptera. To reconstruct and visualize the patterns of evolutionary diversification and phylogenetic history of shape change, an ancestral groundplan can be reconstructed by mapping geometric morphometric data onto a phylogenetic tree. In this study, the morphologies of the pronotum and elytron in 1303 stag beetles (Lucanidae), including approximately 99.2% of all globally described species, were examined, thus revealing several aspects of morphological diversity and evolution. First, on the basis of geometric morphometric analysis, we found significant morphological differences in the pronotum or elytron between any two Lucanidae subfamilies. And we subsequently reconstructed the ancestral groundplans of the two structures in stag beetles and compared them with those of extant species (through cladistic and geometric morphometric methods). The ancestral groundplan of Lucanidae was found to be most similar to extant Nicagini in both the pronotum and elytron, according to Mahalanobis distances. Furthermore, we analyzed species richness and morphological diversity of stag beetles and the relationships between them and found that the two parameters were not always correlated. Aesalinae was found to be the most diverse subfamily in both the pronotum and elytron, despite its poor species richness, and the diversity of the pronotum or elytron was not superior in Lucaninae, despite its high species richness. Our study provides insights into the morphological variations and evolutionary history of the pronotum and elytron in four subfamilies of stag beetles, and it illuminates the relationship between morphological diversity and species richness. Intriguingly, our analysis indicates that morphological diversity and species richness are not always correlated. These findings may stimulate further studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 92, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Yongying Ruan
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Xia Wan
- Department of Ecology, School of Resources & Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Yijie Tong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 92, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xingke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 92, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 92, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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