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Petrone-Mendoza E, Benítez M, Lárraga ME, Olson ME. The evolution of ontogenetic "decision-making" in the wood of a clade of tropical plants. Evolution 2024; 78:480-496. [PMID: 38150399 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Greater diversity in functional morphology should be associated with the evolution of greater ontogenetic diversity, an expectation difficult to test in most long-lived wild organisms. In the cells derived from the wood meristem (vascular cambium), plants provide extraordinary systems for reconstructing ontogenies in often long-lived organisms. The vascular cambium produces files of cells from the stem center to the periphery, with each cambial derivative "deciding" which of four cell types it differentiates into. Wood cell files remain in place, allowing tracing of the ontogenetic "decisions" taken throughout the life of a stem. We compared cell files from the Pedilanthus clade (genus Euphorbia), which span a range of growth forms from small trees and shrubs of tropical habitats to desert succulents. Using language theory, we represented wood cell types as "letters" and combinations of cell types in cell files as "words," allowing us to measure the diversity of decisions based on word frequency matrices. We also used information content metrics to compare levels of predictability in "decision-making." Our analyses identified a wider array of developmental decisions in woody trees as compared to succulent shrubs, illustrating ways that woody plants provide unparalleled systems for studying the evolution of ontogeny in long-lived, non-model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Petrone-Mendoza
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Unidad de Posgrado, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María E Lárraga
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Deska-Gauthier D, Borowska-Fielding J, Jones C, Zhang H, MacKay CS, Michail R, Bennett LA, Bikoff JB, Zhang Y. Embryonic temporal-spatial delineation of excitatory spinal V3 interneuron diversity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113635. [PMID: 38160393 PMCID: PMC10877927 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal neural circuits that execute movement are composed of cardinal classes of neurons that emerged from distinct progenitor lineages. Each cardinal class contains multiple neuronal subtypes characterized by distinct molecular, anatomical, and physiological characteristics. Through a focus on the excitatory V3 interneuron class, here we demonstrate that interneuron subtype diversity is delineated through a combination of neurogenesis timing and final laminar settling position. We have revealed that early-born and late-born embryonic V3 temporal classes further diversify into subclasses with spatially and molecularly discrete identities. While neurogenesis timing accounts for V3 morphological diversification, laminar settling position accounts for electrophysiological profiles distinguishing V3 subtypes within the same temporal classes. Furthermore, V3 interneuron subtypes display independent behavioral recruitment patterns demonstrating a functional modularity underlying V3 interneuron diversity. These studies provide a framework for how early embryonic temporal and spatial mechanisms combine to delineate spinal interneuron classes into molecularly, anatomically, and functionally relevant subtypes in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Deska-Gauthier
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Joanna Borowska-Fielding
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Chris Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Colin S MacKay
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ramez Michail
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Laura A Bennett
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jay B Bikoff
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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3
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Karimi N, Hanes MM. Patterns of Grewia (Malvaceae) diversity across geographic scales in Africa and Madagascar. Ann Bot 2024:mcae009. [PMID: 38243607 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Quantifying spatial species richness is useful to describe biodiversity patterns across broad geographic areas, especially in large, poorly known plant groups. We explore patterns and predictors of species richness across Africa in one such group; the paleotropical genus Grewia L. (Malvaceae). METHODS Grewia species richness was quantified by extracting herbarium records from GBIF and Tropicos and creating geographic grids at varying spatial scales. We assessed predictors of species richness using spatial regression models with 30 environmental variables. We explored species co-occurrence in Madagascar at finer resolutions using Schoener's index, and compared species' range sizes and IUCN status among ecoregions. Lastly, we derived a trait matrix for a subset of species found in Madagascar to characterize morphological diversity across space. KEY RESULTS Grewia species occur in 50 countries in Africa, with the highest number of species in Madagascar (93, with 80 species endemic). Species richness is highest in Madagascar, with up to 23 Grewia species in a grid cell, followed by coastal Tanzania/Kenya (up to 13 species), and northern South Africa and central Angola (11 species each). Across Africa, higher species richness was predicted by variables related to aridity. In Madagascar, a greater range in environmental variables best predicted species richness, consistent with geographic grid cells of highest species richness occurring near biome/ecoregion transitions. In Madagascar we also observe increasing dissimilarity in species composition with increasing geographic distance. CONCLUSIONS The spatial patterns and underlying environmental predictors that we uncover in Grewia represent an important step in our understanding of plant distribution and diversity patterns across Africa. Madagascar boasts nearly twice the Grewia species richness, compared to the second most species-rich country in Africa, which might be explained by complex topography and environmental conditions across small spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Karimi
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Margaret M Hanes
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
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Li L, Wan SP, Wang Y, Thongklang N, Tang SM, Luo ZL, Li SH. New species of Hydnotrya (Ascomycota, Pezizomycetes) from southwestern China with notes on morphological characteristics of 17 species of Hydnotrya. MycoKeys 2023; 100:49-67. [PMID: 38025584 PMCID: PMC10660436 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.100.106709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
More specimens of Hydnotrya have been collected from southwestern China in recent years. Morphological and molecular analyses showed that they belonged to three species of Hydnotrya, of which two are new to science, H.oblongispora and H.zayuensis. The third one was H.laojunshanensis, previously reported in 2013. The new species are described, and their relationship to other species of Hydnotrya is discussed. H.laojunshanensis is re-described in more detail. The main morphological characters of 17 species of Hydnotrya are compared and a key to them is provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, Yunnan, ChinaDali UniversityDaliChina
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, ThailandMae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiChina
| | - Shan-Ping Wan
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, ThailandYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, ChinaNew Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural CentreMosgielNew Zealand
| | - Naritsada Thongklang
- New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New ZealandMae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiThailand
| | - Song-Ming Tang
- New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New ZealandMae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiThailand
| | - Zong-Long Luo
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, Yunnan, ChinaDali UniversityDaliChina
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, ChinaBiotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunmingChina
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Liao G, Ning X, Yang Y, Wang Z, Fan G, Wang X, Fu D, Liu J, Tang M, Chen S, Wang J. Main Habitat Factors Driving the Phenotypic Diversity of Litsea cubeba in China. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3781. [PMID: 37960137 PMCID: PMC10648399 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. is an important woody spice tree in southern China, and its fruit is a rich source of valuable essential oil. We surveyed and sampled L. cubeba germplasm resources from 36 provenances in nine Chinese provinces, and detected rich phenotypic diversity. The survey results showed that plants of SC-KJ, SC-HJ, and SC-LS provenance presented higher leaf area (LA); YN-SM and YN-XC plants had larger thousand-grain fresh weight (TFW); and HN-DX plants had the highest essential oil content (EOC). To explain the large differences in the phenotypes of L. cubeba among different habitats, we used Pearson's correlation analysis, multiple stepwise regression path analysis, and redundancy analysis to evaluate the phenotypic diversity of L. cubeba. It was found that compared to other traits, leaf and fruit traits had more significant geographical distributions, and that leaf phenotypes were correlated to fruit phenotypes. The results showed that elevation, latitude, longitude, total soil porosity (SP), soil bulk density (SBD), and average annual rainfall (AAR, mm) contributed significantly to the phenotypic diversity of L. cubeba. Geographical factors explained a higher percentage of variation in phenotypic diversity than did soil factors and climate factors. Plants of SC-KJ and HN-DX provenances could be important resources for domestication and breeding to develop new high-yielding varieties of this woody aromatic plant. This study describes significant phenotypic differences in L. cubeba related to adaptation to different environments, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of a breeding strategy and for optimizing L. cubeba cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Liao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (G.L.); (X.N.)
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaodan Ning
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (G.L.); (X.N.)
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zongde Wang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Guorong Fan
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xuefang Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (G.L.); (X.N.)
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Dan Fu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (G.L.); (X.N.)
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (G.L.); (X.N.)
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ming Tang
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shangxing Chen
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (G.L.); (X.N.)
- East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Radhakrishnan S, Rao R, Lashkari HP, Kini H, Kini JR, Kudurugundi VB, Ashok V, Gowthuvalli CV. A needle in the haystack: An unusual case presentation of ganglioneuroblastoma at a tertiary care center in Coastal Karnataka. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e8149. [PMID: 38028045 PMCID: PMC10665580 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message This case report highlights the importance of recognizing and accurately diagnosing ganglioneuroblastoma, an uncommon variant of neuroblastic tumors in children. Ganglioneuroblastomas have diverse clinical and morphological presentations, and histopathological examination is paramount in guiding treatment decisions, especially in cases with ambiguous symptoms. Early detection is crucial, as the prognosis varies significantly based on the subtype and the presence of metastatic disease. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion and utilize radiological examinations to promptly identify and treat these tumors. Abstract Children are frequently affected by neuroblastic tumors, which grow from the sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest during its development. However, intermixed ganglioneuroblastomas are far less common within the same tumor spectrum, the diagnosis of which could become challenging amidst an unusual presentation. In our case report, we present a 4-year-old boy who had complaints of fever and difficulty in walking, with a supra-renal mass on ultrasound, which was diagnosed as ganglioneuroblastoma-intermixed type on histopathological examination. This report aims to contribute to the understanding of the diverse clinical and morphological spectrum of ganglioneuroblastomas and the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration and histopathological examination to enhance decision-making in such ambiguous scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Radhakrishnan
- Department of PathologyKasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalIndia
| | - Ranjitha Rao
- Department of PathologyKasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalIndia
| | - Harsha Prasada Lashkari
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and OncologyKasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalIndia
| | - Hema Kini
- Department of PathologyKasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalIndia
| | - Jyoti Ramnath Kini
- Department of PathologyKasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalIndia
| | | | - Vanishree Ashok
- Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Jyothi CircleMangaloreIndia
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Omri Ben Youssef N, Halila I, Mbazia A, Bessaidi Z, Missaoui K, Kharrat M, Le May C. Didymella fabae Punith.: mating type occurrence, distribution and phenotyping of the anamorph Ascochyta fabae Speg. in Tunisia. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1176517. [PMID: 37731989 PMCID: PMC10507270 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1176517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Faba bean ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta fabae Speg. (teleomorph: Didymella fabae Punith.), is one of the most devastating diseases of the crop. It can cause yield losses that reach 95% in conducive weather conditions. Surveys were carried out in five regions of Tunisia: Beja, Bizerte, Jendouba, Kef and Tunis-Cap Bon. A total of 513 fungal isolates were collected from 2011 to 2013. A molecular characterization was conducted to identify the mating type of each individual using a mating type specific PCR. Results revealed that the two mating types MAT1-2 and MAT1-1 coexisted in all surveyed regions. An imbalance in favor of MAT1-2 was observed particularly in Bizerte and Jendouba regions (sex ratio was 18:85 and 32:80, respectively). Moreover, morphological and pathogenic characterization of 122 isolates among the collection revealed a significant variability in conidia type (one celled or two celled conidia) frequency, in conidia mean size and in aggressiveness toward Badii faba bean cultivar (incubation period, IP; percentage necrotic leaf area, S; and area under disease progression curve, AUDPC). A principal component analysis (PCA) performed on morphologically studied parameters (frequency of conidia cell number and conidia mean size) identified three groups of isolates based on morphological traits: one celled (1C) and two celled (2C) conidia rates, one celled and two celled conidia length and width (1L, 1W, 2L and 2W, respectively). A second PCA using aggressiveness parameters (IP: Incubation period, S1, S4 and S9: percentage of necrotic leaf area respectively 5, 20 and 45 days after inoculation) identified three distinct pathogenic groups: poorly pathogenic AG1, moderately pathogenic AG2 and highly pathogenic AG3. Morphological and pathogenic groups and mating type data were used to conduct a multiple factorial correspondence analysis (MFCA) which revealed a correlation between the variables studied. Five groups were identified, each associated with a morphological and pathogenic trait and mating type. The most pathogenic group belonged to MAT1-2 suggesting that in locations where MAT1-2 is prevalent the epidemic risk is more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Omri Ben Youssef
- Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Imen Halila
- Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Mbazia
- Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Zayneb Bessaidi
- Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Khawla Missaoui
- Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Kharrat
- Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Christophe Le May
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1349 Institut de Génétique, environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Le Rheu, France
- Institut Agro-Rennes-Angers, UP ESP, Rennes, France
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Yin AC, Zhong QY, Scheidegger C, Jin JZ, Worthy FR, Wang LS, Wang XY. The phylogeny and taxonomy of Glypholecia (Acarosporaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including a new species from northwestern China. MycoKeys 2023; 98:153-165. [PMID: 37396021 PMCID: PMC10308429 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.104314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypholeciaqinghaiensis An C. Yin, Q. Y. Zhong & Li S. Wang is described as new to science. It is characterized by its squamulose thallus, compound apothecia, ellipsoid ascospores, and the presence of rhizines on the lower surface of the thallus. A phylogenetic tree of Glypholecia species was constructed based on nrITS and mtSSU sequences. Two species G.qinghaiensis and G.scabra are confirmed in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-cheng Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Qiu-yi Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Christoph Scheidegger
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ji-zhen Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Fiona R. Worthy
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Li-song Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xin-yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
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9
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Baselga-Cervera B, Jacobsen KA, Denison RF, Travisano M. Experimental evolution in the cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis: increases in size and morphological diversity. Evolution 2023; 77:1216-1225. [PMID: 36821408 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria morphology has apparently remained almost unchanged for billions of years, exhibiting remarkable evolutionary stasis. Cyanobacteria appear to have reached their maximum morphological complexity in terms of size, modes of multicellularity, and cellular types by ~2 Ga. This contrasts with the increased complexity observed in other multicellular lineages, such as plants. Using experimental evolution, we show that morphological diversity can rapidly evolve in a species of filamentous cyanobacteria. Since size has such significance with regard to organismal complexity, we subjected the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Trichornus variabilis (syn. Anabaena variabilis) to selection for larger size. We observed increases in size of more than 30-fold, relative to the ancestral population, after 45 cycles of selection. Two distinguishable nascent morphological elaborations were identified in all the selected populations: Tangle (long, tangled filaments) and Cluster (clusters of short filaments) morphology. Growth from single cells indicates heritability of the evolved Tangle and Cluster morphological phenotypes. Cyanobacteria evolutionary conservatism is ascribed to developmental constraints, slow evolution rates, or ecological flexibility. These results open opportunities to study possibilities and constraints for the evolution of higher integrated biological levels of organization within this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Baselga-Cervera
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota.,Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kristin A Jacobsen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - R Ford Denison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Michael Travisano
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota.,Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,The BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
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10
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Wang N, Huang H, Ma LB. The intraspecific variation of morphology and coloration of field crickets: a taxonomic revision of Chinese Gymnogryllus Saussure, 1877 and Phonarellus Gorochov, 1983 (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Gryllini). Zookeys 2022; 1129:85-107. [PMID: 36761843 PMCID: PMC9836715 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1129.87706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After extensive sampling of specimens from species found in China, we examined the intraspecific morphological variation of several characters used for species delimitation in two closely related cricket genera, Gymnogryllus Saussure, 1877 and Phonarellus Gorochov, 1983. We found that the characters (male genitalia in Gymnogryllusodonopetalus Xie & Zheng, 2003 and Phonarellusritsemae (Saussure, 1877), and coloration of the hind leg in Phonarellusminor (Chopard, 1959)) exhibit considerable amounts of variation within species, and are thus not reliable characters for species differentiation. Therefore, we revised the taxonomy of these two genera. Five synonyms are proposed: G.yunnanensis (= G.odonopetalus) syn. nov., G.striatus (= G.odonopetalus) syn. nov., G.longus (= G.odonopetalus) syn. nov., G.tumidulus (= G.odonopetalus) syn. nov., and P.flavipes (= P.minor) syn. nov. All species mentioned above are described and illustrated. Keys and a distribution map are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China, 710119Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Huateng Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China, 710119Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Li-Bin Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China, 710119Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi’anChina
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11
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Hughes EC, Edwards DP, Thomas GH. The homogenization of avian morphological and phylogenetic diversity under the global extinction crisis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3830-3837.e3. [PMID: 35868322 PMCID: PMC9616725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity is facing a global extinction crisis that will reduce ecological trait diversity, evolutionary history, and ultimately ecosystem functioning and services.1, 2, 3, 4 A key challenge is understanding how species losses will impact morphological and phylogenetic diversity at global scales.5,6 Here, we test whether the loss of species threatened with extinction according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) leads to morphological and phylogenetic homogenization7,8 across both the whole avian class and within each biome and ecoregion globally. We use a comprehensive set of continuous morphological traits extracted from museum collections of 8,455 bird species, including geometric morphometric beak shape data,9 and sequentially remove species from those at most to least threat of extinction. We find evidence of morphological, but not phylogenetic, homogenization across the avian class, with species becoming more alike in terms of their morphology. We find that most biome and ecoregions are expected to lose morphological diversity at a greater rate than predicted by species loss alone, with the most imperiled regions found in East Asia and the Himalayan uplands and foothills. Only a small proportion of assemblages are threatened with phylogenetic homogenization, in particular parts of Indochina. Species extinctions will lead to a major loss of avian ecological strategies, but not a comparable loss of phylogenetic diversity. As the decline of species with unique traits and their replacement with more widespread generalist species continues, the protection of assemblages at most risk of morphological and phylogenetic homogenization should be a key conservation priority. Predicted loss of birds will drive exceptional declines in morphological diversity Species extinctions lead to a major loss of ecological strategies and functions Most biomes and ecoregions will experience morphological homogenization Phylogenetic diversity tends to decline as expected as species go extinct
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Hughes
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring HP23 6AP, UK.
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring HP23 6AP, UK.
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12
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Hughes EC, Edwards DP, Bright JA, Capp EJR, Cooney CR, Varley ZK, Thomas GH. Global biogeographic patterns of avian morphological diversity. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:598-610. [PMID: 35199925 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the biogeographical patterns, and evolutionary and environmental drivers, underpinning morphological diversity are key for determining its origins and conservation. Using a comprehensive set of continuous morphological traits extracted from museum collections of 8353 bird species, including geometric morphometric beak shape data, we find that avian morphological diversity is unevenly distributed globally, even after controlling for species richness, with exceptionally dense packing of species in hyper-diverse tropical hotspots. At the regional level, these areas also have high morphological variance, with species exhibiting high phenotypic diversity. Evolutionary history likely plays a key role in shaping these patterns, with evolutionarily old species contributing to niche expansion, and young species contributing to niche packing. Taken together, these results imply that the tropics are both 'cradles' and 'museums' of phenotypic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Hughes
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David P Edwards
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jen A Bright
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Elliot J R Capp
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Zoë K Varley
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
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13
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Zhao X, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Qu Z, Warren A, Wu D, Chen X. A Case Study of the Morphological and Molecular Variation within a Ciliate Genus: Taxonomic Descriptions of Three Dysteria Species (Ciliophora, Cyrtophoria), with the Establishment of a New Species. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1764. [PMID: 35163686 PMCID: PMC8836684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three Dysteria species, D. crassipes Claparède & Lachmann, 1859; D. brasiliensis Faria et al., 1922; and D. paracrassipes n. sp., were collected from subtropical coastal waters of the East China Sea, near Ningbo, China. The three species were studied based on their living morphology, infraciliature, and molecular data. The new species D. paracrassipes n. sp. is very similar to D. crassipes in most morphological features except the preoral kinety, which is double-rowed in the new species (vs. single-rowed in D. crassipes). The difference in the small ribosomal subunit sequences (SSU rDNA) between these two species is 56 bases, supporting the establishment of the new species. The Ningbo population of D. crassipes is highly similar in morphology to other known populations. Nevertheless, the SSU rDNA sequences of these populations are very different, indicating high genetic diversity and potentially cryptic species. Dysteria brasiliensis is cosmopolitan with many described populations worldwide and four deposited SSU rDNA sequences. The present work supplies morphological and molecular information from five subtropical populations of D. brasiliensis that bear identical molecular sequences but show significant morphological differences. The findings of this study provide an opportunity to improve understanding of the morphological and genetic diversity of ciliates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetong Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China;
| | - Zhishuai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China;
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;
| | - Di Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Xiangrui Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.)
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14
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Hernández-Coronado M, Ortiz-Ramírez C. Root Patterning: Tuning SHORT ROOT Function Creates Diversity in Form. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:745861. [PMID: 34659316 PMCID: PMC8514818 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.745861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Roots have a fundamental role in plant growth and adaptation to different environments. Diversity in root morphology and architecture enables plants to acquire water and nutrients in contrasting substrate conditions, resist biotic and abiotic stress, and develop symbiotic associations. At its most fundamental level, morphology is determined by discrete changes in tissue patterning. Differences in the number and arrangement of the cell layers in the root can change tissue structure, as well as root length and girth, affecting important productivity traits. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling variation in developmental patterning is an important goal in biology. The ground tissue (GT) system is an ideal model to study the genetic basis of morphological diversity because it displays great interspecific variability in cell layer number. In addition, the genetic circuit controlling GT patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana has been well described, although little is known about species with more complex root anatomies. In this review, we will describe the Arabidopsis model for root radial patterning and present recent progress in elucidating the genetic circuitry controlling GT patterning in monocots and the legume Medicago truncatula (Mt), species that develop roots with more complex anatomies and multilayered cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Ortiz-Ramírez
- UGA Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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15
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Zhang C, Zhang T, Luebert F, Xiang Y, Huang CH, Hu Y, Rees M, Frohlich MW, Qi J, Weigend M, Ma H. Asterid Phylogenomics/Phylotranscriptomics Uncover Morphological Evolutionary Histories and Support Phylogenetic Placement for Numerous Whole-Genome Duplications. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:3188-3210. [PMID: 32652014 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asterids are one of the most successful angiosperm lineages, exhibiting extensive morphological diversity and including a number of important crops. Despite their biological prominence and value to humans, the deep asterid phylogeny has not been fully resolved, and the evolutionary landscape underlying their radiation remains unknown. To resolve the asterid phylogeny, we sequenced 213 transcriptomes/genomes and combined them with other data sets, representing all accepted orders and nearly all families of asterids. We show fully supported monophyly of asterids, Berberidopsidales as sister to asterids, monophyly of all orders except Icacinales, Aquifoliales, and Bruniales, and monophyly of all families except Icacinaceae and Ehretiaceae. Novel taxon placements benefited from the expanded sampling with living collections from botanical gardens, resolving hitherto uncertain relationships. The remaining ambiguous placements here are likely due to limited sampling and could be addressed in the future with relevant additional taxa. Using our well-resolved phylogeny as reference, divergence time estimates support an Aptian (Early Cretaceous) origin of asterids and the origin of all orders before the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Ancestral state reconstruction at the family level suggests that the asterid ancestor was a woody terrestrial plant with simple leaves, bisexual, and actinomorphic flowers with free petals and free anthers, a superior ovary with a style, and drupaceous fruits. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) analyses provide strong evidence for 33 WGDs in asterids and one in Berberidopsidales, including four suprafamilial and seven familial/subfamilial WGDs. Our results advance the understanding of asterid phylogeny and provide numerous novel evolutionary insights into their diversification and morphological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Taikui Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Federico Luebert
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Silviculture and Nature Conservation, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yezi Xiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chien-Hsun Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, The Eberly College of Science, and The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Mathew Rees
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ji Qi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maximilian Weigend
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, The Eberly College of Science, and The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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16
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Aros-Mualin D, Noben S, Karger DN, Carvajal-Hernández CI, Salazar L, Hernández-Rojas A, Kluge J, Sundue MA, Lehnert M, Quandt D, Kessler M. Functional Diversity in Ferns Is Driven by Species Richness Rather Than by Environmental Constraints. Front Plant Sci 2021; 11:615723. [PMID: 33505416 PMCID: PMC7829179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.615723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits determine how species interact with their abiotic and biotic environment. In turn, functional diversity describes how assemblages of species as a whole are adapted to their environment, which also determines how they might react to changing conditions. To fully understand functional diversity, it is fundamental to (a) disentangle the influences of environmental filtering and species richness from each other, (b) assess if the trait space saturates at high levels of species richness, and (c) understand how changes in species numbers affect the relative importance of the trait niche expansion and packing. In the present study, we determined functional diversity of fern assemblages by describing morphological traits related to resource acquisition along four tropical elevational transects with different environmental conditions and species richness. We used several functional diversity indices and their standardized effect size to consider different aspects of functional diversity. We contrasted these aspects of functional diversity with climate data and species richness using linear models and linear mixed models. Our results show that functional morphological trait diversity was primarily driven by species richness and only marginally by environmental conditions. Moreover, increasing species richness contributed progressively to packing of the morphological niche space, while at the same time decreasing morphological expansion until a saturation point was reached. Overall, our findings suggest that the density of co-occurring species is the fundamental driving force of morphological niche structure, and environmental conditions have only an indirect influence on fern resource acquisition strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Aros-Mualin
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Noben
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk N. Karger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Laura Salazar
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Jürgen Kluge
- Department of Geography, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael A. Sundue
- The Pringle Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Marcus Lehnert
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dietmar Quandt
- Nees-Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Tong YJ, Yang HD, Jenkins Shaw J, Yang XK, Bai M. The Relationship between Genus/Species Richness and Morphological Diversity among Subfamilies of Jewel Beetles. Insects 2021; 12:24. [PMID: 33401400 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Morphological diversity and species richness provide insights into biodiversity and have been studied extensively in recent years. Most researchers have found a positive correlation between these factors in many groups at the local community scale; however, this documented relationship has not always been consistent because of diverse niches and the status of an organism in a given ecosystem. Here we propose a new paradigm for the analysis of higher taxa biodiversity based on a cosmopolitan dataset to further investigate this contradiction. The morphological diversity of 1106 buprestid species from around the world was quantified based on the contours of the pronotum and elytron in dorsal view using a geometric morphometric approach. We found a positive correlation between morphological diversity and genus richness while no significance was found in the species-level test. Furthermore, the correlation between morphological diversity and genus richness is higher than it is in the species-level test. Our results demonstrate the superiority of higher taxa in biodiversity, and that the geometric morphometric approach could quite accurately reveal diversity patterns of the family Buprestidae. These conclusions complement the crucial aspect in several disciplines, including biodiversity, phylogeny and evolutionary strategy. Abstract A positive correlation between the species richness and morphological diversity of some organisms has been found in almost all studies at the local community scale. However, this documented relationship has not always been consistent because of diverse niches and the status of an organism in an ecosystem. Global taxon sampling, new morphological approaches, and consideration of more taxonomic categories other than species level are possible methods to further investigate this contradiction. In this study, we proposed a new paradigm for higher taxa biodiversity analysis based on a cosmopolitan dataset. A total of 1106 species from around the world representing all subfamilies and 33% genera of Buprestidae (jewel beetles) were selected to test the correlation between morphological diversity (MD) and genus/species richness (GR/SR) among subfamilies. The MD was quantified by the contours of the pronotum and elytron in dorsal view based on a geometric morphometric approach. The positive correlation between MD and GR was found in all test combinations, but was irrelevant in the species-level test. Interestingly, the correlation between MD and GR was higher than MD and SR in both pronotum and elytron measurements. Additionally, the MD of the pronotum is obviously higher than the MD of the elytron. Our results demonstrate that the geometric morphometric approach could quite accurately reveal diversity patterns of the family Buprestidae. Future studies on different groups, using more characters, more analyses and detailed biological interpretations, are required to fully understand the relationship between MD and SR.
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18
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Yu Y, Leyva P, Tavares RL, Kellogg EA. The anatomy of abscission zones is diverse among grass species. Am J Bot 2020; 107:549-561. [PMID: 32207156 PMCID: PMC7217018 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Abscission zones (AZ) are specialized cell layers that separate plant parts at the organ junction upon developmental or environmental signals. Fruit or seed abscission has been well studied in model species because of its crucial role for seed dispersal. Previous work showed that AZ localization differs among species of Poaceae and that AZ formation is histologically and genetically distinct in three distantly related grass species, refuting the idea of a broadly conserved module. However, whether AZ structure is consistent within subfamilies is unknown. METHODS Eleven species were selected from six subfamilies of Poaceae, and their AZ was investigated using paraffin-embedded, stained material. Observations were added from the literature for an additional six species. Data were recorded on AZ location and whether cells in the AZ were distinguishable by size or lignification. Characteristics of the AZ were mapped on the phylogeny using maximum likelihood. RESULTS Abscission zone anatomy and histology vary among species, and characteristics of the AZ do not correlate with phylogeny. Twelve of the seventeen studied species have an AZ in which the cells are significantly smaller than surrounding cells. Of these, eight have differential lignification. Differential lignification is often associated with differential cell size, but not vice versa. CONCLUSIONS Neither smaller cells in the AZ nor differential lignification between the AZ and surrounding cells is required for abscission, although differential cell size and lignification are often correlated. Abscission zone anatomy does not correlate with phylogeny, suggesting its rapid change over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Yu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center975 North Warson RoadSt. LouisMO62132USA
| | - Patricia Leyva
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center975 North Warson RoadSt. LouisMO62132USA
- California State University Long Beach1250 Bellflower BlvdLong BeachCA90840USA
| | - Rachel L. Tavares
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center975 North Warson RoadSt. LouisMO62132USA
- Present address:
University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMA01003USA
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19
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Yu Y, Hu H, Doust AN, Kellogg EA. Divergent gene expression networks underlie morphological diversity of abscission zones in grasses. New Phytol 2020; 225:1799-1815. [PMID: 31372996 PMCID: PMC7003853 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Abscission is a process in which plants shed their parts, and is mediated by a particular set of cells, the abscission zone (AZ). In grasses (Poaceae), the position of the AZ differs among species, raising the question of whether its anatomical structure and genetic control are conserved. The ancestral position of the AZ was reconstructed. A combination of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, RNA-Seq analyses and RNA in situ hybridisation were used to compare three species, two (weedy rice and Brachypodium distachyon) with the AZ in the ancestral position and one (Setaria viridis) with the AZ in a derived position below a cluster of flowers (spikelet). Rice and Brachypodium are more similar anatomically than Setaria. However, the cell wall properties and the transcriptome of rice and Brachypodium are no more similar to each other than either is to Setaria. The set of genes expressed in the studied tissues is generally conserved across species, but the precise developmental and positional patterns of expression and gene networks are almost entirely different. Transcriptional regulation of AZ development appears to be extensively rewired among the three species, leading to distinct anatomical and morphological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Yu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt LouisMO63132USA
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and EvolutionOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOK74078USA
| | - Andrew N. Doust
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and EvolutionOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOK74078USA
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Cabrera-Toledo D, Vargas-Ponce O, Ascencio-Ramírez S, Valadez-Sandoval LM, Pérez-Alquicira J, Morales-Saavedra J, Huerta-Galván OF. Morphological and Genetic Variation in Monocultures, Forestry Systems and Wild Populations of Agave maximiliana of Western Mexico: Implications for Its Conservation. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:817. [PMID: 32625225 PMCID: PMC7313679 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Forestry systems in Mexico are examples of traditional management of land and biodiversity that integrates the use, conservation and restoration of forest elements. Current in situ management practices of Agave maximiliana in western Mexico include the tolerance of many forest elements, reintroduction of young Agave plants and germination of seeds. More intense forms of management include monocultures, which are agroindustrialized systems developed in more recent times and characterized by the establishment of high densities of A. maximiliana plants in deforested areas and abandoned agricultural lands. We compared monocultures, forestry systems and wild populations (i.e., non/slightly-exploited forests) in order to evaluate whether these practices have had an effect on intraspecific morphological and genetic variation and divergence. We also tested whether divergence has a positive relationship with environmental and geographic distance. We analyzed 16 phenotypic traits in 17 populations of A. maximiliana, and 14 populations were further examined by amplifying 9 SSR loci. We employed multivariate methods and analyses of variance in phenotypic and genetic traits to test whether clusters and the percentage of variation contained in the managed and wild categories can be identified. Tests of isolation by environment (IBE) and distance (IBD) were performed to detect the magnitude of divergence explained by climatic and geographic variables. We found that forestry systems are effective as reservoirs of morphological and genetic diversity, since they maintain levels similar to those of wild populations. Moreover, the monocultures showed similar levels, reflecting their recent emergence. While the species showed high morphological diversity (IMD = 0.638, SE ± 0.07), it had low to intermediate genetic diversity (A = 2.37, H E = 0.418). Similar morphological and genetic divergences were found among populations, but these were not correlated with each other in population pairs. Non-significant morphological differentiation was found among categories. Only IBE was significant in the genetic structure (β = 0.32, p = 0.007), while neither IBE nor IBD was detected in the morphological differentiation. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of the weaknesses and strengths of A. maximiliana in the face of the socio-ecological changes predicted for the study area in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dánae Cabrera-Toledo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal (LaniVeg-CONACYT), Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Dánae Cabrera-Toledo,
| | - Ofelia Vargas-Ponce
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal (LaniVeg-CONACYT), Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Sabina Ascencio-Ramírez
- Maestría en Ciencias en Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Rural, Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Luis Mario Valadez-Sandoval
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal (LaniVeg-CONACYT), Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Jessica Pérez-Alquicira
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal (LaniVeg-CONACYT), Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
- Cátedras CONACYT-Universidad de Guadalajara, Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal (LaniVeg), Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Judith Morales-Saavedra
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal (LaniVeg-CONACYT), Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Oassis F. Huerta-Galván
- Maestría en Biosistemática y Manejo de Recursos Forestales y Agrícolas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
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Gillet A, Frédérich B, Parmentier E. Divergent evolutionary morphology of the axial skeleton as a potential key innovation in modern cetaceans. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191771. [PMID: 31771481 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetaceans represent the most diverse clade of extant marine tetrapods. Although the restructuring of oceans could have contributed to their diversity, other factors might also be involved. Similar to ichthyosaurs and sharks, variation of morphological traits could have promoted the colonization of new ecological niches and supported their diversification. By combining morphological data describing the axial skeleton of 73 cetacean species with phylogenetic comparative methods, we demonstrate that the vertebral morphology of cetaceans is associated with their habitat. All riverine and coastal species possess a small body size, lengthened vertebrae and a low vertebral count compared with open ocean species. Extant cetaceans have followed two distinct evolutionary pathways relative to their ecology. Whereas most offshore species such as baleen whales evolved towards an increased body size while retaining a low vertebral count, small oceanic dolphins underwent deep modifications of their axial skeleton with an extremely high number of short vertebrae. Our comparative analyses provide evidence these vertebral modifications have potentially operated as key innovations. These novelties contributed to their explosive radiation, resulting in an efficient swimming style that provides energetic advantages to small-sized species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Gillet
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bruno Frédérich
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Parmentier
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Casadei-Ferreira A, Chaul JCM, Feitosa RM. A new species of Pheidole (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from Dominican amber with a review of the fossil records for the genus. Zookeys 2019; 866:117-125. [PMID: 31388325 PMCID: PMC6669217 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.866.35756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheidole comprises approximately 1,000 extant species distributed worldwide, being particularly diverse in the New World. In addition to its high diversity and ecological prevalence, the genus is also characterized by the predominantly intraspecific dimorphism, with major and minor workers. Currently, five fossil species are known, all of which are represented only by minor workers. A new species, †Pheidoleanticuasp. nov., is described from Dominican amber, based on a major worker. Additionally, the identity of the currently known fossil species in Pheidole is discussed and †P.cordata from Baltic amber is considered as incertae sedis, resulting in no Pheidole species currently recognized for Baltic amber
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Casadei-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Sistemática e Biologia de Formigas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, s/n, Centro Politécnico, Mailbox 19020, 81531-980, Curitiba, Brazil Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | - Julio C M Chaul
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Feitosa
- Laboratório de Sistemática e Biologia de Formigas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, s/n, Centro Politécnico, Mailbox 19020, 81531-980, Curitiba, Brazil Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
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Zhang M, Ruan Y, Wan X, Tong Y, Yang X, Ming Bai. Geometric morphometric analysis of the pronotum and elytron in stag beetles: insight into its diversity and evolution. Zookeys 2019; 833:21-40. [PMID: 31015774 PMCID: PMC6443621 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.833.26164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stag beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Lucanidae) have received extensive attention from researchers in behavioral ecology and evolutionary biology. There have been no previous quantitative analyses, particularly using a geometric morphometric approach based on a large sample of data, to shed light on the morphological diversity and evolution of Lucanidae. Thoracic adaptation and ecological differentiation are intimately related, and the pronotum bears important muscles and supports the locomotion of prothoracic legs. The elytron is an autapomorphy of the Coleoptera. To reconstruct and visualize the patterns of evolutionary diversification and phylogenetic history of shape change, an ancestral groundplan can be reconstructed by mapping geometric morphometric data onto a phylogenetic tree. In this study, the morphologies of the pronotum and elytron in 1303 stag beetles (Lucanidae), including approximately 99.2% of all globally described species, were examined, thus revealing several aspects of morphological diversity and evolution. First, on the basis of geometric morphometric analysis, we found significant morphological differences in the pronotum or elytron between any two Lucanidae subfamilies. And we subsequently reconstructed the ancestral groundplans of the two structures in stag beetles and compared them with those of extant species (through cladistic and geometric morphometric methods). The ancestral groundplan of Lucanidae was found to be most similar to extant Nicagini in both the pronotum and elytron, according to Mahalanobis distances. Furthermore, we analyzed species richness and morphological diversity of stag beetles and the relationships between them and found that the two parameters were not always correlated. Aesalinae was found to be the most diverse subfamily in both the pronotum and elytron, despite its poor species richness, and the diversity of the pronotum or elytron was not superior in Lucaninae, despite its high species richness. Our study provides insights into the morphological variations and evolutionary history of the pronotum and elytron in four subfamilies of stag beetles, and it illuminates the relationship between morphological diversity and species richness. Intriguingly, our analysis indicates that morphological diversity and species richness are not always correlated. These findings may stimulate further studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 92, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Yongying Ruan
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Xia Wan
- Department of Ecology, School of Resources & Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Yijie Tong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 92, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xingke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 92, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 92, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Dong Y, Jantzen F, Stacey N, Łangowski Ł, Moubayidin L, Šimura J, Ljung K, Østergaard L. Regulatory Diversification of INDEHISCENT in the Capsella Genus Directs Variation in Fruit Morphology. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1038-1046.e4. [PMID: 30827915 PMCID: PMC6428689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of gene-regulatory sequences is considered the primary driver of morphological variation [1-3]. In animals, the diversity of body plans between distantly related phyla is due to the differential expression patterns of conserved "toolkit" genes [4]. In plants, variation in expression domains similarly underlie most of the reported diversity of organ shape both in natural evolution and in the domestication of crops [5-9]. The heart-shaped fruit from members of the Capsella genus is a morphological novelty that has evolved after Capsella diverged from Arabidopsis ∼8 mya [10]. Comparative studies of fruit growth in Capsella and Arabidopsis revealed that the difference in shape is caused by local control of anisotropic growth [11]. Here, we show that sequence variation in regulatory domains of the fruit-tissue identity gene, INDEHISCENT (IND), is responsible for expansion of its expression domain in the heart-shaped fruits from Capsella rubella. We demonstrate that expression of this CrIND gene in the apical part of the valves in Capsella contributes to the heart-shaped appearance. While studies on morphological diversity have revealed the importance of cis-regulatory sequence evolution, few examples exist where the downstream effects of such variation have been characterized in detail. We describe here how CrIND exerts its function on Capsella fruit shape by binding sequence elements of auxin biosynthesis genes to activate their expression and ensure auxin accumulation into highly localized maxima in the fruit valves. Thus, our data provide a direct link between changes in expression pattern and altered hormone homeostasis in the evolution of morphological novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dong
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Nicola Stacey
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Łukasz Łangowski
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Laila Moubayidin
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jan Šimura
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Keresztes L, Menéndez JM, Martin L, Török E, Kolcsár LP. Description of a new species of Mediotipula from Albania, with consideration of the eastern Mediterranean as a diversity hotspot (Diptera, Tipulidae). Zookeys 2018:99-115. [PMID: 30386162 PMCID: PMC6207631 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.792.25683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of the TipulasubgenusMediotipula is described from the south-eastern part of Albania, south-eastern Europe. Morphologically, the new species is most similar to T. (M.) stigmatella Schummel, 1833, but differs mainly with respect to males, having a distinctly shaped posterior margin of tergite 9–10, a widened outer gonostylus and a series of details of the inner gonostylus (anterior end of the anterior arm, shape of the posterior arm), as well as having more bulbous and rounded hypogynal valves in the females. Further morphological differences of the male terminalia between allopatric populations of T. (M.) stigmatella in the Carpathians and Balkans, south-eastern Europe, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujza Keresztes
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Centre of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, University of Babeș-Bolyai Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor 5-7, Romania University of Babeș-Bolyai Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Jesús Martínez Menéndez
- Department Zoología, Antropología Física & Genética, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/Lope Gómez de Marzoa, s/n. Campus Vida. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Luis Martin
- Department Zoología, Antropología Física & Genética, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/Lope Gómez de Marzoa, s/n. Campus Vida. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Edina Török
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Centre of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, University of Babeș-Bolyai Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor 5-7, Romania University of Babeș-Bolyai Cluj-Napoca Romania.,Romanian Academy Institute of Biology, Splaiul Independenţei 296, 060031 Bucureşti, Romania Romanian Academy Institute of Biology Bucureşti Romania
| | - Levente-Péter Kolcsár
- Romanian Academy Institute of Biology, Splaiul Independenţei 296, 060031 Bucureşti, Romania Romanian Academy Institute of Biology Bucureşti Romania
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Yoshimura K, Shindo J, Kageyama I. Comparative Morphology of the Lingual Papillae and Their Connective Tissue Cores in the Tongue of Pallas's Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus thai, Kloss, 1917). Zoolog Sci 2018; 35:353-359. [PMID: 30079839 DOI: 10.2108/zs180020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We observed the morphology of the papilla linguae (filiform, fungiform, foliate, and vallate) and underlying connective tissue cores (CTCs) in Pallas's squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus thai) using light and scanning electron microscopy. The tongue was caudally elongated and lacked the lingual torus. Filiform papillae were densely distributed along the dorsal surface of the apex, and the rostral and caudal parts of the corpus, but were attenuated in the lingual root. Two or three vallate papillae that were rounded or elongated were situated at the boundary between the caudal part of the corpus and lingual root, and foliate papillae and associated cone-like processes were observable in the lateral margin of the caudal end. The epithelial surface of filiform papillae had a main process and a few associated processes that varied between short and elongated, depending on the location. Filiform papillae CTCs appeared to have a few processes that caudally surrounded a concavity and were morphologically variable based on location. Moreover, fungiform papillae CTCs appeared to be columnar cores and had a shallow convex curve at the top. The Pallas's squirrel's tongue exhibited transitional morphological characteristics between Rodentia and other mammalian species, in that they lacked the lingual torus and had CTCs of lingual papillae that were somewhat morphologically similar to those of other non-Glires species, especially treeshrews and tamarins, rather than those of other Rodentia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yoshimura
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University at Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Junji Shindo
- 2 Laboratory of Wildlife Science, Department of Environmental Bioscience, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kageyama
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University at Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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Stange M, Núñez-León D, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Jensen P, Wilson LAB. Morphological variation under domestication: how variable are chickens? R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:180993. [PMID: 30225085 PMCID: PMC6124038 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The process of domestication has long fascinated evolutionary biologists, yielding insights into the rapidity with which selection can alter behaviour and morphology. Previous studies on dogs, cattle and pigeons have demonstrated that domesticated forms show greater magnitudes of morphological variation than their wild ancestors. Here, we quantify variation in skull morphology, modularity and integration in chickens and compare those to the wild fowl using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistics. Similar to other domesticated species, chickens exhibit a greater magnitude of variation in shape compared with their ancestors. The most variable part of the chicken skull is the cranial vault, being formed by dermal and neural crest-derived bones, its form possibly related to brain shape variation in chickens, especially in crested breeds. Neural crest-derived portions of the skull exhibit a higher amount of variation. Further, we find that the chicken skull is strongly integrated, confirming previous studies in birds, in contrast to the presence of modularity and decreased integration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Stange
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
- Authors for correspondence: Madlen Stange e-mail:
| | - Daniel Núñez-León
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Per Jensen
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Laura A. B. Wilson
- Palaeontology, Geobiology and Earth Archives Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Authors for correspondence: Laura A. B. Wilson e-mail:
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Abstract
Studies reconstructing morphological evolution have long relied on simple representations of organismal form or on limited sampling of species, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the factors shaping biological diversity. Here, we combine high-resolution 3D quantification of skull shape with dense taxonomic sampling across a major vertebrate clade, birds, to demonstrate that the avian skull is formed of multiple semi-independent regions that epitomize mosaic evolution, with cranial regions and major lineages evolving with distinct rates and modes. We further show that the evolvability of different cranial regions reflects their disparate embryonic origins. Finally, we present a hypothetical reconstruction of the ancestral bird skull using this high-resolution shape data to generate a detailed estimate of extinct forms in the absence of well-preserved three-dimensional fossils. Mosaic evolution, which results from multiple influences shaping morphological traits and can lead to the presence of a mixture of ancestral and derived characteristics, has been frequently invoked in describing evolutionary patterns in birds. Mosaicism implies the hierarchical organization of organismal traits into semiautonomous subsets, or modules, which reflect differential genetic and developmental origins. Here, we analyze mosaic evolution in the avian skull using high-dimensional 3D surface morphometric data across a broad phylogenetic sample encompassing nearly all extant families. We find that the avian cranium is highly modular, consisting of seven independently evolving anatomical regions. The face and cranial vault evolve faster than other regions, showing several bursts of rapid evolution. Other modules evolve more slowly following an early burst. Both the evolutionary rate and disparity of skull modules are associated with their developmental origin, with regions derived from the anterior mandibular-stream cranial neural crest or from multiple embryonic cell populations evolving most quickly and into a greater variety of forms. Strong integration of traits is also associated with low evolutionary rate and low disparity. Individual clades are characterized by disparate evolutionary rates among cranial regions. For example, Psittaciformes (parrots) exhibit high evolutionary rates throughout the skull, but their close relatives, Falconiformes, exhibit rapid evolution in only the rostrum. Our dense sampling of cranial shape variation demonstrates that the bird skull has evolved in a mosaic fashion reflecting the developmental origins of cranial regions, with a semi-independent tempo and mode of evolution across phenotypic modules facilitating this hyperdiverse evolutionary radiation.
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Worsham MLD, Julius EP, Nice CC, Diaz PH, Huffman DG. Geographic isolation facilitates the evolution of reproductive isolation and morphological divergence. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10278-10288. [PMID: 29238554 PMCID: PMC5723600 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic isolation is known to contribute to divergent evolution, resulting in unique phenotypes. Oftentimes morphologically distinct populations are found to be interfertile while reproductive isolation is found to exist within nominal morphological species revealing the existence of cryptic species. These disparities can be difficult to predict or explain especially when they do not reflect an inferred history of common ancestry which suggests that environmental factors affect the nature of ecological divergence. A series of laboratory experiments and observational studies were used to address what role biogeographic factors may play in the ecological divergence of Hyalella amphipods. It was found that geographic isolation plays a key role in the evolution of reproductive isolation and divergent morphology and that divergence cannot be explained by molecular genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- McLean L. D. Worsham
- Department of BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTXUSA
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of HawaiiHonoluluHIUSA
| | - Eric P. Julius
- Department of BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTXUSA
| | - Chris C. Nice
- Department of BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTXUSA
| | - Peter H. Diaz
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceTexas Fish and Wildlife Conservation OfficeSan MarcosTXUSA
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Gippoliti S, Cotterill FPD, Zinner D, Groves CP. Impacts of taxonomic inertia for the conservation of African ungulate diversity: an overview. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:115-130. [PMID: 28429851 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We review the state of African ungulate taxonomy over the last 120 years, with an emphasis on the introduction of the polytypic species concept and the discipline's general neglect since the middle of the 20th century. We single out negative consequences of 'orthodox' taxonomy, highlighting numerous cases of neglect of threatened lineages, unsound translocations that led to lineage introgression, and cases of maladaptation to local conditions including parasitic infections. Additionally, several captive breeding programmes have been hampered by chromosome rearrangements caused by involuntary lineage mixing. We advocate that specimen-based taxonomy should regain its keystone role in mammal research and conservation biology, with its scientific values augmented with genomic evidence. While integration with molecular biology, ecology and behaviour is needed for a full understanding of ungulate alpha diversity, we stress that morphological diversity has been neglected despite its tremendous practical importance for some groups of 'utilizers' such as trophy hunters, wildlife tourists and conservationists. We conclude that there is no evidence that purported 'taxonomic inflation' has adverse effects on ungulate conservation: rather, it is taxonomic inertia that has such adverse effects. We stress that sound science, founded on robust taxonomy, should underpin effective sustainable management (hunting, ranching, captive breeding and reintroduction programmes) of this unique African natural resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spartaco Gippoliti
- Società Italiana di Storia della Fauna 'G. Altobello' Viale Liegi 48, 00198, Roma, Italy
| | - Fenton P D Cotterill
- Geoecodynamics Research Hub, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Colin P Groves
- School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Tickle C, Urrutia AO. Perspectives on the history of evo-devo and the contemporary research landscape in the genomics era. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20150473. [PMID: 27994116 PMCID: PMC5182407 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology is how the extraordinary range of living organisms arose. In this theme issue, we celebrate how evolutionary studies on the origins of morphological diversity have changed over the past 350 years since the first publication of the Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society Current understanding of this topic is enriched by many disciplines, including anatomy, palaeontology, developmental biology, genetics and genomics. Development is central because it is the means by which genetic information of an organism is translated into morphology. The discovery of the genetic basis of development has revealed how changes in form can be inherited, leading to the emergence of the field known as evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). Recent approaches include imaging, quantitative morphometrics and, in particular, genomics, which brings a new dimension. Articles in this issue illustrate the contemporary evo-devo field by considering general principles emerging from genomics and how this and other approaches are applied to specific questions about the evolution of major transitions and innovations in morphology, diversification and modification of structures, intraspecific morphological variation and developmental plasticity. Current approaches enable a much broader range of organisms to be studied, thus building a better appreciation of the origins of morphological diversity.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryll Tickle
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Araxi O Urrutia
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Liu W, Martinón-Torres M, Kaifu Y, Wu X, Kono RT, Chang CH, Wei P, Xing S, Huang W, Bermúdez de Castro JM. A mandible from the Middle Pleistocene Hexian site and its significance in relation to the variability of Asian Homo erectus. Am J Phys Anthropol 2017; 162:715-731. [PMID: 28109118 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study presents the first detailed morphological description and comparison of a Middle Pleistocene hominin mandibular fragment (PA 831) and associated teeth from the Hexian site in Eastern China. We aim to investigate where the Hexian mandible fits within the genus Homo variability in the light of an increased and better characterized Asian fossils record. METHODS Comparative samples include Pleistocene Homo mandibles and teeth from Africa, Asia, and Europe, as well as earlier African hominins (Australopithecus and early Homo) and Holocene recent humans. Both conventional morphological description and metric analysis were used. In addition, virtual reconstructions of the enamel dentine junction (EDJ) surface, pulp cavity, and roots with micro-CT were used to the mandible and teeth. RESULTS The Hexian mandible is characterized by a plesiomorphic structural pattern for the Homo clade, with strong corpus robustness and a subparallel and low-positioned mylohyoid line that differentiates the swollen subalveolar planum from the shallow subalveolar fossa. Features that are derived compared to early Homo include a moderately curved dental arcade, a well-developed lateral prominence placed at the M2 -M3 level, and multiple mental foramina. The Hexian mandible's complex enamel surface and strong, stout root structure are primitive traits for the Homo clade. Finally, the highly crenulated "dendrite-like" EDJ found in the molars may represent a dental feature specific to the continental Asian Homo erectus, but more data is needed to confirm this. CONCLUSIONS Mandibular and dental features indicate that the Hexian mandible and teeth differ from northern Chinese H. erectus and European Middle Pleistocene hominins, but show some affinities with the Early Pleistocene specimens from Africa (Homo ergaster) and Java (H. erectus), as well as the Middle-Late Pleistocene mandible from Penghu, Taiwan. Compared to contemporaneous continental Asian hominin populations, the Hexian fossils may represent the survival of a primitive hominin, with more primitive morphologies than other contemporaneous or some chronologically older Asian hominin specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - María Martinón-Torres
- Department of Anthropology, University College London (UCL), 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW.,Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Comunicación, University of Burgos, Burgos, 09001, Spain
| | - Yousuke Kaifu
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Xiujie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Reiko T Kono
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Geology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, 40453, Taiwan
| | - Pianpian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Song Xing
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wanbo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Department of Anthropology, University College London (UCL), 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW.,Hominid Paleobiology Program, National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca s/n. Burgos, 09002, Spain
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Oyston JW, Hughes M, Gerber S, Wills MA. Why should we investigate the morphological disparity of plant clades? Ann Bot 2016; 117:859-79. [PMID: 26658292 PMCID: PMC4845799 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparity refers to the morphological variation in a sample of taxa, and is distinct from diversity or taxonomic richness. Diversity and disparity are fundamentally decoupled; many groups attain high levels of disparity early in their evolution, while diversity is still comparatively low. Diversity may subsequently increase even in the face of static or declining disparity by increasingly fine sub-division of morphological 'design' space (morphospace). Many animal clades reached high levels of disparity early in their evolution, but there have been few comparable studies of plant clades, despite their profound ecological and evolutionary importance. This study offers a prospective and some preliminary macroevolutionary analyses. METHODS Classical morphometric methods are most suitable when there is reasonable conservation of form, but lose traction where morphological differences become greater (e.g. in comparisons across higher taxa). Discrete character matrices offer one means to compare a greater diversity of forms. This study explores morphospaces derived from eight discrete data sets for major plant clades, and discusses their macroevolutionary implications. KEY RESULTS Most of the plant clades in this study show initial, high levels of disparity that approach or attain the maximum levels reached subsequently. These plant clades are characterized by an initial phase of evolution during which most regions of their empirical morphospaces are colonized. Angiosperms, palms, pines and ferns show remarkably little variation in disparity through time. Conifers furnish the most marked exception, appearing at relatively low disparity in the latest Carboniferous, before expanding incrementally with the radiation of successive, tightly clustered constituent sub-clades. CONCLUSIONS Many cladistic data sets can be repurposed for investigating the morphological disparity of plant clades through time, and offer insights that are complementary to more focused morphometric studies. The unique structural and ecological features of plants make them ideally suited to investigating intrinsic and extrinsic constraints on disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Oyston
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Martin Hughes
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK and
| | - Sylvain Gerber
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Matthew A Wills
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK,
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Abstract
An open problem in biology is to derive general principles that capture how morphogenesis evolved to generate diverse forms in different organisms. Here we discuss recent work investigating the morphogenetic basis for digit loss in vertebrate limbs and variation in form of marginal outgrowths of angiosperm (flowering plant) leaves. Two pathways underlie digit loss in vertebrate limbs. First, alterations to digit patterning arise through modification of expression of the Patched 1 receptor, which senses the Sonic Hedgehog morphogen and limits its mobility in the limb bud. Second, evolutionary changes to the degree of programmed cell death between digits influence their development after their initiation. Similarly, evolutionary modification of leaf margin outgrowths occurs via two broad pathways. First, species-specific transcription factor expression modulates outgrowth patterning dependent on regulated transport of the hormone auxin. Second, species-specific expression of the newly discovered REDUCED COMPLEXITY homeodomain transcription factor influences growth between individual outgrowths after their initiation. These findings demonstrate that in both plants and animals tinkering with either patterning or post-patterning processes can cause morphological change. They also highlight the considerable flexibility of morphological evolution and indicate that it may be possible to derive broad principles that capture how morphogenesis evolved across complex eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco A Mentink
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research , Cologne, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research , Cologne, Germany
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Archambeault S, Taylor JA, Crow KD. HoxA and HoxD expression in a variety of vertebrate body plan features reveals an ancient origin for the distal Hox program. EvoDevo 2014; 5:44. [PMID: 25908959 PMCID: PMC4407844 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hox genes are master regulatory genes that specify positional identities during axial development in animals. Discoveries regarding their concerted expression patterns have commanded intense interest due to their complex regulation and specification of body plan features in jawed vertebrates. For example, the posterior HoxD genes switch to an inverted collinear expression pattern in the mouse autopod where HoxD13 switches from a more restricted to a less restricted domain relative to its neighboring gene on the cluster. We refer to this program as the ‘distal phase’ (DP) expression pattern because it occurs in distal regions of paired fins and limbs, and is regulated independently by elements in the 5′ region upstream of the HoxD cluster. However, few taxa have been evaluated with respect to this pattern, and most studies have focused on pectoral fin morphogenesis, which occurs relatively early in development. Results Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the DP expression pattern occurs with the posterior HoxA genes, and is therefore not solely associated with the HoxD gene cluster. Further, DP Hox expression is not confined to paired fins and limbs, but occurs in a variety of body plan features, including paddlefish barbels - sensory adornments that develop from the first mandibular arch (the former ‘Hox-free zone), and the vent (a medial structure that is analogous to a urethra). We found DP expression of HoxD13 and HoxD12 in the paddlefish barbel; and we present the first evidence for DP expression of the HoxA genes in the hindgut and vent of three ray-finned fishes. The HoxA DP expression pattern is predicted by the recent finding of a shared 5′ regulatory architecture in both the HoxA and HoxD clusters, but has not been previously observed in any body plan feature. Conclusions The Hox DP expression pattern appears to be an ancient module that has been co-opted in a variety of structures adorning the vertebrate bauplan. This module provides a shared genetic program that implies deep homology of a variety of distally elongated structures that has played a significant role in the evolution of morphological diversity in vertebrates Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2041-9139-5-44) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Archambeault
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA
| | - Julia Ann Taylor
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA
| | - Karen D Crow
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA
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Abstract
The forcibly ejected spores of ascomycete fungi must penetrate several millimetres of nearly still air surrounding sporocarps to reach dispersive airflows, and escape is facilitated when a spore is launched with large velocity. To launch, the spores of thousands of species are ejected through an apical ring, a small elastic pore. The startling diversity of apical ring and spore shapes and dimensions make them favoured characters for both species descriptions and the subsequent inference of relationships among species. However, the physical constraints shaping this diversity and the adaptive benefits of specific morphologies are not understood. Here, we develop an elastohydrodynamic theory of the spore's ejection through the apical ring and demonstrate that to avoid enormous energy losses during spore ejection, the four principal morphological dimensions of spore and apical ring must cluster within a nonlinear one-dimensional subspace. We test this prediction using morphological data for 45 fungal species from two different classes and 18 families. Our sampling encompasses multiple loss and gain events and potentially independent origins of this spore ejection mechanism. Although the individual dimensions of the spore and apical ring are only weakly correlated with each other, they collapse into the predicted subspace with high accuracy. The launch velocity appears to be within 2 per cent of the optimum for over 90 per cent of all forcibly ejected species. Although the morphological diversity of apical rings and spores appears startlingly diverse, a simple principle can be used to organize it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg A Fritz
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Gaume L, Di Giusto B. Adaptive significance and ontogenetic variability of the waxy zone in Nepenthes rafflesiana. Ann Bot 2009; 104:1281-91. [PMID: 19805403 PMCID: PMC2778386 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The slippery waxy zone in the upper part of pitchers has long been considered the key trapping structure of the Nepenthes carnivorous plants; however, the presence of wax is reported to be variable within and between species of this species-rich genus. This study raises the question of the adaptive significance of the waxy zone and investigates the basis for an ontogenetic cause of its variability and correlation with pitcher shape. METHODS In Brunei (Borneo) the expression of the waxy zone throughout plant ontogeny was studied in two taxa of the Nepenthes rafflesiana complex, typica and elongata, which differ in pitcher shape and size. We also tested the adaptive significance of this zone by comparing the trapping efficiency and the number of prey captured of wax-bearing and wax-lacking plants. KEY RESULTS In elongata, the waxy zone is always well expanded and the elongated pitchers change little in form during plant development. Wax efficiently traps experimental ants but the number of captured prey in pitchers is low. In contrast, in typica, the waxy zone is reduced in successively produced pitchers until it is lost at the end of the plant's juvenile stage. The form of pitchers thus changes continuously throughout plant ontogeny, from elongated to ovoid. In typica, the number of captured prey is greater, but the role of wax in trapping is minor compared with that of the digestive liquid, and waxy plants do not show a higher insect retention and prey abundance as compared with non-waxy plants. CONCLUSIONS The waxy zone is not always a key trapping structure in Nepenthes and can be lost when supplanted by more efficient features. This study points out how pitcher structure is submitted to selection, and that evolutionary changes in developmental mechanisms could play a role in the morphological diversity of Nepenthes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Gaume
- UMR CNRS 5120 AMAP: botAnique et bioinforMatique de l'Architecture des Plantes, CIRAD-TA A51/PS2 Boulevard de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Abstract
The Hox genes have been implicated as central to the evolution of animal body plan diversity. Regulatory changes both in Hox expression domains and in Hox-regulated gene networks have arisen during the evolution of related taxa, but there is little knowledge of whether functional changes in Hox proteins have also contributed to morphological evolution. For example, the evolution of greater numbers of differentiated segments and body parts in insects, compared with the simpler body plans of arthropod ancestors, may have involved an increase in the spectrum of biochemical interactions of individual Hox proteins. Here, we compare the in vivo functions of orthologous Ultrabithorax (Ubx) proteins from the insect Drosophila melanogaster and from an onychophoran, a member of a sister phylum with a more primitive and homonomous body plan. These Ubx proteins, which have been diverging in sequence for over 540 million years, can generate many of the same gain-of-function tissue transformations and can activate and repress many of the same target genes when expressed during Drosophila development. However, the onychophora Ubx (OUbx) protein does not transform the segmental identity of the embryonic ectoderm or repress the Distal-less target gene. This functional divergence is due to sequence changes outside the conserved homeodomain region. The inability of OUbx to function like Drosophila Ubx (DUbx) in the embryonic ectoderm indicates that the Ubx protein may have acquired new cofactors or activity modifiers since the divergence of the onychophoran and insect lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Grenier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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